The diurnal course of soil moisture as measured by various dielectric sensors: Effects of soil temperature and the implications for evaporation estimates

Soil moisture content, theta, of a bare and vegetated UK gravelly sandy loam soil (in situ and repacked in small lysimeters) was measured using various dielectric instruments (single-sensor ThetaProbes, multi-sensor Profile Probes, and Aquaflex Sensors), at depths ranging between 0.03 and I m, during the summers of 2001 (in situ soil) and 2002 (mini-lysimeters). Half-hourly values of evaporation, E, were calculated from diurnal changes in total soil profile water content, using the soil water balance equation. For the bare soil field, Profile Probes and ML2x ThetaProbes indicated a diurnal course of theta that did not concur with typical soil physical observations: surface layer soil moisture content increased from early morning until about midday, after which theta declined, generally until the early evening. The unexpected course of theta was positively correlated to soil temperature, T-s, also at deeper depths. Aquaflex and ML1 ThetaProbe (older models) outputs, however, reflected common observations: 0 increased slightly during the night (capillary rise) and decreased from the morning until late afternoon (as a result of evaporation). For the vegetated plot, the spurious diurnal theta fluctuations were less obvious, because canopy shading resulted in lower amplitudes of T-s. The unrealistic theta profiles measured for the bare and vegetated field sites caused diurnal estimates of E to attain downward daytime and upward night-time values. In the mini-lysimeters, at medium to high moisture contents, theta values measured by (ML2x) ThetaProbes followed a relatively realistic course, and predictions of E from diurnal changes in vertically integrated theta generally compared well with lysimeter estimates of E. However, time courses of theta and E became comparable to those observed for the field plots when the soil in the lysimeters reached relatively low values of theta. Attempts to correct measured theta for fluctuations in T, revealed that no generally applicable formula could be derived. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Moving towards a more mechanistic approach in the determination of soil heat flux from remote measurements - II. Diurnal shape of soil heat flux

For vegetated surfaces, calculation of soil heat flux, G, with the Exact or Analytical method requires a harmonic analysis of below-canopy soil surface temperature, to obtain the shape of the diurnal course of G. When determining G with remote sensing methods, only composite (vegetation plus soil) radiometric brightness temperature is available. This paper presents a simple equation that relates the sum of the harmonic terms derived for the composite radiometric surface temperature to that of belowcanopy soil surface temperature. The thermal inertia, Gamma(,) for which a simple equation has been presented in a companion paper, paper I, is used to set the magnitude of G. To assess the success of the method proposed in this paper for the estimation of the diurnal shape of G, a comparison was made between 'remote' and in situ calculated values from described field sites. This indicated that the proposed method was suitable for the estimation of the shape of G for a variety of vegetation types and densities. The approach outlined in paper I, to obtain Gamma, was then combined with the estimated harmonic terms to predict estimates of G, which were compared to values predicted by empirical remote methods found in the literature. This indicated that the method proposed in the combination of papers I and II gave reliable estimates of G, which, in comparison to the other methods, resulted in more realistic predictions for vegetated surfaces. This set of equations can also be used for bare and sparsely vegetated soils, making it a universally applicable method. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cardiac lipid levels show diurnal changes and long-term variations in healthy human subjects

