Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) use a magnetic compass for navigation

Fall migratory monarch butterflies, tested for their directional responses to magnetic cues under three conditions, amagnetic, normal, and reversed magnetic fields, showed three distinct patterns. In the absence of a magnetic field, monarchs lacked directionality as a group. In the normal magnetic field, monarchs oriented to the southwest with a group pattern typical for migrants. When the horizontal component of the magnetic field was reversed, the butterflies oriented to the northeast. In contrast, nonmigratory monarchs lacked directionality in the normal magnetic field. The results are a direct demonstration of magnetic compass orientation in migratory insects.

Aircraft magnetic compass type J-2 : operation and organizational maintenance.

"May 1959."

Organizational, direct support, general support, and depot maintenance manual : test set, gyro magnetic compass AN/ASM-61, (NSN 6625-00-885-5869).

"April 1965."

Direct and general support maintenance manual for indicator, radio magnetic compass ID-998/ASN (NSN 5826000-897-4889).

"5 September 1978."

Operator's, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual for test panel for indicator, radio magnetic compass, ID-998/ASSN (ID-998/ASSN test panel).

"29 August 1978"--P. i.

Paleomagnetismo de rochas vulvânicas do Nordeste do Brasil e a época da abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul

Na primeira parte deste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos de magnetismo de rochas e paleomagnetismo em amostras de rochas vulcânicas do Nordeste brasileiro. As idades das amostras compreende os períodos Jurássico e Cretáceo. Com este objetivo foram amostradas quatro áreas tendo sido estudado um total de 496 amostras em 55 sítios. Para a coleta foi utilizada uma perfuradora portátil que extrai amostras de 2.5 cm de diâmetro. A orientação das amostras foi feita por meio de uma bússola magnética e de um clinômetro. Os espécimes foram submetidos a desmagnetizações por campo magnético alternado e em alguns poucos casos foi empregada a desmagnetização térmica. Atribuindo-se peso unitário a cada sítio foi determinada a direção média da magnetização remanescente característica de cada uma das áreas estudadas. As rochas vulcânicas do período Jurássico, localizadas na borda oeste da Bacia do Maranhão (Porto Franco-Estreito), apresentaram uma direção media em que D= 3.9°, I= -17.9° com α₉₅= 9.3°, k= 17.9, N= 15 e todos os sítios apresentaram polaridade normal. Para esta área foi determinado o polo paleomagnético de coordenadas 85.3°N, 82.5°E (A₉₅= 6.9º) que se localiza próximo a outros polos paleomagnéticos conhecidos para esse período. As rochas da borda leste da Bacia do Maranhão (Teresina-Picos-Floriano) de idade cretácica inferior apresentaram uma direção média de magnetização remanescente característica tal que D= 174.7°, I= +6.0º com α₉₅= 2.8º, k= 122, N= 21 e todos os sítios apresentaram polaridade reversa. O polo paleomagnético associado a elas apresentou por coordenadas 83.6°N, 261.0°E (A₉₅=1.9°) e mostrou concordância com outros polos sul americanos de mesma idade. No Rio Grande do Norte foi estudado um enxame de diques toleíticos também de idade cretácica inferior, cuja direção média da magnetização remanescente característica encontrada foi D= 186.6º, I= +20.6º com α₉₅= 14.0° e k= 12.9, N= 10. Os sítios desta área apresentaram magnetizações com polaridades normal a reversa. O polo paleomagnético obtido se localiza em 80.6°N e 94.8°E com A₉₅= 9.5°. O estudo das rochas vulcânicas da província magnética do Cabo de Santo Agostinho indicou para a região um valor de D= 0.4º, I= -20.6º com α₉₅= 4.8° e k= 114, N= 9 para a magnetização remanescente característica. Todos os sítios apresentaram polaridade normal e o polo paleomagnético determinado apresentou as seguintes coordenadas: 87.6ºN, 135ºE com A₉₅= 4.5º. Foi discutida a eliminação da variação secular das direções obtidas, de forma que cada polo apresentado nesta dissertação é verdadeiramente um polo paleomagnético. A análise dos minerais magnéticos portadores da remanência, efetuada por curvas termomagnéticas ou por difração de Raio-X, indicou na maior parte das ocorrências, a presença de titanomagnetita pobre em titânio. A presença de maguemita e algumas vezes hematita, na maior