Inarinsaamen käsitemetaforat

This study discusses the conceptual metaphors of Inari Saami, an endangered, indigenous, Finno-Ugrian language spoken in northern Finland. The research focuses on systematical mappings between source and target domains in conventional Inari Saami metaphors and metonymies. The research material consists of the Inarinsaamen idiomisanakirja [Inari Saami idiom dictionary] which has been compiled by the author in collaboration with an Inari Saami co-author; the Inarilappisches Wörterbuch; Inarinsaamelaista kansantietoutta [Inari Saami folk knowledge]; and Aanaarkiela čájttuzeh [Inari Saami sample texts]. The metaphors and metonymies found in these literary sources are divided into categories on the basis of the target domains and according to the classic model of Lakoff ja Johnson (1980). This method reveals the systematical recurrence of source domains inside each category and thus discovers the systematical patterns of metaphoric mapping, the conceptual metaphors . As a result 44 conceptual metaphors and 16 conceptual metonymies are presented through approximately 500 glossed examples. These findings are discussed against the background of what is known about the cognitive and neural processing of metaphors on the one hand, and what is known about Inari Saami culture on the other. This theoretical framework highlights culture as the underlying force behind conceptual metaphors. The recurring metonymies seem to follow a culturally salient indexicality. For example, the Inari Saami conceptual metonymy TIME IS NATURE reflects the seasonal changes in the year s cycle, which was the salient index of time in traditional Inari Saami culture. The recurring metaphors, for their part, follow a culturally salient iconicity. The conceptual metaphor PRIDE IS ANTLERS is based on an iconicity which is experienced and interpreted by the Inari Saami. A proud person is associated with a reindeer who shows off his impressive antlers. The conceptual metaphor/metonymy seems to be a reflection of culture rather than a cognitive means of understanding an abstract domain in terms of a concrete domain, as hypothesized by certain theoreticians. Repeating this study with other languages may lead to the possibility of typologizing the metaphorical systems of the world s languages and understanding the diversity of metaphor systems in the endangered languages of the world.

A naturalização dos fenômenos sobrenaturais e a construção do cérebro possuído: um estudo da medicalizaão do transe e da possessão no século XIX

Este trabalho procura discutir o modo como os fenômenos sobrenaturais foram apropriados, pela ciência, no século XIX. A teoria do magnetismo animal, criada por Mesmer, com suas variadas interpretações por várias gerações de discípulos; a construção da teoria da hipnose, com a codificação da histeria abrindo definitivamente as portas das censuras acadêmicas; e a teoria da dissociação, criada no final daquele século, demonstram diferentes explicações fisicalistas que, muitas vezes, serviram para estabelecer distâncias entre um saber popular e o conhecimento de elites profissionais. A construção do cérebro possuído, no século XIX, apoiada na nosologia da histeria, codificada pela Escola de Salpêtrière, refletiu uma importante transformação social da época, em um processo de laicização da assistência pública, fundamental para a afirmação da psiquiatria como disciplina nascente. Atualmente, a codificação de fenômenos complexos, como transe e possessão espiritual que povoam a imaginação ou a superstição popular, ganha o estatuto de entidade nosológica, a partir das classificações diagnósticas oficiais da psiquiatria hegemônica. O cérebro será quase sempre a referência utilizada na esperança de naturalização do sobrenatural.

