A hierarchical structural model of assessing innovation and project performance

Research in construction innovation highlights construction industry as having many barriers and resistance to innovations and suggests that it needs champions. A hierarchical structural model is presented, to assess the impact of the role of the project manager (PM) on the levels of innovation and project performance. The model adopts the structural equation modelling technique and uses the survey data collected from PMs and project team members working for general contractors in Singapore. The model fits well to the observed data, accounting for 24%, 37% and 49% of the variance in championing behaviour, the level of innovation and project performance, respectively. The results of this study show the importance of the championing role of PMs in construction innovation. However, in order to increase their effectiveness, such a role should be complemented by their competency and professionalism, tactical use of influence tactics, and decision authority. Moreover, senior management should provide adequate resources and a sustained support to innovation and create a conducive environment or organizational culture that nurtures and facilitates the PM’s role in the construction project as a champion of innovation.

Interaction of psychosocial risk factors explain increased neck problems among female office workers

This study investigated the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and (1) neck symptoms and (2) neck pain and disability as measured by the neck disability index (NDI). Female office workers employed in local private and public organizations were invited to participate, with 333 completing a questionnaire. Data were collected on various risk factors including age, negative affectivity, history of previous neck trauma, physical work environment, and task demands. Sixty-one percent of the sample reported neck symptoms lasting greater than 8 days in the last 12 months. The mean NDI of the sample was 15.5 out of 100, indicating mild neck pain and disability. In a hierarchical multivariate logistic regression, low supervisor support was the only psychosocial risk factor identified with the presence of neck symptoms. Similarly, low supervisor support was the only factor associated with the score on the NDI. These associations remained after adjustment for potential confounders of age, negative affectivity, and physical risk factors. The interaction of job demands, decision authority, and supervisor support was significantly associated with the NDI in the final model and this association increased when those with previous trauma were excluded. Interestingly, and somewhat contrary to initial expectations, as job demands increased, high decision authority had an increasing effect on the NDI when supervisor support was low.

Alterations in cervical muscle activity in functional and stressful tasks in female office workers with neck pain

This study determined differences between computer workers with varying levels of neck pain in terms of work stressors, employee strain, electromyography (EMG) amplitude and heart rate response to various tasks. Participants included 85 workers (33, no pain; 38, mild pain; 14, moderate pain) and 22 non-working controls. Work stressors evaluated were job demands, decision authority, and social support. Heart rate was recorded during three tasks: copy-typing, typing with superimposed stress and a colour word task. Measures included electromyography signals from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), anterior scalene (AS), cervical extensor (CE) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles bilaterally. Results showed no difference between groups in work stressors or employee strain measures. Workers with and without pain had higher measured levels of EMG amplitude in SCM, AS and CE muscles during the tasks than controls (all P < 0.02). In workers with neck pain, the UT had difficulty in switching off on completion of tasks compared with controls and workers without pain. There was an increase in heart rate, perceived tension and pain and decrease in accuracy for all groups during the stressful tasks with symptomatic workers producing more typing errors than controls and workers without pain. These findings suggest an altered muscle recruitment pattern in the neck flexor and extensor muscles. Whether this is a consequence or source of the musculoskeletal disorder cannot be determined from this study. It is possible that workers currently without symptoms may be at risk of developing a musculoskeletal disorder.

Interactive effects from self-reported physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace on neck pain and disability in female office workers

This study explored the interaction between physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace on neck pain and disability in female computer users. A self-report survey was used to collect data on physical risk factors (monitor location, duration of time spent using the keyboard and mouse) and psychosocial domains (as assessed by the Job Content Questionnaire). The neck disability index was the outcome measure. Interactions among the physical and psychosocial factors were examined in analysis of covariance. High supervisor support, decision authority and skill discretion protect against the negative impact of (1) time spent on computer-based tasks, (2) non-optimal placement of the computer monitor, and; (3) long duration of mouse use. Office workers with greater neck pain experience a combination of high physical and low psychosocial stressors at work. Prevention and intervention strategies that target both sets of risk factors are likely to be more successful than single intervention programmes. Statement of Relevance The results of this study demonstrate that the interaction of physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace has a stronger association with neck pain and disability than the presence of either factor alone. This finding has important implications for strategies aimed at the prevention of musculoskeletal problems in office workers.

