Interspecific interaction between Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Prey choice by facultative predator larvae of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

In this study we investigated predation rates on third instar larvae of Chrysomya putoria and C. megacephala by third instar larvae of C. albiceps in a two-choice situation. The highest predation rate occurred on C. putoria larvae and this result is compared to previous experiments, in which C. macellaria larvae were present. Our results suggest that, when C. macellaria is absent C. albiceps larvae attack more C. putoria than C. megacephala larvae. Prey choice decisions and its implications for introduced and native blowflies are discussed.

Ecological assembly rules in plant communities--approaches, patterns and prospects.

Understanding how communities of living organisms assemble has been a central question in ecology since the early days of the discipline. Disentangling the different processes involved in community assembly is not only interesting in itself but also crucial for an understanding of how communities will behave under future environmental scenarios. The traditional concept of assembly rules reflects the notion that species do not co-occur randomly but are restricted in their co-occurrence by interspecific competition. This concept can be redefined in a more general framework where the co-occurrence of species is a product of chance, historical patterns of speciation and migration, dispersal, abiotic environmental factors, and biotic interactions, with none of these processes being mutually exclusive. Here we present a survey and meta-analyses of 59 papers that compare observed patterns in plant communities with null models simulating random patterns of species assembly. According to the type of data under study and the different methods that are applied to detect community assembly, we distinguish four main types of approach in the published literature: species co-occurrence, niche limitation, guild proportionality and limiting similarity. Results from our meta-analyses suggest that non-random co-occurrence of plant species is not a widespread phenomenon. However, whether this finding reflects the individualistic nature of plant communities or is caused by methodological shortcomings associated with the studies considered cannot be discerned from the available metadata. We advocate that more thorough surveys be conducted using a set of standardized methods to test for the existence of assembly rules in data sets spanning larger biological and geographical scales than have been considered until now. We underpin this general advice with guidelines that should be considered in future assembly rules research. This will enable us to draw more accurate and general conclusions about the non-random aspect of assembly in plant communities.

