典型草原土壤性状变化对灌丛化的响应

以草原和稀树草原中木本植物多度的增加为特征的草地灌丛化，是全球范围普遍发生的现象，但灌丛化的生态学效应目前仍存在争议。对灌丛化草地生态系统特征与过程的研究，将有助于我们进一步了解草地生态系统的退化和恢复机理，为退化草原恢复与管理实践提供理论依据。 本研究以位于内蒙古锡林河流域, 一个经23年围封恢复、具有明显灌丛化特征的草原生态系统为研究对象，通过分析小叶锦鸡儿灌丛及其相邻草本群落下的土壤容重、机械组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和无机氮(IN)的差异，确定小叶锦鸡儿灌丛对草原土壤物理化学性状的影响。主要结果如下： （1）小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化增加了表层土壤（0-5 cm）粗粒级颗粒的比例，降低了浅层土壤（0-20 cm）的容重，较大灌丛下10-20 cm土层仍存在这种现象。这至少部分归因于灌丛对凋落物的截获积聚，以及小叶锦鸡儿的根系分泌物在质和量上较之草本植物的不同，促进了土壤团聚体的发育。 （2）小叶锦鸡儿灌丛斑块引起了典型草原生态系统土壤有机碳、全氮和无机氮的空间分布的变化。在浅层土壤中（0-20cm），由灌丛斑块内部向外部SOC、TN和IN均趋于降低。随小叶锦鸡儿灌丛大小（存在时间）的增加，0-20 cm和60-100cm土层SOC和TN均有增加趋势。 （3）除表层（0-5cm）外，小叶锦鸡儿大灌丛与邻近草地土壤C/N比值无显著差异。 总之，小叶锦鸡儿灌丛不仅改变了草原土壤的物理性状，而且提高了灌丛下土壤有机碳和氮的含量，改变了草原生态系统C、N的空间分布格局，表明草原灌丛化明显改变了草原生态系统的碳氮循环。基于草原约占陆地面积的40%以及全球草地灌丛化普遍存在的事实，这种伴随草原灌丛化发生的土壤有机碳和氮的变化可能会对全球碳氮循环和气候有显著影响。

安达市碱性草地土壤颗粒的分维特征

运用土壤颗粒质量分形模型计算松嫩平原低平地安达试区植被分布区和碱斑区样点土壤颗粒的分形维数,并建立分形维数与土壤颗粒不同粒级间的回归关系,以探讨土地碱化后土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其与土壤物理性状的关系。结果表明:安达试区土壤颗粒分形维数较高,平均分别仅有48.7×10-5cm/s(Pit A)和4.30×10-6cm/s(Pit B),反映了该区土壤细颗粒含量高、土壤大孔隙数量少、土壤饱和导水率低的特征;土壤颗粒分形维数与黏粒含量呈对数正相关关系,而与粉粒和砂粒含量相关性不显著,说明在安达试区,影响土壤颗粒分形维数的主要因素是黏粒含量;羊草地土壤颗粒分形维数在土壤垂直剖面上的变异较大,说明植被生长促进了土壤质地的变异;碱斑地土壤颗粒分形维数明显大于羊草地,细颗粒含量高,饱和导水率低,说明碱斑的形成恶化了土壤物理性质;土壤颗粒分形维数可以反映安达市土壤物理性质的好坏,能作为土壤退化和生态环境恶化的评价指标。研究结果可为安达市以及松嫩平原盐碱地生态环境的修复和治理提供科学依据。

辽西半干旱区褐土机械组成的空间变异性

采用方格网取样，利用经典统计学和地统计学方法，研究了三种不同观测尺度共5个研究区域，总面积为3.12km2褐土耕层土壤机械组成的空间变异性。经典统计特征量表明，不同尺度下褐土耕层土壤机械组成的样本数据存在着不同的差异性。变异函数结构分析显示，土壤机械组成的空间变异在各方向上具有不同变率，但均可通过线性变换而转换为各向同性的统一结构，属于几何各向异性结构；不同观测尺度上有着不同的空间结构特征，对不同空间结构的区域化变量确定了不同的理论模型参数，并绘制克立格图，给出不同观测尺度下满足独立取样的合理取样数目。较清晰地阐明了褐土耕层机械组成在不同尺度上的空间分布规律。为该地区其它土壤性质的空间变异性研究提供理论依据，并为精准农业土壤信息库提供参考。尝试应用地统计学方法对不同尺度进行外推估值，发现在不同观测尺度和不同地形条件下，不同观测变量有着不同的标准差临界值及最大外推估值尺度，外推估值方差随着外推尺度的增大而增大。运用地统计学外推估值可为解决尺度扩展提供一种有效的解决途径。

Preparation of Y2Si2O7/ ZrO2 composites and their composition - Mechanical properties - Tribology relationships