(1) H-MRS is regularly applied to determine lipid content in ectopic tissue - mostly skeletal muscle and liver - to investigate physiological and/or pathologic conditions, e.g. insulin resistance. Technical developments also allow non-invasive in vivo assessment of cardiac lipids; however, basic data about methodological reliability (repeatability) and physiological variations are scarce. The aim of the presented work was to determine potential diurnal changes of cardiac lipid stores in humans, and to put the results in relation to methodological repeatability and normal physiological day-to-day variations. Optimized cardiac- and respiratory-gated (1) H-MRS was used for non-invasive quantification of intracardiomyocellular lipids (ICCL), creatine, trimethyl-ammonium compounds (TMA), and taurine in nine healthy young men at three time points per day on two days separated by one week. This design allowed determination of (a) diurnal changes, (b) physiological variation over one week and (c) methodological repeatability of the ICCL levels. Comparison of fasted morning to post-absorptive evening measurements revealed a significant 37 ± 19% decrease of ICCL during the day (p = 0.0001). There was a significant linear correlation between ICCL levels in the morning and their decrease during the day (p = 0.015). Methodological repeatability for the ICCL/creatine ratio was excellent, with a coefficient of variance of ~5%, whereas physiological variation was found to be considerably higher (22%) in spite of a standardized physiological preparation protocol. In contrast, TMA levels remained stable over this time period. The proposed (1) H-MRS technique provides a robust way to investigate relevant physiological changes in cardiac metabolites, in particular ICCL. The present results suggest that ICCL reveal a diurnal course, with higher levels in the morning as compared to evening. In addition, a considerable long-term variation of ICCL levels, in both the morning and evening, was documented. Given the high methodological repeatability, these effects should be taken into account in studies investigating the metabolic role of ICCL.

Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK

Eddy covariance measurements of the turbulent sensible heat, latent heat and carbon dioxide fluxes for 12 months (2011–2012) are reported for the first time for a suburban area in the UK. The results from Swindon are comparable to suburban studies of similar surface cover elsewhere but reveal large seasonal variability. Energy partitioning favours turbulent sensible heat during summer (midday Bowen ratio 1.4–1.6) and latent heat in winter (0.05–0.7). A significant proportion of energy is stored (and released) by the urban fabric and the estimated anthropogenic heat flux is small but non-negligible (0.5–0.9 MJ m−2 day−1). The sensible heat flux is negative at night and for much of winter daytimes, reflecting the suburban nature of the site (44% vegetation) and relatively low built fraction (16%). Latent heat fluxes appear to be water limited during a dry spring in both 2011 and 2012, when the response of the surface to moisture availability can be seen on a daily timescale. Energy and other factors are more relevant controls at other times; at night the wind speed is important. On average, surface conductance follows a smooth, asymmetrical diurnal course peaking at around 6–9 mm s−1, but values are larger and highly variable in wet conditions. The combination of natural (vegetative) and anthropogenic (emission) processes is most evident in the temporal variation of the carbon flux: significant photosynthetic uptake is seen during summer, whilst traffic and building emissions explain peak release in winter (9.5 g C m−2 day−1). The area is a net source of CO2 annually. Analysis by wind direction highlights the role of urban vegetation in promoting evapotranspiration and offsetting CO2 emissions, especially when contrasted against peak traffic emissions from sectors with more roads. Given the extent of suburban land use, these results have important implications for understanding urban energy, water and carbon dynamics.

Using Distributed Temperature Sensing to monitor field scale dynamics of ground surface temperature and related substrate heat flux

We present one of the first studies of the use of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) along fibre-optic cables to purposely monitor spatial and temporal variations in ground surface temperature (GST) and soil temperature, and provide an estimate of the heat flux at the base of the canopy layer and in the soil. Our field site was at a groundwater-fed wet meadow in the Netherlands covered by a canopy layer (between 0-0.5 m thickness) consisting of grass and sedges. At this site, we ran a single cable across the surface in parallel 40 m sections spaced by 2 m, to create a 40×40 m monitoring field for GST. We also buried a short length (≈10 m) of cable to depth of 0.1±0.02 m to measure soil temperature. We monitored the temperature along the entire cable continuously over a two-day period and captured the diurnal course of GST, and how it was affected by rainfall and canopy structure. The diurnal GST range, as observed by the DTS system, varied between 20.94 and 35.08◦C; precipitation events acted to suppress the range of GST. The spatial distribution of GST correlated with canopy vegetation height during both day and night. Using estimates of thermal inertia, combined with a harmonic analysis of GST and soil temperature, substrate and soil-heat fluxes were determined. Our observations demonstrate how the use of DTS shows great promise in better characterising area-average substrate/soil heat flux, their spatiotemporal variability, and how this variability is affected by canopy structure. The DTS system is able to provide a much richer data set than could be obtained from point temperature sensors. Furthermore, substrate heat fluxes derived from GST measurements may be able to provide improved closure of the land surface energy balance in micrometeorological field studies. This will enhance our understanding of how hydrometeorological processes interact with near-surface heat fluxes.