parte das vezes resultado de intemperismo, não anulou a magnetização termoremanente associada à época de formação da rocha, que foi determinada após a aplicação de técnicas de desmagnetização aos espécimes. Pelas curvas termomagnéticas obteve-se, para a maioria das amostras, uma temperatura de Curie entre 500 e 600ºC. Os casos mais freqüentes indicaram a ocorrência de titanomagnetita exsolvida, em que foram observadas a presença de uma fase próxima à magnetita e outra fase rica em titânio, próxima à ilmenita, resultado de oxidação de alta temperatura. A segunda parte do trabalho diz respeito à determinação da época de abertura do oceano Atlântico Sul por meio de dados paleomagnéticos. Entretanto ao invés de se utilizar o procedimento comumente encontrado na literatura, e que se baseia nas curvas de deriva polar aparente de cada continente, foi aplicado um teste estatístico que avalia a probabilidade de determinada posição relativa entre os continentes ser válida ou não, para determinado período em estudo. Assim foi aplicado um teste F a polos paleomagnéticos da África e da América do Sul, dos períodos Triássico, Jurássico, Cretáceo Inferior e Cretáceo Médio-Superior, tendo sido estudadas situações que reconstituem a posição pré-deriva dos continentes e configurações que simulem um afastamento entre eles. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos indicaram, dentro de uma probabilidade de erro de menos de 5%, que a configuração pré-deriva de Martin et al (1981) é compatível com os dados paleomagnéticos do Triássico, mas apresenta uma diferença significativa para os paleopolos de Jurássico, Cretáceo Inferior, Cretáceo Médio-Superior. Outras reconstruções pré-deriva testadas apresentaram o mesmo resultado. A comparação entre os polos paleomagnéticos da América do Sul e da África, segundo uma reconstrução que admite uma pequena abertura entre os continentes, como a proposta por Sclater et al (1977) para 110 m.a. atrás, indicou que os dados do Triássico não são compatíveis com este afastamento. Por outro lado os paleopolos do Jurássico e do Cretáceo Inferior, embora mais antigos que a data sugerida pela reconstrução, são consistentes com esta separação dentro de uma probabilidade de erro de menos de 5%. Os dados do Cretáceo Médio-Superior se mostraram consistentes com a reconstrução sugerida para 80 m.a. atrás por Francheteau (1973) e que propõe uma separação maior entre os continentes. Com base na premissa de deslocamentos de blocos continentais rígidos a análise dos resultados obtidos indicou que América do Sul e África estavam unidas por suas margens continentais opostas no período Triássico e que uma pequena separação entre estes continentes, provavelmente devida a uma rutura inicial, ocorreu no Jurássico e se manteve, então, aproximadamente estacionária até o início do Cretáceo Inferior. Esta conclusão difere da maior parte dos trabalhos que discutem a abertura do oceano Atlântico Sul. Os dados do Cretáceo Médio-Superior são compatíveis com um afastamento rápido e significativo entre os continentes naquele período.

Modeling and Identification of an Open-frame Underwater Vehicle: The Yaw Motion Dynamics

A semi-autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV), named LAURS, is being developed at the Laboratory of Sensors and Actuators at the University of Sao Paulo. The vehicle has been designed to provide inspection and intervention capabilities in specific missions of deep water oil fields. In this work, a method of modeling and identification of yaw motion dynamic system model of an open-frame underwater vehicle is presented. Using an on-board low cost magnetic compass sensor the method is based on the utilization of an uncoupled 1-DOF (degree of freedom) dynamic system equation and the application of the integral method which is the classical least squares algorithm applied to the integral form of the dynamic system equations. Experimental trials with the actual vehicle have been performed in a test tank and diving pool. During these experiments, thrusters responsible for yaw motion are driven by sinusoidal voltage signal profiles. An assessment of the feasibility of the method reveals that estimated dynamic system models are more reliable when considering slow and small sinusoidal voltage signal profiles, i.e. with larger periods and with relatively small amplitude and offset.