Estresse no trabalho e pressão arterial: reflexões metodológicas sobre linearidade e operacionalização da exposição

O modelo demanda-controle proposto por Karasek caracteriza as situações de estresse no ambiente laboral que é definido pela alta exigência no trabalho resultante da combinação do efeito da demanda psicológica no trabalho (estressores) e moderadores do estresse, especialmente a capacidade de tomar decisões (controle). Existem diversas formas de operacionalizar a exposição (alta exigência no trabalho) descritas na literatura. No entanto, não há consenso sobre qual a melhor operacionalização. Outra questão negligenciada pela maioria dos autores é a forma funcional da curva exposição-resposta ou não linearidade da associação. Entre os desfechos avaliados em estudos sobre os efeitos do estresse no trabalho, usando o modelo demanda-controle, estão as doenças cardiovasculares, como a hipertensão arterial. Contudo, os resultados relatados parecem conflitantes sobre a associação entre o estresse no trabalho e a hipertensão arterial. Os objetivos deste trabalho são estudar a associação entre o estresse no trabalho e aumento da pressão arterial/hipertensão arterial usando as diferentes formas de operacionalização do estresse no trabalho e avaliar a curva exposição-resposta quanto à linearidade. O trabalho é um estudo seccional desenvolvido na população do Estudo Pró-Saúde que é composta por servidores públicos de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro. Modelos de regressão usando diferentes distribuições foram usados para estimar a associação entre a alta exigência no trabalho e a pressão arterial/hipertensão arterial. Funções não lineares foram utilizadas para investigar a linearidade da associação entre a exposição e os desfechos. Os resultados sugerem que a relação entre a dimensão controle e a pressão arterial seja não linear. Foram observadas associações significativas entre alta exigência no trabalho e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica para algumas formas de operacionalização da exposição, quando analisados separadamente. No entanto, quando analisadas de forma conjunta por meio do modelo de resposta bivariada não foi encontrada associação. Também não foi encontrada associação entre a alta exigência no trabalho e hipertensão arterial para nenhuma forma de operacionalização da exposição. Os modelos estatísticos com melhor ajuste foram aqueles em que a exposição foi operacionalizada por meio de quadrantes gerados pela mediana de cada uma das dimensões e de forma dicotômica com termo de interação entre demanda psicológica e controle. Neste estudo estas foram as formas mais adequadas de operacionalização. Os resultados também mostram que a associação entre a dimensão controle e a pressão arterial é não linear. Conclui-se que não há garantia de linearidade da associação entre estresse no trabalho e pressão arterial e que essa associação pode ser influenciada pela forma de operacionalização da exposição e do desfecho ou da estratégia de modelagem.

Demanda e controle no trabalho e hipertensão arterial: validade dimensional e meta-análise

O modelo demanda e controle de Karasek, elaborado na década de 1970, postula que os trabalhadores expostos a situações de alta exigência no trabalho, decorrente da combinação entre altas demandas psicológicas e baixo controle sobre o processo de trabalho, tem maior risco de apresentar eventos em saúde relacionados ao estresse, em particular doenças cardiovasculares. Os objetivos desta tese incluíram: avaliar propriedades psicométricas do instrumento Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire (DCSQ) e conduzir uma meta-análise dos estudos publicados sobre a associação entre alta exigência no trabalho e hipertensão arterial. Três artigos foram elaborados. O primeiro artigo avaliou a validade dimensional e consistência interna da versão brasileira do instrumento DCSQ, quando aplicado a trabalhadores de um hospital e nove restaurantes no Rio de Janeiro. O segundo artigo comparou as propriedades psicométricas do DCSQ no contexto dos trabalhadores de hospital no Brasil e na Suécia. O terceiro artigo apresentou uma meta-análise dos estudos de associação entre alta exigência no trabalho e hipertensão arterial. Os resultados evidenciaram que o instrumento DCSQ tem estrutura tridimensional e equivalente nas versões brasileira e sueca (original), representada por demandas psicológicas, uso de habilidades e autonomia para a decisão. O modelo de melhor ajuste excluiu a dimensão apoio social no trabalho e o item trabalho repetitivo (uso de habilidades). A meta-análise revelou que os estudos foram heterogêneos, a população-alvo foi restrita a países da Europa, EUA e Japão, sem evidência de associação entre alta exigência no trabalho, demanda e controle, e hipertensão arterial.