Development and application of an analytical method for the determination of total atmospheric biogenic non-methane organic carbon

Ein wesentlicher Anteil an organischem Kohlenstoff, der in der Atmosphäre vorhanden ist, wird als leichtflüchtige organische Verbindungen gefunden. Diese werden überwiegend durch die Biosphäre freigesetzt. Solche biogenen Emissionen haben einen großen Einfluss auf die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der Atmosphäre, indem sie zur Bildung von bodennahem Ozon und sekundären organischen Aerosolen beitragen. Um die Bildung von bodennahem Ozon und von sekundären organischen Aerosolen besser zu verstehen, ist die technische Fähigkeit zur genauen Messung der Summe dieser flüchtigen organischen Substanzen notwendig. Häufig verwendete Methoden sind nur auf den Nachweis von spezifischen Nicht-Methan-Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen fokussiert. Die Summe dieser Einzelverbindungen könnte gegebenenfalls aber nur eine Untergrenze an atmosphärischen organischen Kohlenstoffkonzentrationen darstellen, da die verfügbaren Methoden nicht in der Lage sind, alle organischen Verbindungen in der Atmosphäre zu analysieren. Einige Studien sind bekannt, die sich mit der Gesamtkohlenstoffbestimmung von Nicht-Methan-Kohlenwasserstoffverbindung in Luft beschäftigt haben, aber Messungen des gesamten organischen Nicht-Methan-Verbindungsaustauschs zwischen Vegetation und Atmosphäre fehlen. Daher untersuchten wir die Gesamtkohlenstoffbestimmung organische Nicht-Methan-Verbindungen aus biogenen Quellen. Die Bestimmung des organischen Gesamtkohlenstoffs wurde durch Sammeln und Anreichern dieser Verbindungen auf einem festen Adsorptionsmaterial realisiert. Dieser erste Schritt war notwendig, um die stabilen Gase CO, CO2 und CH4 von der organischen Kohlenstofffraktion zu trennen. Die organischen Verbindungen wurden thermisch desorbiert und zu CO2 oxidiert. Das aus der Oxidation entstandene CO2 wurde auf einer weiteren Anreicherungseinheit gesammelt und durch thermische Desorption und anschließende Detektion mit einem Infrarot-Gasanalysator analysiert. Als große Schwierigkeiten identifizierten wir (i) die Abtrennung von CO2 aus der Umgebungsluft von der organischen Kohlenstoffverbindungsfaktion während der Anreicherung sowie (ii) die Widerfindungsraten der verschiedenen Nicht-Methan-Kohlenwasserstoff-verbindungen vom Adsorptionsmaterial, (iii) die Wahl des Katalysators sowie (iiii) auftretende Interferenzen am Detektor des Gesamtkohlenstoffanalysators. Die Wahl eines Pt-Rd Drahts als Katalysator führte zu einem bedeutenden Fortschritt in Bezug auf die korrekte Ermittlung des CO2-Hintergrund-Signals. Dies war notwendig, da CO2 auch in geringen Mengen auf der Adsorptionseinheit während der Anreicherung der leichtflüchtigen organischen Substanzen gesammelt wurde. Katalytische Materialien mit hohen Oberflächen stellten sich als unbrauchbar für diese Anwendung heraus, weil trotz hoher Temperaturen eine CO2-Aufnahme und eine spätere Abgabe durch das Katalysatormaterial beobachtet werden konnte. Die Methode wurde mit verschiedenen leichtflüchtigen organischen Einzelsubstanzen sowie in zwei Pflanzenkammer-Experimenten mit einer Auswahl an VOC-Spezies getestet, die von unterschiedlichen Pflanzen emittiert wurden. Die Pflanzenkammer-messungen wurden durch GC-MS und PTR-MS Messungen begleitet. Außerdem wurden Kalibrationstests mit verschiedenen Einzelsubstanzen aus Permeations-/Diffusionsquellen durchgeführt. Der Gesamtkohlenstoffanalysator konnte den tageszeitlichen Verlauf der Pflanzenemissionen bestätigen. Allerdings konnten Abweichungen für die Mischungsverhältnisse des organischen Gesamtkohlenstoffs von bis zu 50% im Vergleich zu den begleitenden Standardmethoden beobachtet werden.