In this work, novel Y2Si2O7/ZrO 2 composites were developed for structural and coating applications by taking advantage of their unique properties, such as good damage tolerance, tunable mechanical properties, and superior wear resistance. The γ-Y 2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites showed improved mechanical properties compared to the γ-Y2Si 2O7 matrix material, that is, the Young's modulus was enhanced from 155 to 188 GPa (121%) and the flexural strength from 135 to 254 MPa (181%); when the amount of ZrO2 was increased from 0 to 50 vol%, the γ-Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites also presented relatively high facture toughness (>1.7 MPa·m 1/2), but this exhibited an inverse relationship with the ZrO 2 content. The composition-mechanical property-tribology relationships of the Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites were elucidated. The wear resistance of the composites is not only influenced by the applied load, hardness, strength, toughness, and rigidity but also effectively depends on micromechanical stability properties of the microstructures. The easy growth of subcritical microcracks in Y 2Si2O7 grains and at grain boundaries significantly contributes to the macroscopic fracture toughness, but promotes the pull-out of individual grains, thus resulting in a lack of correlation between the wear rate and the macroscopic fracture toughness of the composites.

Influence of rubber content in ABS in wide range on the mechanical properties and morphology of PC/ABS blends with different composition

A series of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) with different rubber content were prepared by diluting ABS grafting copolymer containing 60% rubber with a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. ABS prepared were blended with bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (PC) at the ratio of 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 to prepare PC/ABS blends. Influence of rubber content in ABS on the properties of ABS and PC/ABS blends were investigated. PC/ABS blends with different compositions got good toughness when the rubber in ABS increased to the level that ABS itself got good toughness. The tensile properties and processability of PC/ABS blends decreased with the increase of the total rubber content introduced into the blends. ABS with the rubber content of 30 wt% is most suitable to be used to prepare PC/ABS blends. The rubber content in ABS affected the viscosity of ABS, and subsequently the viscosity ratio of PC to ABS. As a result, the morphology of PC/ABS blends varied. The increase of rubber content in ABS results in finer structure of PC/ABS blends.

Ti-Mo alloys employed as biomaterials: Effects of composition and aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical behavior

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Temperature Dependent Effects of Elevated CO2 on Shell Composition and Mechanical Properties of Hydroides elegans: Insights from a Multiple Stressor Experiment

The majority of marine benthic invertebrates protect themselves from predators by producing calcareous tubes or shells that have remarkable mechanical strength. An elevation of CO2 or a decrease in pH in the environment can reduce intracellular pH at the site of calcification and thus interfere with animal's ability to accrete CaCO3. In nature, decreased pH in combination with stressors associated with climate change may result in the animal producing severely damaged and mechanically weak tubes. This study investigated how the interaction of environmental drivers affects production of calcareous tubes by the serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. In a factorial manipulative experiment, we analyzed the effects of pH (8.1 and 7.8), salinity (34 and 27), and temperature (23°C and 29°C) on the biomineral composition, ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the tubes. At an elevated temperature of 29°C, the tube calcite/aragonite ratio and Mg/Ca ratio were both increased, the Sr/Ca ratio was decreased, and the amorphous CaCO3 content was reduced. Notably, at elevated temperature with decreased pH and reduced salinity, the constructed tubes had a more compact ultrastructure with enhanced hardness and elasticity compared to decreased pH at ambient temperature. Thus, elevated temperature rescued the decreased pH-induced tube impairments. This indicates that tubeworms are likely to thrive in early subtropical summer climate. In the context of climate change, tubeworms could be resilient to the projected near-future decreased pH or salinity as long as surface seawater temperature rise at least by 4°C.

Influences of age and mechanical stability on volume, microstructure, and mineralization of the fracture callus during bone healing : Is osteoclast activity the key to age-related impaired healing?