Structure et dynamique des communautés multi-espèces : le rôle de l’espace

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle de l’espace dans l’organisation et dans la dynamique des communautés écologiques multi-espèces. Deux carences peuvent être identifiées dans les études théoriques actuelles portant sur la dimension spatiale des communautés écologiques : l’insuffisance de modèles multi-espèces représentant la dimension spatiale explicitement, et le manque d’attention portée aux interactions positives, tel le mutualisme, en dépit de la reconnaissance de leur ubiquité dans les systèmes écologiques. Cette thèse explore cette problématique propre à l’écologie des communautés, en utilisant une approche théorique s’inspirant de la théorie des systèmes complexes et de la mécanique statistique. Selon cette approche, les communautés d’espèces sont considérées comme des systèmes complexes dont les propriétés globales émergent des interactions locales entre les organismes qui les composent, et des interactions locales entre ces organismes et leur environnement. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer un modèle de métacommunauté multi-espèces, explicitement spatial, orienté à l’échelle des individus et basé sur un réseau d’interactions interspécifiques générales comprenant à la fois des interactions d’exploitation, de compétition et de mutualisme. Dans ce modèle, les communautés locales sont formées par un processus d’assemblage des espèces à partir d’un réservoir régional. La croissance des populations est restreinte par une capacité limite et leur dynamique évolue suivant des mécanismes simples de reproduction et de dispersion des individus. Ces mécanismes sont dépendants des conditions biotiques et abiotiques des communautés locales et leur effet varie en fonction des espèces, du temps et de l’espace. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse a pour objectif de déterminer l’impact d’une connectivité spatiale croissante sur la dynamique spatiotemporelle et sur les propriétés structurelles et fonctionnelles de cette métacommunauté. Plus précisément, nous évaluons différentes propriétés des communautés en fonction du niveau de dispersion des espèces : i) la similarité dans la composition des communautés locales et ses patrons de corrélations spatiales; ii) la biodiversité locale et régionale, et la distribution locale de l’abondance des espèces; iii) la biomasse, la productivité et la stabilité dynamique aux échelles locale et régionale; et iv) la structure locale des interactions entre les espèces. Ces propriétés sont examinées selon deux schémas spatiaux. D’abord nous employons un environnement homogène et ensuite nous employons un environnement hétérogène où la capacité limite des communautés locales évoluent suivant un gradient. De façon générale, nos résultats révèlent que les communautés écologiques spatialement distribuées sont extrêmement sensibles aux modes et aux niveaux de dispersion des organismes. Leur dynamique spatiotemporelle et leurs propriétés structurelles et fonctionnelles peuvent subir des changements profonds sous forme de transitions significatives suivant une faible variation du niveau de dispersion. Ces changements apparaissent aussi par l’émergence de patrons spatiotemporels dans la distribution spatiale des populations qui sont typiques des transitions de phases observées généralement dans les systèmes physiques. La dynamique de la métacommunauté présente deux régimes. Dans le premier régime, correspondant aux niveaux faibles de dispersion des espèces, la dynamique d’assemblage favorise l’émergence de communautés stables, peu diverses et formées d’espèces abondantes et fortement mutualistes. La métacommunauté possède une forte diversité régionale puisque les communautés locales sont faiblement connectées et que leur composition demeure ainsi distincte. Par ailleurs dans le second régime, correspondant aux niveaux élevés de dispersion, la diversité régionale diminue au profit d’une augmentation de la diversité locale. Les communautés locales sont plus productives mais leur stabilité dynamique est réduite suite à la migration importante d’individus. Ce régime est aussi caractérisé par des assemblages incluant une plus grande diversité d’interactions interspécifiques. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une augmentation du niveau de dispersion des organismes permet de coupler les communautés locales entre elles ce qui accroît la coexistence locale et favorise la formation de communautés écologiques plus riches et plus complexes. Finalement, notre étude suggère que le mutualisme est fondamentale à l’organisation et au maintient des communautés écologiques. Les espèces mutualistes dominent dans les habitats caractérisés par une capacité limite restreinte et servent d’ingénieurs écologiques en facilitant l’établissement de compétiteurs, prédateurs et opportunistes qui bénéficient de leur présence.

Tolerance traits and the stability of mutualism

Identifying factors which allow the evolution and persistence of cooperative interactions between species is a fundamental issue in evolutionary ecology. Various hypotheses have been suggested which generally focus on mechanisms that allow cooperative genotypes in different species to maintain interactions over space and time. Here, we emphasise the fact that even within mutualisms (interactions with net positive fitness effects for both partners), there may still be inherent costs, such as the occasional predation by ants upon aphids. Individuals engaged in mutualisms benefit from minimising these costs as long as it is not at the expense of breaking the interspecific interaction, which offers a net positive benefit. The most common and obvious defence traits to minimise interspecific interaction costs are resistance traits, which act to reduce encounter rate between two organisms. Tolerance traits, in contrast, minimise fitness costs to the actor, but without reducing encounter rate. Given that, by definition, it is beneficial to remain in mutualistic interactions, the only viable traits to minimise costs are tolerance-based 'defence' strategies. Thus, we propose that tolerance traits are an important factor promoting stability in mutualisms. Furthermore, because resistance traits tend to propagate coevolutionary arms races between antagonists, whilst tolerance traits do not, we also suggest that tolerance-based defence strategies may be important in facilitating the transition from antagonistic interactions into mutualisms. For example, the mutualism between ants and aphids has been suggested to have evolved from parasitism. We describe how phenotypic plasticity in honeydew production may be a tolerance trait that has prevented escalation into an antagonistic arms race and instead led to mutualistic coevolution.