Entwicklung von chiralen- sowie RP-HPLC-Methoden in Verbindung mit hochauflösender MS und deren Anwendung zur Analyse sekundärer organischer Aerosole in der Atmosphäre

Die Erdatmosphäre besteht hauptsächlich aus Stickstoff (78%), Sauerstoff (21%) und Edelga¬sen. Obwohl Partikel weniger als 0,1% ausmachen, spielen sie eine entscheidende Rolle in der Chemie und Physik der Atmosphäre, da sie das Klima der Erde sowohl direkt als auch indirekt beeinflussen. Je nach Art der Bildung unterscheidet man zwischen primären und sekundären Partikeln, wobei primäre Partikel direkt in die Atmosphäre eingetragen werden. Sekundäre Partikel hingegen entstehen durch Kondensation von schwerflüchtigen Verbindungen aus der Gasphase, welche durch Reaktionen von gasförmigen Vorläufersubstanzen (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) mit atmosphärischen Oxidantien wie Ozon oder OH-Radikalen gebildet werden. Da die meisten Vorläufersubstanzen organischer Natur sind, wird das daraus gebil¬dete Aerosol als sekundäres organisches Aerosol (SOA) bezeichnet. Anders als die meisten primären Partikel stammen die VOCs überwiegend aus biogenen Quellen. Es handelt sich da¬bei um ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe, die bei intensiver Sonneneinstrahlung und hohen Temperaturen von Pflanzen emittiert werden. Viele der leichtflüchtigen Vorläufersubstanzen sind chiral, sowohl die Vorläufer als auch die daraus gebildeten Partikel werden aber in den meisten Studien als eine Verbindung betrachtet und gemeinsam analysiert. Die mit Modellen berechneten SOA-Konzentrationen, welche auf dieser traditionellen Vorstellung der SOA-Bil¬dung beruhen, liegen deutlich unterhalb der in der Atmosphäre gefundenen, so dass neben diesem Bildungsweg auch noch andere SOA-Bildungsarten existieren müssen. Aus diesem Grund wird der Fokus der heutigen Forschung vermehrt auf die heterogene Chemie in der Partikelphase gerichtet. Glyoxal als Modellsubstanz kommt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle zu. Es handelt sich bei dieser Verbindung um ein Molekül mit einem hohen Dampfdruck, das auf Grund dieser Eigenschaft nur in der Gasphase zu finden sein sollte. Da es aber über zwei Alde¬hydgruppen verfügt, ist es sehr gut wasserlöslich und kann dadurch in die Partikelphase über¬gehen, wo es heterogenen chemischen Prozessen unterliegt. Unter anderem werden in An¬wesenheit von Ammoniumionen Imidazole gebildet, welche wegen der beiden Stickstoff-He¬teroatome lichtabsorbierende Eigenschaften besitzen. Die Verteilung von Glyoxal zwischen der Gas- und der Partikelphase wird durch das Henrysche Gesetz beschrieben, wobei die Gleichgewichtskonstante die sogenannte Henry-Konstante ist. Diese ist abhängig von der un¬tersuchten organischen Verbindung und den im Partikel vorhandenen anorganischen Salzen. Für die Untersuchung chiraler Verbindungen im SOA wurde zunächst eine Filterextraktions¬methode entwickelt und die erhaltenen Proben anschließend mittels chiraler Hochleistungs-Flüssigchromatographie, welche an ein Elektrospray-Massenspektrometer gekoppelt war, analysiert. Der Fokus lag hierbei auf dem am häufigsten emittierten Monoterpen α-Pinen und seinem Hauptprodukt, der Pinsäure. Da bei der Ozonolyse des α-Pinens das cyclische Grund¬gerüst erhalten bleibt, können trotz der beiden im Molekül vorhanden chiralen Zentren nur zwei Pinsäure Enantiomere gebildet werden. Als Extraktionsmittel wurde eine Mischung aus Methanol/Wasser 9/1 gewählt, mit welcher Extraktionseffizienzen von 65% für Pinsäure Enan¬tiomer 1 und 68% für Pinsäure Enantiomer 2 erreicht werden konnten. Des Weiteren wurden Experimente in einer Atmosphärensimulationskammer durchgeführt, um die Produkte der α-Pinen Ozonolyse eindeutig zu charakterisieren. Enantiomer 1 wurde demnach aus (+)-α-Pinen gebildet und Enantiomer 2 entstand aus (-)-α-Pinen. Auf Filterproben aus dem brasilianischen Regenwald konnte ausschließlich Pinsäure Enantiomer 