Estudo etnobotânico das plantas utilizadas como medicinais por moradores do bairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre,Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de estudar as plantas utilizadas como medicinais pelos moradores do bairro Ponta Grossa e pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde relacionados ao Posto de Saúde da Família do bairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Como metodologia, foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas, na forma de questionários, para obtenção dos dados socioculturais e semi-estruturadas para o levantamento dos dados sobre as plantas. Foram coletadas 150 espécies utilizadas pela população, sendo 9 delas identificadas somente até gênero, pertencentes a 59 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais representadas em número de espécies foram Asteraceae e Lamiaceae. As partes das plantas mais utilizadas foram folhas e partes aéreas, sendo o chá a principal forma de utilização. As doenças e/ou sintomas mais mencionados foram os relacionados aos aparelhos digestório e respiratório. Em uma análise dos nomes populares foram encontradas 56 espécies com etnohomônimos e 73 espécies com etno-sinônimos verdadeiros ou falsos. Também foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica comparativa entre as indicações de uso originais e as indicações atuais referidas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e países limítrofes. Esta revisão teve como objetivo verificar se houve alterações do conhecimento popular. Uma espécie apresentou equivalência entre as indicações de usos originais e atuais e 140 apresentaram alteração do conhecimento popular. Para 16 espécies foi detectada alteração total do conhecimento, 61 apresentaram ampliação do conhecimento e 21 redução do conhecimento popular. Ferramentas quantitativas foram utilizadas, como Valor de Uso (UV) e a porcentagem de Concordância corrigida quanto aos Usos Principais (CUPc), para verificar quais as espécies mais importantes para a população e as mais promissoras para a realização de estudos biológicos posteriores. Para as 21 espécies mais importantes foram feitas revisões na literatura científica com o objetivo de reunir dados químicos e biológicos, que resultarão na elaboração de um manual didático, o qual será devolvido como um retorno para a população estudada.

Guia para representação de coleção viva temática de plantas medicinais em jardins botânicos

O cenário mundial que foi se desenhando na segunda metade do século XX, relacionado às questões do ambiente e cujos reflexos se fizeram sentir no estado das espécies vivas, despertou as autoridades a pensarem em ações estratégicas garantidoras da vida. Dessa preocupação emergiu o compromisso assumido por jardins botânicos, voltado para o desenvolvimento de programas de conservação da diversidade vegetal e educação ambiental, capazes de promover mudanças na forma de pensar as questões relacionadas com o ambiente. As coleções vivas em jardins botânicos se colocam como instrumentos e cenário para trabalhar questões ambientais, promovendo debates e discussões sobre questões que afetam a vida. Neste sentido, a coleção medicinal, por sua constituição, facilita o trabalho construtivo, as articulações e conexões necessárias para despertar interesse do público através do reconhecimento dos seus significados da vida cotidiana. A experiência na condução da coleção, a observação ostensiva e o desenvolvimento de atividades evidenciaram o potencial da coleção medicinal como lugar de experiência, que permite trabalhar com uma diversidade de grupos: o público em geral, grupos comunitários, de saber popular, comunidade científica na área da medicina, da farmácia, da divulgação científica, da educação ambiental, da etnobotânica e da biologia. Assim, um guia contemplando os itens que facilitam o trabalho do curador é uma maneira de estimular a representação dessa tipologia de coleção em jardins botânicos e, por conseguinte, permitir que seu jardim desempenhe o papel de interlocutor entre ciência e sociedade e venha a ser protagonista da mudança para uma nova forma de relação com os recursos naturais.

Conhecimento popular sobre plantas medicinais em comunidades rurais de mata atlântica - Itacaré, BA, Brasil

This study's goal was to caryy out an ethnobotanical survey focusing on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants within two rural communities (Marambaia and Camboinha), which are situated in an Environmental Protection Area in Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil. These communities use medicinal plants as an important therapeutic activity, which permits the rural inhabitants to be self-sufficient regarding health care. Data were collected through interviews with 26 families (24% of the total). The medicinal plants collected (98 species) were catalogued, identified and deposited at the Herbarium Rio Clarense (HRCB). They belong to 40 families so that Lamiaceae was the most cited. The majority of these species (78%) are cultivated, usually in backyards by local inhabitants. The leaf is the most common part of the plant used in medicinal preparations. The species with the greatest number of citations were Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Br. These species are also associated with the highest number of therapeutic uses. Use agreement and diversity index from this survey were compared to other surveys conducted in Brazilian Tropical Forests.