Lack of Predictability at Work and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: An 18-Year Prospective Study of Industrial Employees

Objectives. We examined whether the distinctive components of job control-decision authority, skill discretion, and predictability-were related to subsequent acute myocardial infarction (MI) events in a large population of initially heart disease-free industrial employees.

Differential Associations of Job Control Components With Mortality: A Cohort Study, 1986-2005

Inconsistent evidence of the hypothesized favorable effects of high job control on health may have resulted from a failure to treat job control as a multifactor concept. The authors studied whether the 2 components of job control, decision authority and skill discretion, were differentially associated with cause-specific mortality in 13,510 Finnish forest company employees with no history of severe illness. Surveys on work characteristics were carried out in 1986 and 1996, and the respondents were followed up until the end of 2005 by use of the Statistics Finland National Death Registry. During a mean follow-up of 15.5 years, 981 participants died. In the analyses adjusted for confounders, employees with high and intermediate levels of skill discretion had a lower all-cause mortality risk than those with low skill discretion, with hazard ratios of 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69, 1.02) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.96), respectively. In contrast, high decision authority was associated with elevated risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and alcohol-related mortality, with hazard ratios of 1.28 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.54), 1.49 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.02), and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.03, 4.00), respectively. The results suggest that job control is not an unequivocal concept in relation to mortality; decision authority and skill discretion show different and to some extent opposite associations.

Organization specific predictors of job satisfaction: findings from a Canadian multi-site quality of work life cross-sectional survey

Background: Organizational features can affect how staff view their quality of work life. Determining staff perceptions about quality of work life is an important consideration for employers interested in improving employee job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to identify organization specific predictors of job satisfaction within a health care system that consisted of six independent health care organizations.

Methods: 5,486 full, part and causal time (non-physician) staff on active payroll within six organizations (2 community hospitals, 1 community hospital/long-term care facility, 1 long-term care facility, 1 tertiary care/community health centre, and 1 visiting nursing agency) located in five communities in Central West Ontario, Canada were asked to complete a 65-item quality of work life survey. The self-administered questionnaires collected staff perceptions of: co-worker and supervisor support; teamwork and communication; job demands and decision authority; organization characteristics; patient/resident care; compensation and benefits; staff training and development; and impressions of the organization. Socio-demographic data were also collected.

Results: Depending on the organization, between 15 and 30 (of the 40 potential predictor) variables were found to be statistically associated with job satisfaction (univariate analyses). Logistic regression analyses identified the best predictors of job satisfaction and these are presented for each of the six organizations and for all organizations combined.

Conclusions: The findings indicate that job satisfaction is a multidimensional construct and although there appear to be some commonalities across organizations, some predictors of job satisfaction appear to be organization and context specific.

Organizational Attributes of Practices Successful at a Disease Management Program

Objective: To assess the contribution of organizational factors to implementation of 3 asthma quality measures: enrollment in a disease management program, development of a written treatment plan, and prescription of severity-appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy. Study design: A total of 138 pediatric clinicians and 247 office staff in 13 urban clinics and 23 nonurban private practices completed questionnaires about their practice's organizational characteristics (eg, leadership, communication, perceived effectiveness, job satisfaction). Results: 94% of the clinicians and 92% of the office staff completed questionnaires. When adjusted for confounders, greater practice activity and perceived effectiveness in meeting family needs were associated with higher rates of enrollment in the Easy Breathing program, whereas higher scores for 3 organizational characteristics-communication timeliness, decision authority, and job satisfaction-were associated with both higher enrollment and a greater number of written treatment plans. None of the organizational characteristics was associated with greater use of anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions: Three organizational characteristics predicted 2 quality asthma measures: use of a disease management program and creation of a written asthma treatment plan. If these organizational characteristics were amenable to change, then our findings could help focus interventions in areas of effective and acceptable organizational change. © 2009 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Les déterminants organisationnels et sociaux des trois dimensions de l'épuisement professionnel

Réalisée à partir d’un échantillon de 410 travailleurs civils et policiers du Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) atteint en février 2009, cette recherche vise à approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de l’utilisation des compétences, de l’autorité décisionnelle, du soutien social au travail, de la supervision abusive et du soutien social hors travail sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel (épuisement émotionnel, cynisme, efficacité professionnelle). Cette recherche vise également à déterminer si les relations qui unissent ces facteurs organisationnels et sociaux aux trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel varient selon que les travailleurs appartiennent à la main-d’œuvre policière ou civile. Les résultats des analyses multivariées témoignent de l’influence distinctive des variables explicatives sur les trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel et supportent la conceptualisation tridimensionnelle du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel. Les résultats appuient également la distinction des concepts d’utilisation des compétences et d’autorité décisionnelle et permettent d’approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de la supervision abusive, du soutien social hors travail et du rôle modérateur de la profession sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel.