2 gefunden werden. Enantiomer 1 lag dauerhaft unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze von 18,27 ng/mL. Im borealen Nadelwald war das Verhältnis umgekehrt und Pinsäure Enantiomer 1 überwog vor Pinsäure Enantiomer 2. Das Verhältnis betrug 56% Enantiomer 1 zu 44% Enantiomer 2. Saisonale Verläufe im tropischen Regenwald zeigten, dass die Konzentrationen zur Trockenzeit im August höher waren als wäh¬rend der Regenzeit im Februar. Auch im borealen Nadelwald wurden im Sommer höhere Kon¬zentrationen gemessen als im Winter. Die Verhältnisse der Enantiomere änderten sich nicht im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf. Die Bestimmung der Henry-Konstanten von Glyoxal bei verschiedenen Saataerosolen, nämlich Ammoniumsulfat, Natriumnitrat, Kaliumsulfat, Natriumchlorid und Ammoniumnitrat sowie die irreversible Produktbildung aus Glyoxal in Anwesenheit von Ammoniak waren Forschungs¬gegenstand einer Atmosphärensimulationskammer-Kampagne am Paul-Scherrer-Institut in Villigen, Schweiz. Hierzu wurde zunächst das zu untersuchende Saataerosol in der Kammer vorgelegt und dann aus photochemisch erzeugten OH-Radikalen und Acetylen Glyoxal er¬zeugt. Für die Bestimmung der Glyoxalkonzentration im Kammeraerosol wurde zunächst eine beste¬hende Filterextraktionsmethode modifiziert und die Analyse mittels hochauflösender Mas¬senspektrometrie realisiert. Als Extraktionsmittel kam 100% Acetonitril, ACN zum Einsatz wo¬bei die Extraktionseffizienz bei 85% lag. Für die anschließende Derivatisierung wurde 2,4-Di¬nitrophenylhydrazin, DNPH verwendet. Dieses musste zuvor drei Mal mittels Festphasenex¬traktion gereinigt werden um störende Blindwerte ausreichend zu minimieren. Die gefunde¬nen Henry-Konstanten für Ammoniumsulfat als Saataerosol stimmten gut mit in der Literatur gefundenen Werten überein. Die Werte für Natriumnitrat und Natriumchlorid als Saataerosol waren kleiner als die von Ammoniumsulfat aber größer als der Wert von reinem Wasser. Für Ammoniumnitrat und Kaliumsulfat konnten keine Konstanten berechnet werden. Alle drei Saataerosole führten zu einem „Salting-in“. Das bedeutet, dass bei Erhöhung der Salzmolalität auch die Glyoxalkonzentration im Partikel stieg. Diese Beobachtungen sind auch in der Litera¬tur beschrieben, wobei die Ergebnisse dort nicht auf der Durchführung von Kammerexperi¬menten beruhen, sondern mittels bulk-Experimenten generiert wurden. Für die Trennung der Imidazole wurde eine neue Filterextraktionsmethode entwickelt, wobei sich ein Gemisch aus mit HCl angesäuertem ACN/H2O im Verhältnis 9/1 als optimales Extrak¬tionsmittel herausstellte. Drei verschiedenen Imidazole konnten mit dieser Methode quanti¬fiziert werden, nämlich 1-H-Imidazol-4-carbaldehyd (IC), Imidazol (IM) und 2,2‘-Biimidazol (BI). Die Effizienzen lagen für BI bei 95%, für IC bei 58% und für IM bei 75%. Kammerexperimente unter Zugabe von Ammoniak zeigten höhere Imidazolkonzentrationen als solche ohne. Wurden die Experimente ohne Ammoniak in Anwesenheit von Ammoni¬umsulfat durchgeführt, wurden höhere Imidazol-Konzentrationen gefunden als ohne Ammo¬niumionen. Auch die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit spielte eine wichtige Rolle, da sowohl eine zu hohe als auch eine zu niedrige relative Luftfeuchtigkeit zu einer verminderten Imidazolbildung führte. Durch mit 13C-markiertem Kohlenstoff durchgeführte Experimente konnte eindeutig gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei den gebildeten Imidazolen und Glyoxalprodukte handelte. Außerdem konnte der in der Literatur beschriebene Bildungsmechanismus erfolgreich weiter¬entwickelt werden. Während der CYPHEX Kampagne in Zypern konnten erstmalig Imidazole in Feldproben nach¬gewiesen werden. Das Hauptprodukt IC zeigte einen tageszeitlichen Verlauf mit höheren Kon¬zentrationen während der Nacht und korrelierte signifikant aber schwach mit der Acidität und Ammoniumionenkonzentration des gefundenen Aerosols.

