Conjunctival benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia associated with myopic scleral thinning

Known causes of conjunctival salmon patches include lymphoma, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, leukaemia and benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. The aetiology of benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is thought to be a localized reactive change induced by an irritative or antigenic stimulus. The case of benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia reported herein occurred in a myopic patient with extremely thin sclera. The authors' hypothesis is that choroidal antigens are able to perfuse through thin sclera and act as chronic irritants to the overlying conjunctiva resulting in a lymphoid response and subsequent salmon patch formation.

Association Between Unilateral Tonsillar Enlargement And Lymphoma In Children: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis.

Lymphoma is the most common head and neck malignancy in children, and palatine tonsils asymmetry is the most frequent clinical manifestation of tonsillar lymphoma. However, several studies with children with tonsillar asymmetry found no case of lymphoma, showing that the relationship of tonsillar asymmetry with lymphoma is unclear. In this review, we aimed to identify the association between tonsillar asymmetry and tonsillar lymphoma in children by conducting systematic reviews of the literature on children with palatine tonsil lymphoma and tonsillar asymmetry. Articles comprising the paediatric age group (up to 18 years) with information concerning clinical manifestations of tonsillar lymphoma or the diagnosis of the tonsillar asymmetry were included. The main cause of asymmetry of palatine tonsils was lymphoid hyperplasia, followed by lymphoma and nonspecific benign changes. The asymmetry of tonsils was present in 73.2% of cases of lymphoma. There was an association between asymmetric palatine tonsils and lymphoma, with a likelihood ratio of 43.5 for children with asymmetry of palatine tonsils and 8938.4 for children with asymmetry of tonsils and other signs of suspicion for malignancy. We also provide recommendations on the management of suspicious cases of palatine tonsil lymphoma.

Follicular lymphoma in the palate with clinical appearance similar to salivary gland tumors

Intraoral presentation of follicular lymphoma is rare, and only three cases in the palate have been reported to date. The present case report describes an uncommon case of follicular lymphoma affecting the palate. The clinical aspect was similar to salivary gland neoplasm, and an incisional biopsy was important to establish the correct diagnosis and consequently to plan the treatment. Also discussed is the differential diagnosis among follicular lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and follicular lymphoid hyperplasia with regard to the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features. (Quintessence Int 2010; 41: 661-663)

Teníase: uma causa rara de apendicite aguda

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical condition of acute abdomen. Approximately 7 percent of the population will have appendicitis during their lifetime, with the peak incidence occurring between 10 through 30 years-old. Obstruction of the appendix lumen with subsequent bacterial infection initiates the pathophysiological sequence of acute appendicitis. Obstruction may have multiple causes, including fecalith, lymphoid hyperplasia (related to viral illnesses, including upper respiratory infection, mononucleosis, and gastroenteritis), foreign bodies, carcinoid tumor, and parasites. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, Enterobius vermicularis has been reported as the main parasite that causes appendix obstruction. Rarely, Taenia sp., has been pointed as a cause of parasitic appendicitis. We reported a 30 years-old patient clinically diagnosed with acute appendicitis. The appendectomy was performed through a McBurney incision. The patient's convalescence was uneventful, and he was discharged from hospital 48 hours after operation. Histological examination of the appendix showed acute appendicitis, and it was found a parasite (Taenia sp.) lying inside of the appendix lumen at a transverse section. He has received 10 mg/Kg weight of praziquantel for taeniasis treatment.

