Economia ecológica da emissão antropogênica de CO2 - uma abordagem filosófico-científica sobre a efetuação humana alopoiética da Terra em escala planetária

O objetivo desta tese, "Economia Ecológica da Emissão Antropogênica de CO2 – uma Abordagem Filosófico-Científica sobre a Efetuação Humana Alopoiética da Terra em Escala Planetária utiliza o novo paradigma ambiental, que inclui as seguintes ferramentas teóricas originais: · o uso da filosofia da efetuação de Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854); · uso da teoria da auto-organização para demonstrar a existência de uma efetuação humana alopoiética de dimensões geológico-planetárias; · a articulação das implicações filosófico-científicas em uma via de recorrência que inclui a contingência, a reprocessualidade, a ética e a hermenêutica, além das abordagens e estratégias da interdisciplinaridade e da transdisicplinaridade; · uma nova estrutura de abordagem empírica para a coleta de dados ambientais, a matriz de amostragem ambiental. Nesta abordagem é proposto o posicionamento da Epistemologia Ambiental levando em conta o aspecto unificador sistêmico, após ser realizada a crítica das abordagens anarquista e pós-normal. A Economia é posta como antiexemplo no qual a Economia tradicional (Clássica, Neoclássica e Ambiental) é caracterizada como uma pseudociência, a partir das suas ilusões, dogmas, mitos, fantasias, falácias, falsa "lei", falsas metáforas e o abandono da ética e da visão sistêmica, sendo suas afirmativas (falsas) comparadas com os resultados das demais ciências e com a situação real do planeta Terra, no início do século XXI. O contraponto da Economia tradicional é estabelecido pela apresentação dos conceitos de ecodesenvolvimento, sustentabilidade, estado-estável, Economia Win-Win e o advento da Era Solar. A Economia Ecológica constitui uma nova Ciência Ambiental, passando atualmente por um processo de corrupção economicista. A apresentação da efetuação humana alopoiética é feita em duas principais escalas: a geológica e planetária. A efetuação humana alopoiética registrada em escala geológica inclui as seguintes formas: paisagística, pedogênica, litológica, geodinâmica (sísmica, vulcânica, hídrica, massiva e erosional), fossilífera e geoquímica. A efetuação humana alopoiética registrada em escala planetária apresenta as seguintes formas: climática, asteróide-meteorítica, da biodiversidade, aeroespacial próxima e extraplanetária. A emissão antropogênica de gás carbônico (CO2) na atmosfera terrestre, uma emissão difusa e sem fronteiras geográficas, é abordada com a Economia Ecológica. A partir da identificação do aquecimento global com "a conta entrópica devida à era da máquina" (Rifkin, 1992, p. 81) que a Natureza apresenta aos seres humanos, é feita a tentativa de estabelecer um valor real do fenômeno, tendo como ferramenta científica a abordagem emergética. A partir da constatação de que a efetuação humana alopoiética registrada até o final do século XX foi realizada de forma imprevista, imprudente e fora de controle e tendo em vista a emergência da Era da Terra-Pátria, no início do século XXI, e a necessidade de reorientar a globalização em curso, alternativas para a busca da efetuação terrestre consciente são apresentadas. As principais alternativas propostas para resolver (ou encaminhar a resolução) para a questão ambiental são as economicistas, da qualidade ambiental total (ISO 14000), as industrialistas (produção limpa, fator 4, fator 10 e capitalismo natural), as científicas (geofisiologia e terraforming), da Economia Ecológica e Economia Win-Win, as políticas (Política da Biosfera e Plano Marshall Global), as éticas, a utopia do reencantamento do Mundo e a proposta programática da Agenda 21. As conclusões e interpretações desta tese provém dos resultados obtidos pelo cálculo da emissão de CO2 para a atmosfera, sua emergia e valor real através de dados obtidos na Internet e da contextualização destes nas propostas existentes para o encaminhamento da questão ambiental. A mitologia de Ícaro na tentativa ambiciosa em se afastar da Natureza e o retorno à ela na forma de uma Fênix de ressurgimento autopoiético, fornece a visão do reenvolvimento ambiental humano.

Insensibilização de frangos de corte em atmosfera controlada na promoção do bem estar animal: Diego Augusto Bitencourt. -

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Particle and gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas and ultralow sulphur diesel-fuelled buses at four steady engine loads

Exhaust emissions from thirteen compressed natural gas (CNG) and nine ultralow sulphur diesel in-service transport buses were monitored on a chassis dynamometer. Measurements were carried out at idle and at three steady engine loads of 25%, 50% and 100% of maximum power at a fixed speed of 60 kmph. Emission factors were estimated for particle mass and number, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen for two types of CNG buses (Scania and MAN, compatible with Euro 2 and 3 emission standards, respectively) and two types of diesel buses (Volvo Pre-Euro/Euro1 and Mercedez OC500 Euro3). All emission factors increased with load. The median particle mass emission factor for the CNG buses was less than 1% of that from the diesel buses at all loads. However, the particle number emission factors did not show a statistically significant difference between buses operating on the two types of fuel. In this paper, for the very first time, particle number emission factors are presented at four steady state engine loads for CNG buses. Median values ranged from the order of 1012 particles min-1 at idle to 1015 particles km-1 at full power. Most of the particles observed in the CNG emissions were in the nanoparticle size range and likely to be composed of volatile organic compounds The CO2 emission factors were about 20% to 30% greater for the diesel buses over the CNG buses, while the oxides of nitrogen emission factors did not show any difference due to the large variation between buses.