Earlier studies have shown that the influence of fixation stability on bone healing diminishes with advanced age. The goal of this study was to unravel the relationship between mechanical stimulus and age on callus competence at a tissue level. Using 3D in vitro micro-computed tomography derived metrics, 2D in vivo radiography, and histology, we investigated the influences of age and varying fixation stability on callus size, geometry, microstructure, composition, remodeling, and vascularity. Compared were four groups with a 1.5-mm osteotomy gap in the femora of Sprague–Dawley rats: Young rigid (YR), Young semirigid (YSR), Old rigid (OR), Old semirigid (OSR). Hypothesis was that calcified callus microstructure and composition is impaired due to the influence of advanced age, and these individuals would show a reduced response to fixation stabilities. Semirigid fixations resulted in a larger ΔCSA (Callus cross-sectional area) compared to rigid groups. In vitro μCT analysis at 6 weeks postmortem showed callus bridging scores in younger animals to be superior than their older counterparts (pb0.01). Younger animals showed (i) larger callus strut thickness (pb0.001), (ii) lower perforation in struts (pb0.01), and (iii) higher mineralization of callus struts (pb0.001). Callus mineralization was reduced in young animals with semirigid fracture fixation but remained unaffected in the aged group. While stability had an influence, age showed none on callus size and geometry of callus. With no differences observed in relative osteoid areas in the callus ROI, old as well as semirigid fixated animals showed a higher osteoclast count (pb0.05). Blood vessel density was reduced in animals with semirigid fixation (pb0.05). In conclusion, in vivo monitoring indicated delayed callus maturation in aged individuals. Callus bridging and callus competence (microstructure and mineralization) were impaired in individuals with an advanced age. This matched with increased bone resorption due to higher osteoclast numbers. Varying fixator configurations in older individuals did not alter the dominant effect of advanced age on callus tissue mineralization, unlike in their younger counterparts. Age-associated influences appeared independent from stability. This study illustrates the dominating role of osteoclastic activity in age-related impaired healing, while demonstrating the optimization of fixation parameters such as stiffness appeared to be less effective in influencing healing in aged individuals.

Cell density alters matrix accumulation in two distinct fractions and the mechanical integrity of alginate-chondrocyte constructs

Chondrocyte density in articular cartilage is known to change with the development and growth of the tissue and may play an important role in the formation of a functional extracellular matrix (ECM). The objective of this study was to determine how initial chondrocyte density in an alginate hydrogel affects the matrix composition, its distribution between the cell-associated (CM) and further removed matrix (FRM) fractions, and the tensile mechanical properties of the developing engineered cartilage. Alginate constructs containing primary bovine chondrocytes at densities of 0, 4, 16, and 64 million cells/ml were fabricated and cultured for 1 or 2 weeks, at which time structural, biochemical, and mechanical properties were analyzed. Both matrix content and distribution varied with the initial cell density. Increasing cell density resulted in an increasing content of collagen and sulfated-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and an increasing proportion of these molecules localized in the CM. While the equilibrium tensile modulus of cell-free alginate did not change with time in culture, the constructs with highest cell density were 116% stiffer than cell-free controls after 2 weeks of culture. The equilibrium tensile modulus was positively correlated with total collagen (r2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and GAG content (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.001), and these relationships were enhanced when analyzing only those matrix molecules in the CM fraction (r2 = 0.60 and 0.72 for collagen and GAG, respectively, each p < 0.001). Overall, the results of this study indicate that initial cell density has a considerable effect on the developing composition, structure, and function of alginate–chondrocyte constructs.

A phenomenological model for the structure-composition relationship of the high Tc cuprates based on simple chemical principles

A simple phenomenological model for the relationship between structure and composition of the high Tc cuprates is presented. The model is based on two simple crystal chemistry principles: unit cell doping and charge balance within unit cells. These principles are inspired by key experimental observations of how the materials accommodate large deviations from stoichiometry. Consistent explanations for significant HTSC properties can be explained without any additional assumptions while retaining valuable insight for geometric interpretation. Combining these two chemical principles with a review of Crystal Field Theory (CFT) or Ligand Field Theory (LFT), it becomes clear that the two oxidation states in the conduction planes (typically d8 and d9) belong to the most strongly divergent d-levels as a function of deformation from regular octahedral coordination. This observation offers a link to a range of coupling effects relating vibrations and spin waves through application of Hund’s rules. An indication of this model’s capacity to predict physical properties for HTSC is provided and will be elaborated in subsequent publications. Simple criteria for the relationship between structure and composition in HTSC systems may guide chemical syntheses within new material systems.

The composition of sugarcane juices dervied from burnt cane and whole green cane crop

There has been substantial interest within the Australian sugar industry in product diversification as a means to reduce its exposure to fluctuating raw sugar prices and in order to increase its commercial viability. In particular, the industry is looking at fibrous residues from sugarcane harvesting (trash) and from sugarcane milling (bagasse) for cogeneration and the production of biocommodities, as these are complementary to the core process of sugar production. A means of producing surplus residue (biomass) is to process whole sugarcane crop. In this paper, the composition of different juices derived from different harvesting methods, viz. burnt cane with all trash extracted (BE), green cane with half of the trash extracted (GE), and green cane (whole sugarcane crop) with trash unextracted (GU), were investigated and the results and comparison presented. The determination of electrical conductivity, inorganic composition, and organic acids indicate that both GU and GE cane juice contain a higher proportion of soluble inorganic ions and ionisable organic acids, compared to BE cane juice. It is important to note that there are considerably higher levels of Na ions and citric acid, but relatively low P levels in the GU samples. A higher level of reducing sugars was analysed in the GU samples than the BE samples due to the higher proportion of impurities found naturally in sugarcane tops and leaves. The purity of the first expressed juice (FEJ) of GU cane was on average higher than that of FEJ of BE cane. Results also show that GU juices appear to contain higher levels of proteins and polysaccharides, with no significant difference in starch levels.