Paleomagnetic reconstructions of sediments at ODP Sites 135-840 and 135-841

The geometry of the Tonga Arc implies that it has rotated approximately 17° clockwise away from the Lau Ridge as the Lau Basin formed in between. Questions have arisen about the timing of the opening, whether the arc behaved rigidly, and whether the opening occurred instead from motion of the Lau Ridge, the remanent arc. We undertook to address these questions by taking paleomagnetic samples from sediment cores drilled on the Tonga Arc at Sites 840 and 841, orienting the samples in azimuth, and comparing the paleodeclinations to expected directions. Advanced hydraulic piston corer (APC) cores from Holes 840C and 841A were oriented during drilling with a tool based on a magnetic compass and attached to the core barrel. Samples from Hole 841B were drilled with a rotary core barrel (RCB) and therefore are azimuthally unoriented. They were oriented by identifying faults and dipping beds in the core and aligning them with the same features in the Formation MicroScanner (FMS) wireline logs, which were themselves oriented with a three-axis magnetometer in the FMS tool. The best results came from the APC cores, which yielded a mean pole at -69.0°S, 112.2°E for an age of 4 Ma. This pole implies a declination anomaly of 20.8° ± 12.6° (95% confidence limit), which appears to have occurred by tectonic rotation of the Tonga Arc. This value is almost exactly that expected from the geometry of the arc and implies that it did indeed rotate clockwise as a rigid body. The large uncertainty in azimuth results from core orientation errors, which have an average standard deviation of 18.6°. The youngest cores used to calculate the APC pole contain sediments deposited during Subchron 2A (2.48-3.40 Ma), and their declinations are indistinguishable from the others. This observation suggests that most of the rotation occurred after their deposition; this conclusion must be treated with caution, however, because of the large azimuthal orientation errors. Poles from late and early Miocene sediments of Hole 841B are more difficult to interpret. Samples from this hole are mostly normal in polarity, fail a reversal test, and yield poles that suggest that the normal-polarity directions may be a recent overprint. Late Miocene reversed-polarity samples may be unaffected by this overprint; if so, they imply a declination anomaly of 51.1° ± 11.5°. This observation may indicate that, for older sediments, Tonga forearc rotations are larger than expected.

In situ atmospheric turbulence measurement using the terrestrial magnetic field - A compass for a radiosonde

A method for in situ detection of atmospheric turbulence has been developed using an inexpensive sensor carried within a conventional meteorological radiosonde. The sensor-a Hall effect magnetometer-was used to monitor the terrestrial magnetic field. Rapid time scale (10 s or less) fluctuations in the magnetic field measurement were related to the motion of the radiosonde, which was strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Comparison with cloud radar measurements showed turbulence in regions where rapid time-scale magnetic fluctuations occurred. Reliable measurements were obtained between the surface and the stratosphere.

Operator, organizational, field and depot maintenance manual : compass, magnetic, unmounted, M2.

"November 1963."

Depot maintenance manual : radio magnetic indicator ID-250A/ARN.

"December 1959."