Ecological niche similarities of Peponapis bees and non-domesticated Cucurbita species

Peponapis bees are considered specialized pollinators of Cucurbita flowers, a genus that presents several species of economic value (squashes and pumpkins). Both genera originated in the Americas, and their diversity dispersion center is in Mexico. Ten species of Peponapis and ten species of Cucurbita (only non-domesticated species) were analyzed considering the similarity of their ecological niche characteristics with respect to climatic conditions of their occurrence areas (abiotic variables) and interactions between species (biotic variables). The similarity of climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation) was estimated through cluster analyses. The areas of potential occurrence of the most similar species were obtained through ecological niche modeling and summed with geographic information system tools. Three main clusters were obtained: one with species that shared potential occurrence areas mainly in deserts (P. pruinosa, P. timberlakei, C. digitata, C. palmata, C. foetidissima), another in moist forests (P. limitaris, P. atrata, C. lundelliana, C. o. martinezii) and a third mainly in dry forests (C. a. sororia, C. radicans, C. pedatifolia, P. azteca, P. smithi, P. crassidentata, P. utahensis). Some species with similar ecological niche presented potential shared areas that are also similar to their geographical distribution, like those occurring predominantly on deserts. However, some clustered species presented larger geographical areas, such as P. pruinosa and C. foetidissima suggesting other drivers than climatic conditions to shape their distributions. The domestication of Cucurbita and also the natural history of both genera were considered also as important factors. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stochastic dynamics in exotic and native blowflies: an analysis combining laboratory experiments and a two-patch metapopulation model

In this study we explored the stochastic population dynamics of three exotic blowfly species, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria, and two native species, Cochliomyia macellaria and Lucilia eximia, by combining a density-dependent growth model with a two-patch metapopulation model. Stochastic fecundity, survival and migration were investigated by permitting random variations between predetermined demographic boundary values based on experimental data. Lucilia eximia and Chrysomya albiceps were the species most susceptible to the risk of local extinction. Cochliomyia macellaria, C. megacephala and C. putoria exhibited lower risks of extinction when compared to the other species. The simultaneous analysis of stochastic fecundity and survival revealed an increase in the extinction risk for all species. When stochastic fecundity, survival and migration were simulated together, the coupled populations were synchronized in the five species. These results are discussed, emphasizing biological invasion and interspecific interaction dynamics.

Prey choice by facultative predator larvae of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

In this study we investigated predation rates on third instar larvae of Chrysomya putoria and C. megacephala by third instar larvae of C. albiceps in a two-choice situation. The highest predation rate occurred on C. putoria larvae and this result is compared to previous experiments, in which C. macellaria larvae were present. Our results suggest that, when C. macellaria is absent C. albiceps larvae attack more C. putoria than C. megacephala larvae. Prey choice decisions and its implications for introduced and native blowflies are discussed.

Epiphyte plants use by birds in Brazil

This study firstly reviewed the interspecific interaction records between birds and epiphyte plants in Brazil. Forty two documents, including articles, scientific notes, books and thesis, and 35 personal records and from collaborators were argued, totaling 112 species of birds that interacted with 97 species of epiphyte plants. Two articles treated the theme specifically and another 40 treated related subjects, such as: pollination of epiphytes, ecology and feeding behavior of birds. Studies were concentrated mainly in Atlantic Forest, in the southeastern Brazilian region. The epiphyte species more visited by birds was Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae). The main visitor of epiphytes was Ramphodon naevius (Trochilidae). According to the number of authors' citations an index of generality in bird-epiphyte interactions was created. As result the index inferred that the ovenbird Cichlocolaptes leucophrus and the bromeliad Nidularium procerum are less generalist and more specialist species in bird-epiphyte interactions. The totality of the papers showed a considerable number of bird species that use the epiphytes plants and its resources, including nectar, fruits, invertebrates, nest material, nesting place, water and bath. Considering the importance of epiphytes to supply a variety of resources for birds, these results highlighted the necessity of additional and specific studies about the theme in various Brazilian regions and biomes.