La détresse psychologique et les facteurs professionnels : étude du milieu policier

Ce mémoire a pour but d’étudier les facteurs professionnels et leur relation avec la détresse psychologique. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du facteur professionnel de la latitude décisionnelle sur la relation entre la détresse psychologique et les facteurs professionnels étudiés. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié la latitude décisionnelle de façon décomposée (utilisation des compétences et autorité décisionnelle). Les données sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés proviennent de l’Équipe de Recherche sur le Travail et la Santé Mentale (ERTSM) et ont été recueillies au cours des mois de décembre 2008 et janvier 2009. L’échantillon utilisé se compose de 410 travailleurs, dont l’âge varie de 20 à 58 ans. Les analyses multivariées que nous avons réalisées nous ont permis d’identifier deux facteurs professionnels qui s’associent de manière significative à la détresse psychologique, soit les demandes psychologiques et la relation avec le supérieur immédiat. Les résultats de la régression logistique nous ont permis de déterminer que les travailleurs qui ont une bonne relation avec leur supérieur immédiat ont une probabilité inférieure (0.91) de développer de la détresse psychologique. Tandis que les travailleurs qui ont de fortes demandes psychologiques ont une probabilité 1.11 fois plus grande de développer de la détresse psychologique. Contrairement à l’hypothèse soutenue, le fait d’occuper l’emploi de policier par rapport au travail de bureau n’augmente pas la prévalence de détresse psychologique. De plus, les variables modératrices ne sont pas associées de façon significative avec la détresse psychologique.

Une étude sur les conditions de l’organisation du travail, le soutien social hors-travail et l’épuisement professionnel

L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de vérifier l’effet modérateur du soutien social hors-travail sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchons aussi à déterminer l’effet direct que peut entretenir chacune des variables sur le niveau d’épuisement professionnel. Pour nous aider à réaliser notre recherche nous avons utilisé des données secondaires provenant de l’Équipe de Recherche sur le Travail et la Santé Mentale, qui sont basées sur un échantillon de 410 travailleurs (civil et policier) du Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) atteint de décembre 2008 à février 2009. Les analyses multivariées réalisées ont révélé que plusieurs facteurs du travail ont une influence sur le niveau d’épuisement professionnel des employés du SPVM. En effet, l’utilisation des compétences, l’autorité décisionnelle et le soutien social au travail sont trois facteurs du travail qui agissent comme protecteur contre l’épuisement professionnel. À l’inverse, les demandes psychologiques, les demandes contractuelles (c’est-à-dire les horaires de travail irréguliers ou imprévisibles), la supervision abusive ainsi que le conflit travail-famille sont quatre autres facteurs du travail qui font augmenter significativement le niveau d’épuisement professionnel. De plus, nos résultats soutiennent que le fait de vivre en couple, de ne pas avoir d’enfant, de vivre un conflit famille-travail et d’avoir un score élevé au trait de personnalité amabilité sont tout autant de caractéristiques associées à un haut niveau d’épuisement professionnel.Parallèlement, les analyses multivariées n’ont pas permis de confirmer le lien modérateur du soutien social hors-travail sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel.

Interaction of psychosocial risk factors explain increased neck problems among female office workers

This study investigated the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and (1) neck symptoms and (2) neck pain and disability as measured by the neck disability index (NDI). Female office workers employed in local private and public organizations were invited to participate, with 333 completing a questionnaire. Data were collected on various risk factors including age, negative affectivity, history of previous neck trauma, physical work environment, and task demands. Sixty-one percent of the sample reported neck symptoms lasting greater than 8 days in the last 12 months. The mean NDI of the sample was 15.5 out of 100, indicating mild neck pain and disability. In a hierarchical multivariate logistic regression, low supervisor support was the only psychosocial risk factor identified with the presence of neck symptoms. Similarly, low supervisor support was the only factor associated with the score on the NDI. These associations remained after adjustment for potential confounders of age, negative affectivity, and physical risk factors. The interaction of job demands, decision authority, and supervisor support was significantly associated with the NDI in the final model and this association increased when those with previous trauma were excluded. Interestingly, and somewhat contrary to initial expectations, as job demands increased, high decision authority had an increasing effect on the NDI when supervisor support was low. Crown copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Une étude sur les déterminants biologiques, psychologiques et du travail de l'épuisement professionnel