Aspergillus fumigatus from normal and condemned carcasses with airsacculitis in commercial poultry

Carcass inspection is important for the detection of certain diseases and for monitoring their prevalence in slaughterhouses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in commercial poultry, through mycological and histopathological diagnosis, and to verify the causal association between the aspergillosis diagnosis criteria and condemnation due to airsacculitis in broilers through a case-control study. The study was carried out with 380 samples. Lungs were collected from broilers that were condemned (95) or not condemned (285) due to airsacculitis directly from the slaughter line. Forty-six (12%) lung samples were positive for A. fumigatus in mycological culture. Among all samples, 177 (46.6%) presented histopathological alterations, with necrotic, fibrinous, heterophilic pneumonia; heterophilic pneumonia and lymphoid hyperplasia being the most frequent. Out of the 380 lungs analyzed, 65.2% (30) showed histopathological alterations and isolation of fungi. The statistical analysis (McNemar's chi-square test) indicated a significant association between the presence of histopathological lesions and the isolation of A. fumigatus. Mycological cultivation and histopathological diagnosis increase the probability of detecting pulmonary alterations in birds condemned by the Final Inspection System, which suggests that such diagnostic criteria can improve the assessment and condemnation of birds affected by airsacculitis.

Exploration pathologique des souris transgéniques porteuses du gène VPU de VIH-1

L‟infection par le VIH-1, chez les patients, affecte principalement le système immunitaire et conduit à une destruction graduelle des lymphocytes T CD4 et, par conséquent, entraîne un état d‟immunodéficience. Cette immunodéficience permet l'établissement d‟infections opportunistes qui sont responsables de manifestations cliniques associées au Sida. Ces patients peuvent aussi développer des lymphomes, lésions du système nerveux central et une atteinte rénale. L'ampleur et la sévérité des conditions associées observées chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 ne peuvent être imputées seulement au processus infectieux et à la déplétion des cellules T CD4+. Ceci suggère que les produits des gènes de régulation pourraient avoir des effets cytopathogènes. Cependant, les études sur la physiopathogenèse induite par le VIH ou ses différents gènes ont été difficiles à mener en raison de l'absence d'animaux de laboratoire infectés par ce virus. Ceux-ci auraient pu aider à disséquer le rôle des différents composants du génome viral et les mécanismes pathogénétiques impliqués. Pour pallier cette contrainte, nous avons produit le premier modèle de souris transgéniques pour le gène vpu. Vpu code pour une phosphoprotéine membranaire avec plusieurs fonctions connues. Elle participe au relargage des virions à la surface cellulaire, induit la dégradation des CD4, induit la régulation négative des CMH-1, augmente la susceptibilité à la mort cellulaire des lymphocytes T infectés par le VIH et favorise la réplication virale en empêchant les mécanismes antiviraux cellulaires. Dans ce travail, nous avons caractérisé pathologiquement un modèle de souris transgéniques porteuses du gène vpu du VIH-1. Nos résultats démontrent que l‟expression de vpu chez les souris transgéniques induit le développement spontané d‟une hyperplasie lymphoïde pansystémique, une splénomégalie avec une hyperplasie lymphoïde folliculaire évoluant en lésions prémalignes et malignes qui présentent certaines similarités avec la maladie de Castleman et une iv glomérulonéphrite mesangioproliférative qui rappelle certaines altérations de néphropathie associée au VIH chez les patients infectés. L‟ensemble des altérations démontre que les souris Tg/vpu développent une activation chronique et non spécifique du système immunitaire. Dans cette activation immunitaire, une dérégulation de l‟IL-6 et une hyperplasie du réseau de cellules métallophiliques pourraient être impliquées. D‟autres résultats obtenus sur les évaluations du fonctionnement du système immunitaire de la rate et du thymus mettent en évidence une susceptibilité augmentée des lymphocytes des tissus lymphoïdes aux effets apoptotiques de la dexaméthasone et des lipopolysaccharides et un retard dans le repeuplement par les cellules d‟organes lymphoïdes ainsi qu‟une réaction inflammatoire (Schwartzman) exacerbée et des anomalies dans la réaction d‟hypersensibilité retardée expérimentale. Ce modèle transgénique reproduit plusieurs anomalies rencontrées chez les patients infectés par le VIH et ouvre de nouvelles hypothèses sur la pathogenèse de l‟infection par le VIH.