Mechanical considerations in fracture fixation

Bone’s capacity to repair following trauma is both unique and astounding. However, fractures sometimes fail to heal. Hence, the goal of fracture treatment is the restoration of bone’s structure, composition and function. Fracture fixation devices should provide a favourable mechanical and biological environment for healing to occur. The use of internal fixation is increasing as these devices may be applied with less invasive techniques. Recent studies suggest however that, internal fixation devices may be overly stiff and suppresses callus formation. The degree of mechanical stability influences the healing outcome. This is determined by the stiffness of the fixation device and the degree of limb loading. This project aims to characterise the fixation stability of an internal plate fixation device and the influence of modifications to its configuration on implant stability. As there are no standardised methods for the determination of fixation stiffness, the first part of this project aims to compares different methodologies and determines the most appropriate method to characterise the stiffness of internal plate fixators. The stiffness of a fixation device also influences the physiological loads experienced by the healing bone. Since bone adapts to this applied load by undergoing changes through a remodelling process, undesirable changes could occur during the period of treatment with an implant. The second part of this project aims to develop a methodology to quantify remodelling changes. This quantification is expected to aid our understanding of the changes in pattern due to implant related remodelling and on the factors driving the remodelling process. Knowledge gained in this project is useful to understand how the configuration of internal fixation devices can promote timely healing and prevent undesirable bone loss.

Concentration and oxidative potential of on-road particle emissions and their relationship with traffic composition : Relevance to exposure assessment

Particles emitted by vehicles are known to cause detrimental health effects, with their size and oxidative potential among the main factors responsible. Therefore, understanding the relationship between traffic composition and both the physical characteristics and oxidative potential of particles is critical. To contribute to the limited knowledge base in this area, we investigated this relationship in a 4.5 km road tunnel in Brisbane, Australia. On-road concentrations of ultrafine particles (<100 nm, UFPs), fine particles (PM2.5), CO, CO2 and particle associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using vehicle-based mobile sampling. UFPs were measured using a condensation particle counter and PM2.5 with a DustTrak aerosol photometer. A new profluorescent nitroxide probe, BPEAnit, was used to determine ROS levels. Comparative measurements were also performed on an above-ground road to assess the role of emission dilution on the parameters measured. The profile of UFP and PM2.5 concentration with distance through the tunnel was determined, and demonstrated relationships with both road gradient and tunnel ventilation. ROS levels in the tunnel were found to be high compared to an open road with similar traffic characteristics, which was attributed to the substantial difference in estimated emission dilution ratios on the two roadways. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the levels of pollutants and ROS were generally better correlated with total traffic count, rather than the traffic composition (i.e. diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles). A possible reason for the lack of correlation with HDV, which has previously been shown to be strongly associated with UFPs especially, was the low absolute numbers encountered during the sampling. This may have made their contribution to in-tunnel pollution largely indistinguishable from the total vehicle volume. For ROS, the stronger association observed with HDV and gasoline vehicles when combined (total traffic count) compared to when considered individually may signal a role for the interaction of their emissions as a determinant of on-road ROS in this pilot study. If further validated, this should not be overlooked in studies of on- or near-road particle exposure and its potential health effects.

Preliminary results on the chemical composition of outdoor airborne particles at urban schools and possible implications for the air quality in classrooms

Vehicle emissions are a significant source of fine particles (Dp < 2.5 µm) in an urban environment. These fine particles have been shown to have detrimental health effects, with children thought to be more susceptible. Vehicle emissions are mainly carbonaceous in nature, and carbonaceous aerosols can be defined as either elemental carbon (EC) or organic carbon (OC). EC is a soot-like material emitted from primary sources while OC fraction is a complex mixture of hundreds of organic compounds from either primary or secondary sources (Cao et al., 2006). Therefore the ratio of OC/EC can aid in the identification of source. The purpose of this paper is to use the concentration of OC and EC in fine particles to determine the levels of vehicle emissions in schools. It is expected that this will improve the understanding of the potential exposure of children in a school environment to vehicle emissions.

The elemental composition and characteristics of indoor dust in Brisbane homes after the 2011 flood

Many Brisbane houses were affected by water inundation as a result of the flooding event which occurred in January 2011. The combination of waterlogged materials and large amounts of silt and organic debris in affected homes gave rise to a situation where exposures to airborne particles and dust could potentially be elevated. However, swift action to remove wet materials can help to reduce moisture and humidity in flooded houses, in an effort to improve indoor air quality in and around flooded areas. In order to gain an understanding of the effect of flooding on the concentration of inorganic elements in indoor dust, field measurements were carried out during 21 March and 3 May, 2011.