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à mieux comprendre, d’une part, ce qui influence la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, et d’autre part, ce qui influence l’épuisement professionnel. Plusieurs objectifs en découlent. D’abord, elle vise à mieux cerner la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail (utilisation des compétences, autorité décisionnelle, demandes psychologiques, demandes physiques, horaire de travail irrégulier, nombre d’heures travaillées, soutien social des collègues, soutien social des superviseurs, insécurité d’emploi) sur la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, ainsi que le rôle modérateur de certains traits de personnalité (extraversion, agréabilité, névrosisme, conscience, ouverture d’esprit, estime de soi, centre de contrôle) sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Par ailleurs, cette thèse vise à établir la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail sur l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi que le rôle modérateur des traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, cette thèse vise à vérifier si la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire joue un rôle médiateur sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi qu’à identifier les effets de médiation modérés par les traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Ces objectifs sont inspirés de nombreuses limites observées dans la littérature, principalement l’intégration de déterminants à la fois biologiques, psychologiques et du travail dans la compréhension de l’épuisement professionnel. La thèse propose un modèle conceptuel qui tente de savoir comment ces différents stresseurs entraînent une dérégulation de la sécrétion de cortisol dans la salive des travailleurs. Ensuite, ce modèle conceptuel vise à voir si cette dérégulation s’associe à l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, ce modèle conceptuel cherche à expliquer comment la personnalité peut influencer la manière dont ces variables sont reliées entre elles, c’est-à-dire de voir si la personnalité joue un rôle modérateur. Ce modèle découle de quatre théories particulières, notamment la perspective biologique de Selye (1936). Les travaux de Selye s’orientent sur l’étude de la réaction physiologique d’un organisme soumis à un stresseur. Dans ces circonstances, l’organisme est en perpétuel effort de maintien de son équilibre (homéostasie) et ne tolère que très peu de modifications à cet équilibre. En cas de modifications excessives, une réponse de stress est activée afin d’assurer l’adaptation en maintenant l’équilibre de base de l’organisme. Ensuite, le modèle conceptuel s’appuie sur le modèle de Lazarus et Folkman (1984) qui postule que la réponse de stress dépend plutôt de l’évaluation que font les individus de la situation stressante, et également sur le modèle de Pearlin (1999) qui postule que les individus exposés aux mêmes stresseurs ne sont pas nécessairement affectés de la même manière. Finalement, le modèle conceptuel de cette thèse s’appuie sur le modèle de Marchand (2004) qui postule que les réactions dépendent du décodage que font les acteurs des contraintes et ressources qui les affectent. Diverses hypothèses émergent de cette conceptualisation théorique. La première est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement aux variations de la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. La deuxième est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement à l’épuisement professionnel. La troisième est que la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire médiatise la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. La quatrième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire est modérée par les traits de personnalité. La cinquième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail, la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire et l’épuisement professionnel est modérée par les traits de personnalité. Des modèles de régression multiniveaux et des analyses de cheminement de causalité ont été effectués sur un échantillon de travailleurs canadiens provenant de l’étude SALVEO. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés sous forme de trois articles, soumis pour publication, lesquels constituent les chapitres 4 à 6 de cette thèse. Dans l’ensemble, le modèle intégrateur biopsychosocial proposé dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat permet de mieux saisir la complexité de l’épuisement professionnel qui trouve une explication biologique, organisationnelle et individuelle. Ce constat permet d’offrir une compréhension élargie et multiniveaux et assure l’avancement des connaissances sur une problématique préoccupante pour les organisations, la société ainsi que pour les travailleurs. Effectivement, la prise en compte des traits de personnalité et de la sécrétion du cortisol salivaire dans l’étude de l’épuisement professionnel assure une analyse intégrée et plus objective. Cette thèse conclue sur les implications de ces résultats pour la recherche, et sur les retombées qui en découlent pour les milieux de travail.