Habitat simplification affects nuclear-follower foraging association among stream fishes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Feeding association between benthic and nektonic Neotropical stream fishes

A interação nuclear-seguidor tem sido raramente registrada entre peixes de riachos Neotropicais. Este tipo de associação foi observada em um riacho de cabeceira, no sistema do Alto rio Paraná envolvendo o cascudinho, Aspidoras fuscoguttatus, como espécie nuclear, e Knodus moenkhausii, Poecilia reticulata e Astyanax altiparanae como seus seguidores. Indivíduos de Aspidoras fuscoguttatus revolveram o substrato durante alimentação, promovendo a suspensão de sedimento. Os seguidores, por sua vez, movimentaram-se pela nuvem de partículas em suspensão, capturando itens alimentares. As particulas alimentares em suspensão parecem não ser utilizadas pelo cascudinho, mas tornam-se disponíveis para K. moenkhausii, P. reticulata e A. altiparanae. O comportamento de seguidor representa uma tática alimentar alternativa para estas espécies, reforçando a idéia geral de plasticidade comportamental entre as espécies seguidoras.

Larval predation by Chrysomya albiceps on Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria

Chrysomya albiceps, the larvae of which are facultative predators of larvae of other dipteran species, has been introduced to the Americas over recent years along with other Old World species of blowflies, including Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Chlysomya rufifacies. An apparent correlate of this biological invasion has been a sudden decline in the population numbers of Cochliomyia macellaria, a native species of the Americas. In this study, we investigated predation rates on third instar larvae of C. macellaria, C. putoria and C. megacephala by third instar larvae of C. albiceps in no-choice, two-choice and three-choice situations. Most attacks by C. albiceps larvae occurred within the first hour of observation and the highest predation rate occurred on C. macellaria larvae, suggesting that C. albiceps was more dangerous to C. macellaria than to C. megacephala and C. putoria under these experimental conditions. The rates of larvae killed as a result of the predation, as well as its implications to population dynamics of introduced and native species are discussed.

The dimensionality of ecological networks

How many dimensions (trait-axes) are required to predict whether two species interact? This unanswered question originated with the idea of ecological niches, and yet bears relevance today for understanding what determines network structure. Here, we analyse a set of 200 ecological networks, including food webs, antagonistic and mutualistic networks, and find that the number of dimensions needed to completely explain all interactions is small (< 10), with model selection favouring less than five. Using 18 high-quality webs including several species traits, we identify which traits contribute the most to explaining network structure. We show that accounting for a few traits dramatically improves our understanding of the structure of ecological networks. Matching traits for resources and consumers, for example, fruit size and bill gape, are the most successful combinations. These results link ecologically important species attributes to large-scale community structure. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.

Dinâmica de interações intra e interespecíficas em moscas-varejeiras sob a ação de psicofármacos: aplicações ecológicas no contexto forense

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interaction between natural and sexual selection during the evolution of mate recognition

The interaction between natural and sexual selection is central to many theories of how mate choice and reproductive isolation evolve, but their joint effect on the evolution of mate recognition has not, to my knowledge, been investigated in an evolutionary experiment. Natural and sexual selection were manipulated in interspecific hybrid populations of Drosophila to determine their effects on the evolution of a mate recognition system comprised of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). The effect of natural selection in isolation indicated that CHCs were costly for males and females to produce. The effect of sexual selection in isolation indicated that females preferred males with a particular CHC composition. However, the interaction between natural and sexual selection had a greater effect on the evolution of the mate recognition system than either process in isolation. When natural and sexual selection were permitted to operate in combination, male CHCs became exaggerated to a greater extent than in the presence of sexual selection alone, and female CHCs evolved against the direction of natural selection. This experiment demonstrated that the interaction between natural and sexual selection is critical in determining the direction and magnitude of the evolutionary response of the mate recognition system.