Sensible and latent heat fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer over the equatorial Atlantic (Appendix)

During a four weeks anchoring station of R.V. ,,Meteor" on the equator at 30° W longitude, vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity were measured by means of a meteorological buoy carrying a mast of 10 m height. After eliminating periods of instrumental failure, 18 days are available for the investigation of the diurnal variations of the meteorological parameters and 9 days for the investigation of the vertical heat fluxes. The diurnal variations of the above mentioned quantities are caused essentially by two periodic processes: the 24-hourly changing solar energy supply and the 12-hourly oscillation of air pressure, which both originate in the daily rotation of the earth. While the temperature of the water and of the near water layers of the air show a 24 hours period in their diurnal course, the wind speed, as a consequence of the pressure wave, has a 12 hours period, which is also observable in evaporation and, consequently, in the water vapor content of the surface layer. Concerning the temperature, a weak dependence of the daily amplitude on height was determined. Further investigation of the profiles yields relations between the vertical gradients of wind, temperature, and water vapor and the wind speed, the difference between sea and air of temperature and water vapor, respectively, thus giving a contribution to the problem of parameterizing the vertical fluxes. Mean profile coefficients for the encountered stabilities, which were slightly unstable, are presented, and correction terms are given due to the fact that the conditions at the very surface are not sufficiently represented by measuring in a water depth of 20 cm and assuming water vapor saturation. This is especially true for the water vapor content, where the relation between the gradient and the air-sea difference suggests a reduction of relative humidity to appr. 96% at the very surface, if the gradients are high. This effect may result in an overestimation of the water vapor flux, if a ,,bulk"-formula is used. Finally sensible and latent heat fluxes are computed by means of a gradient-formula. The influence of stability on the transfer process is taken into account. As the air-sea temperature differences are small, sensible heat plays no important role in that region, but latent heat shows several interesting features. Within the measuring period of 18 days, a regular variation by a factor of ten is observed. Unperiodic short term variations are superposed by periodic diurnal variations. The mean diurnal course shows a 12-hours period caused by the vertical wind speed gradient superposed by a 24-hours period due to the changing stabilities. Mean values within the measuring period are 276 ly/day for latent heat and 9.41y/day for sensible heat.

Assessing canopy temperature patterns in two grapevine varieties subjected to deficit irrigation: a tool to optimize water management ?