Hematological, biochemical and anatomopathological aspects of the experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi in dogs

O presente estudo acompanhou durante 82 dias o curso da infecção experimental com T. evansi em quatro cães, realizando a avaliação dos achados hematológicos, bioquímicos e anatomopatológicos. Os animais infectados mostraram declínio acentuado na contagem de hemácias, hematócrito e teor de hemoglobina, permanecendo anêmicos a partir da terceira semana de infecção até o final do período experimental. Leucopenia com neutropenia foram observadas entre a segunda e a quinta semanas após a infecção. Os cães inoculados desenvolveram hiperproteinemia, sendo constatada diminuição na relação albumina:globulina. As atividades séricas de alamina aminotransferase e aspartato aminotransferase aumentaram significativamente nos cães infectados em relação aos animais controle. O exame histopatológico revelou hiperplasia linfóide no baço e linfonodos e infiltrado mononuclear periportal e esteatose de padrão centrolobular no fígado de todos os cães infectados. Intenso infiltrado mononuclear foi observado no miocárdio de três cães e acúmulos de células mononucleares junto às meninges foram evidenciados em dois animais infectados.

Parasitic infection of the appendix as a cause of acute appendicitis

The association between parasitic infection of the appendix and acute appendicitis has been widely investigated. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infection of the appendix in a tropical area at southeast Brazil and to assess its possible relation to acute appendicitis in surgically removed appendices. of the 1,600 appendectomies performed during a 10-year period, 24 (1.5%) were found to have helminths within the appendix. Enterobius vermicularis was observed in 23 of the 24 specimens (95.8%), and Taenia sp. was detected in only one case. Sixteen patients (66.7%) were less than 10 years old; 15 patients were male and nine female; 21 patients were white, and three were nonwhites. Pathologic analysis disclosed acute neutrophilic inflammation in the appendix wall in 12 of the 24 specimens and lymphoid hyperplasia in 10 of the 24 appendices. Gangrenous appendicitis was diagnosed in three cases, and peritonitis was found in 11 of the 24 infected appendices. The results of the present study indicate that E. vermicularis is the commonest worm found in the appendix and that its presence can cause pathologic changes ranging from lymphoid hyperplasia to acute phlegmonous inflammation with life-threatening complications like gangrene and peritonitis.

Infecções parasitárias do apêndice cecal e suas relações com apendicite aguda

Investigou-se a prevalência de infecções parasitárias do apêndice cecal e suas relações com a apendicite. Dos 1.600 apêndices estudados 24 (1,5%) apresentaram infecção parasitária. Enterobius vermicularis foi encontrado em 23 casos (95,8%) e Taenia sp em apenas um (4,2%). Dezesseis pacientes (66,7%) eram menores de 10 anos; 15 eram masculinos e 9 femininos. A análise histopatológica demonstrou inflamação aguda supurativa em 12 casos (50%), eosinofilia em 13 (54,2%) e hiperplasia linfóide em 10 (41,7%). Complicações como peritonite ocorreram em 11 e gangrena em 3 casos. As infecções parasitárias do apêndice são causa pouco freqüente de apendicite aguda em crianças e adolescentes.

Epstein-barr virus infection and single nucleotide Polymorphisms in the promoter region of interleukin 10 gene in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma

Context. - Hodgkin lymphoma is a neoplastic disease in which the immune system plays a major role in its pathogenesis. Interleukin 10 ( IL-10), an immunosuppressive cytokine actively produced in patients with Hodgkin lymphomas, favors the survival of the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Individual variations in IL-10 levels may be due, in part, to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL10 gene promoter.Objective. - To evaluate whether particular single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL10 gene are found more frequently in Hodgkin lymphoma cases associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.Design. - the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -1082 and -819/-592 in the IL10 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction length fragment polymorphisms analysis in 65 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 50 cases of reactive benign follicular lymphoid hyperplasia ( non-Hodgkin lymphoma control group).Results. - the frequency of the genotype GG at position -1082 was found to be significantly higher in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin lymphoma compared with Epstein-Barr virus-negative cases.Conclusions. - the results suggest that the presence of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL10 gene, notably those associated with high IL-10 production, may play a role in the susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus -positive Hodgkin lymphoma development.