Creating new folk opera forms of applied theatre for HIV and AIDS education in Papua New Guinea

This research investigated the potential of folk opera as a tool for HIV and AIDS education in Papua New Guinea. It began with an investigation on the indigenous performativities and theatricalities of Papua New Guineans, conducting an audit of eight selected performance traditions in Papua New Guinea. These traditions were analysed, and five cultural forms and twenty performance elements were drawn out for further exploration. These elements were fused and combined with theatre techniques from western theatre traditions, through a script development process involving Australians, Papua New Guineans and international collaborators. The resulting folk opera, entitled Kumul, demonstrates what Murphy (2010) has termed story force, picture force, and feeling force, in the service of a story designed to educate Papua New Guinean audiences about HIV and the need to adopt safer sexual practices. Kumul is the story of a young man faced with decisions on whether or not to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Kumul's narrative is carefully framed within selected Papua New Guinean beliefs drawn from the audit to deliver HIV and AIDS messages using symbolic and metaphoric communication techniques without offending people. The folk opera Kumul was trialled in two communities in Papua New Guinea: a village community and an urban settlement area. Kumul is recognisable to Papua New Guinean audiences because it reflects their lifestyle and a worldview, which connects them to their beliefs and spirituality, and the larger cosmological order. Feedback from audience members indicated that the performance facilitated HIV and AIDS communication, increased people's awareness of HIV and AIDS, and encouraged behaviour change. Tellingly, in one performance venue, forty people queued for Voluntary Testing and Counseling immediately after the performance. Twenty of these people were tested on that night and the other twenty were tested the following day. Many of the volunteers were young men – a demographic historically difficult to engage in HIV testing. This encouraging result indicates that the Kumul folk opera form of applied theatre could be useful for facilitating communication and education regarding sexual health and safer sexual behaviours in Papua New Guinea. Feedback from participants, audience members and other research stakeholders suggests that the form might also be adapted to address other social and development issues, particularly in the areas of health and social justice.

LUCIANO BERIO’S NATURALE: A STORY COMBINING FOLK MUSIC AND ART MUSIC

The study of a score by a serious performer is a fundamental step in the process of arriving at a knowledgeable and deeply informed approach to performing a piece of music. In order to obtain this knowledge numerous aspects of the score must be taken into consideration. It is the intent of this dissertation to gather and analyze the information concerning Naturale, a work written by Luciano Berio in 1985 for viola, percussion and recorded voice, based on Sicilian folk songs. All the aspects surrounding Naturale’s existence are taken into consideration in this study. First, it is important to reflect on Berio’s compositional style and traits, the manner in which he relates his works one to another, what he sees in folk music and his own personal desire to intertwine art music and folk music. For Berio Naturale is not an isolated venture into the realm of mixing folk music and his own avant-garde style; it is instead one of many works resulting from his long-standing relationship with folk music. Another essential aspect in this case is the study of Sicilian folk music itself, and the sources used by Berio to find the songs by which he was inspired. The work is examined section by section with figures showing both excerpts of Naturale as well as the original songs with their translations. An analysis containing harmonic, thematic and formal aspects of the score was developed in order to arrive at a better understanding of the structure and pacing of the piece. For this research the author went to Italy to conduct an interview with Maestro Aldo Bennici, the Sicilian violist for whom Naturale was composed. This interview helped in the discovery of two more songs used by Berio that have not to this point been identified in any other document. Bennici’s outstanding testimony portrayed the expressive character of this music and the evocative imagery behind this score. I hope to bring this knowledge to other performers, that they may fully understand and appreciate the unique beauty and power of Berio’s Naturale.

Are biological species and higher-ranking categories real? Fish folk taxonomy on Brazil`s Atlantic Forest coast and in the Amazon

Analysis of Brazilian fishers` classifications of 24 marine (Atlantic coast) and 24 freshwater (Amazon) fish species reveals that fishers from the Atlantic coast identify fish mainly through generic names (primary lexemes), while riverine Amazonian fishers typically identify them through binomials. The similarity of Amazonian fish species seems to contribute to the detailed folk taxonomy used by riverine fishers. High-ranking groups called ""relatives"" or ""cousins"" are sorted by fishers in terms of similarities of habitat, diet, and morphology and, secondarily, behavior. The general correspondence between the folk and scientific taxonomies reinforces the reality of both the supracategories used by these fishers and the biological groups as discontinuities in nature. Given the urgency of biological inventories and the lack of knowledge of high-biodiversity environments such as the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon, these results suggest that fisher knowledge and experience could contribute to scientific research.

About the feathered folk.

Mode of access: Internet.