A better understanding of grapevine responses to drought and high air temperatures can help to optimize vineyard management to improve water use efficiency, yield and berry quality. Faster and robust field phenotyping tools are needed in modern precision viticulture, in particular in dry and hot regions such as the Mediterranean. Canopy temperature (Tc) is commonly used to monitor water stress in plants/crops and to characterize stomatal physiology in different woody species including Vitis vinifera. Thermography permits remote determination of leaf surface or canopy temperature in the field and also to assess the range and spatial distribution of temperature from different parts of the canopies. Our hypothesis is that grapevine genotypes may show different Tc patterns along the day due to different stomatal behaviour and heat dissipation strategies. We have monitored the diurnal and seasonal course of Tc in two grapevine genotypes, Aragonez (syn. Tempranillo) and Touriga Nacional subjected to deficit irrigation under typical Mediterranean climate conditions. Temperature measurements were complemented by determination of the diurnal course of leaf water potential (ψleaf) and leaf gas exchange. Measurements were done in two seasons (2013 and 2014) at different phenological stages: i) mid-June (green berry stage), ii) mid-July (veraison), iii) early August (early ripening) and iv) before harvest (late ripening). Correlations between Tc and minimal stomatal conductance will be presented for the two genotypes along the day. Results are discussed over the use of thermal imagery to derive information on genotype physiology in response to changing environmental conditions and to mild water stress induced by deficit irrigation. Strategies to optimize the use of thermal imaging in field conditions are also proposed

Life-course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation of genes regulating inflammation

BACKGROUND: In humans, low socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course is associated with greater diurnal cortisol production, increased inflammatory activity and higher circulating antibodies for several pathogens, all suggesting a dampened immune response. Recent evidence suggests that DNA methylation of pro-inflammatory genes may be implicated in the biological embedding of the social environment. METHODS: The present study examines the association between life-course SES and DNA methylation of candidate genes, selected on the basis of their involvement in SES-related inflammation, in the context of a genome-wide methylation study. Participants were 857 healthy individuals sampled from the EPIC Italy prospective cohort study. RESULTS: Indicators of SES were associated with DNA methylation of genes involved in inflammation. NFATC1, in particular, was consistently found to be less methylated in individuals with low vs high SES, in a dose-dependent manner. IL1A, GPR132 and genes belonging to the MAPK family were also less methylated among individuals with low SES. In addition, associations were found between SES and CXCL2 and PTGS2, but these genes were consistently more methylated among low SES individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that the social environment leaves an epigenetic signature in cells. Although the functional significance of SES-related DNA methylation is still unclear, we hypothesize that it may link SES to chronic disease risk.

Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults

Among younger adults, the ability to willfully regulate negative affect, enabling effective responses to stressful experiences, engages regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. Because regions of PFC and the amygdala are known to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, here we test whether PFC and amygdala responses during emotion regulation predict the diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol secretion. We also test whether PFC and amygdala regions are engaged during emotion regulation in older (62- to 64-year-old) rather than younger individuals. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging as participants regulated (increased or decreased) their affective responses or attended to negative picture stimuli. We also collected saliva samples for 1 week at home for cortisol assay. Consistent with previous work in younger samples, increasing negative affect resulted in ventral lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial regions of PFC and amygdala activation. In contrast to previous work, decreasing negative affect did not produce the predicted robust pattern of higher PFC and lower amygdala activation. Individuals demonstrating the predicted effect (decrease s attend in the amygdala), however, exhibited higher signal in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) for the same contrast. Furthermore, participants displaying higher VMPFC and lower amygdala signal when decreasing compared with the attention control condition evidenced steeper, more normative declines in cortisol over the course of the day. Individual differences yielded the predicted link between brain function while reducing negative affect in the laboratory and diurnal regulation of endocrine activity in the home environment.