Tailoring Magnetic, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers based on Natural Rubber and Iron by Magnetic Field Assisted Curing for Possible Applications

If magnetism is universal in nature, magnetic materials are ubiquitous. A life without magnetism is unthinkable and a day without the influence of a magnetic material is unimaginable. They find innumerable applications in the form of many passive and active devices namely, compass, electric motor, generator, microphone, loud speaker, maglev train, magnetic resonance imaging, data recording and reading, hadron collider etc. The list is endless. Such is the influence of magnetism and magnetic materials in ones day to day life. With the advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology, along with the emergence of new areas/fields such as spintronics, multiferroics and magnetic refrigeration, the importance of magnetism is ever increasing and attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. The search for a fluid which exhibits magnetism has been on for quite some time. However nature has not bestowed us with a magnetic fluid and hence it has been the dream of many researchers to synthesize a magnetic fluid which is thought to revolutionize many applications based on magnetism. The discovery of a magnetic fluid by Jacob Rabinow in the year 1952 paved the way for a new branch of Physics/Engineering which later became magnetic fluids. This gave birth to a new class of material called magnetorheological materials. Magnetorheological materials are considered superior to electrorheological materials in that magnetorheology is a contactless operation and often inexpensive.Most of the studies in the past on magnetorheological materials were based on magnetic fluids. Recently the focus has been on the solid state analogue of magnetic fluids which are called Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs). The very word magnetorheological elastomer implies that the rheological properties of these materials can be altered by the influence of an external applied magnetic field and this process is reversible. If the application of an external magnetic field modifies the viscosity of a magnetic fluid, the effect of external magnetic stimuli on a magnetorheological elastomer is in the modification of its stiffness. They are reversible too. Magnetorheological materials exhibit variable stiffness and find applications in adaptive structures of aerospace, automotive civil and electrical engineering applications. The major advantage of MRE is that the particles are not able to settle with time and hence there is no need of a vessel to hold it. The possibility of hazardous waste leakage is no more with a solid MRE. Moreover, the particles in a solid MRE will not affect the performance and durability of the equipment. Usually MR solids work only in the pre yield region while MR fluids, typically work in the post yield state. The application of an external magnetic field modifies the stiffness constant, shear modulus and loss modulus which are complex quantities. In viscoelastic materials a part of the input energy is stored and released during each cycle and a part is dissipated as heat. The storage modulus G′ represents the capacity of the material to store energy of deformation, which contribute to material stiffness. The loss modulusG′′ represents the ability of the material to dissipate the energy of deformation. Such materials can find applications in the form of adaptive vibration absorbers (ATVAs), stiffness tunable mounts and variable impedance surfaces. MREs are an important material for automobile giants and became the focus of this research for eventual automatic vibration control, sound isolation, brakes, clutches and suspension systems

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Assessment Of Interstitial Myocardial Fibrosis And Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy In Hypertensive Mice Treated With Spironolactone.

Nearly 50% of patients with heart failure (HF) have preserved LV ejection fraction, with interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as early manifestations of pressure overload. However, methods to assess both tissue characteristics dynamically and noninvasively with therapy are lacking. We measured the effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade on tissue phenotypes in LV pressure overload using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Mice were randomized to l-nitro-ω-methyl ester (l-NAME, 3 mg/mL in water; n=22), or l-NAME with spironolactone (50 mg/kg/day in subcutaneous pellets; n=21). Myocardial extracellular volume (ECV; marker of diffuse interstitial fibrosis) and the intracellular lifetime of water (τic; marker of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy) were determined by CMR T1 imaging at baseline and after 7 weeks of therapy alongside histological assessments. Administration of l-NAME induced hypertensive heart disease in mice, with increases in mean arterial pressure, LV mass, ECV, and τic compared with placebo-treated controls, while LV ejection fraction was preserved (>50%). In comparison, animals receiving both spironolactone and l-NAME (l-NAME+S) showed less concentric remodeling, and a lower myocardial ECV and τic, indicating decreased interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (ECV: 0.43 ± 0.09 for l-NAME versus 0.25 ± 0.03 for l-NAME+S, P<0.001; τic: 0.42 ± 0.11 for l-NAME groups versus 0.12 ± 0.05 for l-NAME+S group). Mice treated with a combination of l-NAME and spironolactone were similar to placebo-treated controls at 7 weeks. Spironolactone attenuates interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease. CMR can phenotype myocardial tissue remodeling in pressure-overload, furthering our understanding of HF progression.