Microstructural characterization of electron beam evaporated tungsten oxide films for gas sensing applications

Tungsten trioxide is one of the potential semiconducting materials used for sensing NH3, CO, CH4 and acetaldehyde gases. The current research aims at development, microstructural characterization and gas sensing properties of thin films of Tungsten trioxide (WO3). In this paper, we intend to present the microstructural characterization of these films as a function of post annealing heat treatment. Microstructural and elemental analysis of electron beam evaporated WO3 thin films and iron doped WO3 films (WO3:Fe) have been carried out using analytical techniques such as Transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford Backscattered Spectroscopy and XPS analysis. TEM analysis revealed that annealing at 300oC for 1 hour improves cyrstallinity of WO3 film. Both WO3 and WO3:Fe films had uniform thickness and the values corresponded to those measured during deposition. RBS results show a fairly high concentration of oxygen at the film surface as well as in the bulk for both films, which might be due to adsorption of oxygen from atmosphere or lattice oxygen vacancy inherent in WO3 structure. XPS results indicate that tungsten exists in 4d electronic state on the surface but at a depth of 10 nm, both 4d and 4f electronic states were observed. Atomic force microscopy reveals nanosize particles and porous structure of the film. This study shows e-beam evaporation technique produces nanoaparticles and porous WO3 films suitable for gas sensing applications and doping with iron decreases the porosity and particle size which can help improve the gas selectivity.

Electron beam evaporation of tungsten oxide films for gas sensors

Pure and Iron incorporated nanostructured Tungsten Oxide (WO3) thin films were investigated for gas sensing applications using noise spectroscopy. The WO3 sensor was able to detect lower concentrations (1 ppm-10 ppm) of NH3, CO, CH4 and Acetaldehyde gases at higher operating temperatures between 100oC to 250oC. The response of the WO3 sensor to NH3, CH4 and Acetaldehyde at lower temperatures (50oC-100oC) was significant when the sensor was photo-activated using blue-light emitting diode (Blue-LED). The WO3 with Fe (WO3:Fe) was found to show some response to Acetaldehyde gas only at relatively higher operating temperature (250oC) and gas concentration of 10 ppm.

Thin film deposition and characterization of pure and iron-doped electron-beam evaporated tungsten oxide for gas sensors

Pure Tungsten Oxide (WO3) and Iron-doped (10 at%) Tungsten Oxide (WO3:Fe) nanostructured thin films were prepared using a dual crucible Electron Beam Evaporation techniques. The films were deposited at room temperature in high vacuum condition on glass substrate and post-heat treated at 300 oC for 1 hour. From the study of X-ray diffraction and Raman the characteristics of the as-deposited WO3 and WO3:Fe films indicated non-crystalline nature. The surface roughness of all the films showed in the order of 2.5 nm as observed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed tungsten oxide films with stoichiometry close to WO3. The addition of Fe to WO3 produced a smaller particle size and lower porosity as observed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). A slight difference in optical band gap energies of 3.22 eV and 3.12 eV were found between the as-deposited WO3 and WO3:Fe films, respectively. However, the difference in the band gap energies of the annealed films were significantly higher having values of 3.12 eV and 2.61 eV for the WO3 and WO3:Fe films, respectively. The heat treated samples were investigated for gas sensing applications using noise spectroscopy and doping of Fe to WO3 reduced the sensitivity to certain gasses. Detailed study of the WO3 and WO3:Fe films gas sensing properties is the subject of another paper.

Electron beam evaporation of tungsten oxide films for gas sensors

Pure and Iron incorporated nanostructured Tungsten Oxide (WO3) thin films were investigated for gas sensing applications using noise spectroscopy. The WO3 sensor was able to detect lower concentrations (1 ppm-10 ppm) of NH3, CO, CH4 and Acetaldehyde gases at operating temperatures between 100 degrees celcius to 250 degrees celcius. The iron doped Tungsten Oxide sensor (WO3:Fe) showed some response to Acetaldehyde gas at relatively higher operating temperature (250 degrees celcius) and gas concentration of 10 ppm. The sensitivity of the WO3 sensor towards NH3, CH4 and Acetaldehyde at lower operating temperatures (50 degrees celcius - 100 degrees celcius) was significant when the sensor was photo-activated using blue-light emitting diode (Blue-LED). From the results, photo-activated WO3 thin film that operates at room temperature appeared to be a promising gas sensor. The overall results indicated that the WO3 sensor exhibited reproducibility for the detection of various gases and the WO3:Fe indicated some response towards Acetaldehyde gas.