Home range, movements and diurnal roosts of the endangered thin-spined porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus (Rodentia: Erethizontidae), in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Chaetomys subspinosus is the sole species within the Chaetomyinae subfamily of Caviomorph rodents. This poorly studied porcupine is restricted to the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, where deforestation and habitat fragmentation threaten its survival. Data on the ranging and roosting behavior of C. subspinosus is fairly scarce as it is difficult to observe these behaviors in nature and, consequently, it is very rarely detected during field surveys. We monitored the home ranges of three radio-tagged females over the course of 1 year (2005-2006) and collected data on several aspects of their natural history including movement patterns and the use of diurnal roosts and latrines. The animals were monitored at Parque Estadual Paulo Cesar Vinha, a nature reserve dominated by restinga forests, a subtype of Atlantic Forest occurring on sandy soil. The estimated home range varied little between individuals and was relatively small (mean = 2.14 ha/individual and 1.09 ha/individual using minimum convex polygon and kernel methods, respectively). The animals travelled an average of 147 m/night (range: 21-324 m/night) between two consecutive day roosts. The day roosts were mostly located on vine and liana tangles in the canopy which also aid in connecting the canopy to adjacent trees or the forest floor. Latrines were mostly located near the ground in places heavily protected by spiny bromeliads or by other tangled vegetation. Our data suggests that C. subspinosus has the smallest range among all Neotropical Erethizontids which is likely due to its small size and strictly folivorous diet. Our data also helps explain why C. subspinosus is so difficult to observe in nature: researchers should focus on arboreal masses of tangled vegetation where individuals will normally rest during the day. (C) 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Impact Of Pregabalin Treatment On Synaptic Plasticity And Glial Reactivity During The Course Of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. It is characterized by generating a chronic demyelinating autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system. An experimental model for studying MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by immunization with antigenic proteins from myelin. The present study investigated the evolution of EAE in pregabalin treated animals up to the remission phase. The results demonstrated a delay in the onset of the disease with statistical differences at the 10th and the 16th day after immunization. Additionally, the walking track test (CatWalk) was used to evaluate different parameters related to motor function. Although no difference between groups was obtained for the foot print pressure, the regularity index was improved post treatment, indicating a better motor coordination. The immunohistochemical analysis of putative synapse preservation and glial reactivity revealed that pregabalin treatment improved the overall morphology of the spinal cord. A preservation of circuits was depicted and the glial reaction was downregulated during the course of the disease. qRT-PCR data did not show immunomodulatory effects of pregabalin, indicating that the positive effects were restricted to the CNS environment. Overall, the present data indicate that pregabalin is efficient for reducing the seriousness of EAE, delaying its course as well as reducing synaptic loss and astroglial reaction.

Disarray Of Glomerular And Tubular Cell Adhesion Molecules In The Course Of Experimental Bothrops Moojeni Envenomation.

In this study, we show that administration of Bothrops moojeni venom in rats induces a general disturbance in the distribution and content of the tight junctional protein ZO-1, the cell-matrix receptor beta 1 integrin, the cytoskeletal proteins, vinculin and F-actin, and of the extracellular matrix component laminin in renal corpuscles and cortical nephron tubules. These findings suggest that cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion proteins may be molecular targets in the B. moojeni-induced kidney injury.

Delivery Of A Urology Online Course Using Moodle Versus Didactic Lectures Methods.

To subjectively and objectively compare an accessible interactive electronic library using Moodle with lectures for urology teaching of medical students. Forty consecutive fourth-year medical students and one urology teacher were exposed to two teaching methods (4 weeks each) in the form of problem-based learning: - lectures and - student-centered group discussion based on Moodle (modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment) full time online delivered (24/7) with video surgeries, electronic urology cases and additional basic principles of the disease process. All 40 students completed the study. While 30% were moderately dissatisfied with their current knowledge base, online learning course delivery using Moodle was considered superior to the lectures by 86% of the students. The study found the following observations: (1) the increment in learning grades ranged from 7.0 to 9.7 for students in the online Moodle course compared to 4.0-9.6 to didactic lectures; (2) the self-reported student involvement in the online course was characterized as large by over 60%; (3) the teacher-student interaction was described as very frequent (50%) and moderately frequent (50%); and (4) more inquiries and requisitions by students as well as peer assisting were observed from the students using the Moodle platform. The Moodle platform is feasible and effective, enthusing medical students to learn, improving immersion in the urology clinical rotation and encouraging the spontaneous peer assisted learning. Future studies should expand objective evaluations of knowledge acquisition and retention.