Histopathological evaluation in experimental envenomation of dogs with Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom

The present work evaluated histopathological aspects in experimental envenomation of dogs with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Twenty-eight mixed breed adult dogs were divided into three groups of seven animals each: Group I only venom; Group II - venom + 50ml antiophidic serum + fluid therapy; Group III venom + 50ml antiophidic serum + fluid therapy + urine alkalization. Lyophilized venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was reconstituted in saline solution and inoculated subcutaneously at the dose of 1mg/kg body weight. Three animals of each group were subjected to euthanasia, and their muscular tissue, brain, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs, stomach, small and large intestines, and popliteal lymph node fragments were collected for histopathological evaluation. There was myonecrosis in the inoculated limb, renal tubular degeneration, lymphoid hyperplasia of spleen, and unspecific reactive hepatitis. These results show the antigenicity and action of the venom on the immune system.

Teníase: Uma causa rara de apendicite aguda

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical condition of acute abdomen. Approximately 7 percent of the population will have appendicitis during their lifetime, with the peak incidence occurring between 10 through 30 years-old Obstruction of the appendix lumen with subsequent bacterial infection initiates the pathophysiological sequence of acute appendicitis. Obstruction may have multiple causes, including fecalith, lymphoid hyperplasia (related to viral illnesses, including upper respiratory infection, mononucleosis, and gastroenteritis), foreign bodies, carcinoid tumor and parasites. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, Enterobius vermicularis has been reported as the main parasite that causes appendix obstruction. Rarely, Taenia sp., has been pointed as a cause of parasitic appendicitis. We reported a 30 years-old patient clinically diagnosed with acute appendicitis. The appendectomy was performed through a McBurney incision. The patient's convalescence was uneventful, and he was discharged from hospital 48 hours after operation. Histological examination of the appendix showed acute appendicitis, and it was found aparasite (Taenia sp.) lying inside of the appendix lumen at a transverse section. He has received 10 mg/Kg weight of praziquantel for taeniasis treatment.

An approach to local immunotoxicity induced by adjuvanted vaccines

The occurrence of injection site reactions following immunization is the most frequently reported toxicity manifestation of vaccines; however, the different types of local reactions and the different mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, the current advances in adjuvants and the role that adjuvants play in local reactions are reviewed. The role of adjuvants in the formation of the loco-regional complex (LRC), which consists of the injection site, draining lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes, is also discussed. Finally, strategies and recommendations for the rational design of adjuvanted vaccines are discussed, with a particular interest in the reduction of local inflammation. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Avalição de polimorfismos de nucleotídeos simples (SNPs) na região promotora de gene da interleucina 10 em pacientes com Linfoma de Hodgkin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pathogenesis of Human and Bovine Cryptosporidium parvum in Gnotobiotic Pigs

To compare the pathogenesis of human genotype 1 (HuGl) and bovine genotype 2 (BoG2) Cryptosporidium parvum, neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were given 1-10 HuGl or BoG2 oocysts. The prepatent and patent periods were significantly longer for HuGl than for BoG2 C. parvum (prepatent, 8.6 vs. 5.6 days; patent, 16.6 vs. 10.3 days). BoG2-infected pigs developed signif- icantly more severe disease than did HuGl-infected pigs. BoG2 parasites were seen micro- scopically throughout the intestines during the prepatent and patent periods. HuGl parasites were only detected during the patent period in the ileum and colon but colonized the mucosal surface in significantly larger numbers than did BoG2. Moderate-to-severe villus/mucosal attenuation with lymphoid hyperplasia was seen throughout the intestines of BoG2-infected pigs, whereas lesions in HuGl-infected pigs were mild to moderate and restricted to the ileum and colon. These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis that human and bovine C. parvum genotypes may be separate species.