Adaptive Rückmeldungen im intelligenten Tutorensystem LARGO

Das intelligente Tutorensystem LARGO für die Rechtswissenschaften soll Jurastudenten helfen, Argumentationsstrategien zu lernen. Im verwendeten Ansatz werden Gerichtsprotokolle als Lernmaterialien verwendet: Studenten annotieren diese und erstellen graphische Repräsentationen des Argumentationsverlaufs. Das System kann dabei zur Reflexion über die von Anwälten vorgebrachten Argumente anregen und Lernende auf mögliche Schwächen in ihrer Analyse des Disputs hinweisen. Zur Erkennung von Schwächen verwendet das System Graphgrammatiken und kollaborative Filtermechanismen. Dieser Artikel stellt dar, wie in LARGO auf Basis der Bestimmung eines „Benutzungskontextes“ die Rückmeldungen im System benutzungsadaptiv gestaltet werden. Weiterhin diskutieren wir auf Basis der Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Studie mit dem System, welche mit Jurastudierenden an der University of Pittsburgh stattfand, in wie weit der automatisch bestimmte Benutzungskontext zur Vorhersage von Lernerfolgen bei Studenten verwendbar ist.

Design Methodology for Corrugated Metal Pipe Tiedowns, HR-332, Phase 1, 1993

Questionnaires were sent to transportation agencies in all 50 states in the U.S., to Puerto Rico, and all provinces in Canada asking about their experiences with uplift problems of - corrugated metal pipe (CMP). Responses were received from 52 agencies who reported 9 failures within the last 5 years. Some agencies also provided design standards for tiedowns to resist uplift. There was a wide variety in restraining forces used; for example for a pipe 6 feet in diameter, the resisting force ranged from 10 kips to 66 kips. These responses verified the earlier conclusion based on responses from Iowa county engineers that a potential uplift danger exists.when end restraint is not provided for CMP and that existing designs have an unclear theoretical or experimental basis. In an effort to develop more rational design standards, the longitudinal stiffness of three CMP ranging from 4 to 8 feet in diameter were measured in the laboratory. Because only three tests were conducted, a theoretical model to evaluate the stiffness of pipes of a variety of gages and corrugation geometries was also developed. The experimental results indicated a "stiffness" EI in the range of 9.11 x 10^5 k-in^2 to 34.43 x 10^5 k-in^2 for the three pipes with the larger diameter pipes having greater stiffness. The theoretical model developed conservatively estimates these stiffnesses.

Sedentary subjects have higher PAI-1 and lipoproteins levels than highly trained athletes

Physical exercise protects against the development of cardiovascular disease, partly by lowering plasmatic total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol levels. In addition, it is now established that reduction plasmatic adiponectin and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels play a role in the maintenance of an inflammatory state and in the development of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to examine plasma lipid profile and inflammatory markers levels in individual with sedentary lifestyle and/or highly trained athletes at rest. Methods: Fourteen male subjects (sedentary lifestyle n = 7 and highly trained athletes n = 7) were recruited. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast (similar to 12 h). The plasmatic lipid profile (Triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, LDL-oxidized and total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio), glucose, adiponectin, C - reactive protein and PAI-1 levels were determined. Results: Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG and PAI-1 levels were lower in highly trained athletes group in relation to sedentary subjects (p < 0.01). In addition, we observed a positive correlation between PAI-1 and total cholesterol (r = 0.78; p < 0.0009), PAI-1 and LDL-c (r = 0.69; p < 0.006) and PAI-1 and TG levels (r = 0.56; p < 0.03). The plasma concentration of adiponectin, CRP, glucose, HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio levels were not different. These results indicate that lifestyle associated with high intensity and high volume exercise induces changes favourable in the lipid profile and PAI-1 levels and may reduce risk cardiovascular diseases.

Respostas cardiovasculares ao exercício resistido são afetadas pela carga e intervalos entre séries

FUNDAMENTO: O controle das respostas cardiovasculares durante exercício resistido (ER) é importante para a segurança do paciente. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência do número de repetições máximas (RM) e dos intervalos de recuperação entre séries (IR) sobre a frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e duplo produto (DP) durante ER. MÉTODOS: Vinte sujeitos saudáveis (26 ± 5 anos) realizaram protocolos de ER envolvendo três séries do leg press (6 e 12 RM) e IR proporcional ao tempo de contração (1:3 e 1:5). Aferiu-se a FC continuamente com cardiofrequencímetro e a PAS foi verificada ao final das séries, por meio de protocolo validado com método auscultatório. RESULTADOS: A FC sofreu influência da carga (p = 0,008) e das séries (p < 0,001), mas não do IR (p = 0,087). A PAS sofreu efeito isolado do número de séries (p < 0,001) e do IR (p = 0,017), mas não da carga (p = 0,95). O DP elevou-se em relação direta com a carga (p = 0,036) e com as séries (p < 0,001), mas inversamente ao IR (p = 0,006). Nos protocolos de 6 RM, a variação da FC foi maior para IR = 1:3 ( 16; = 11,2 ± 1,1 bpm) do que para IR = 1:5 ( 16; = 4,5 ± 0,2 bpm; p = 0,002), mas não houve diferença para 12 RM ( 16; 1:3 = 21,1 ± 2,2 bpm; 16; 1:5 = 18,9 ± 2,0 bpm, p = 0,83). O IR influenciou a variação da PAS em todas as cargas (6 RM - 16; 1:3 = 10,6 ± 0,9 mmHg, 16; 1:5 = 6,6 ± 0,7 mmHg; p = 0,02 e 12 RM - 16; 1:3 = 15,2 ± 1,1 mmHg, 16; 1:5 = 8,4 ± 0,7 mmHg; p = 0,04). O DP elevou-se proporcionalmente à carga (p = 0,036) e para séries (p < 0,001), mas inversamente ao IR (p = 0,006). Com IR = 1:3, houve diferença de DP para 6 RM ( 16; = 2.892 ± 189 mmHg.bpm) e 12 RM ( 16; = 4.587 ± 300 mmHg.bpm; p = 0,018), mas não com IR = 1:5 (6 RM: 16; = 1.224 ± 141 mmHg.bpm, 12 RM: 16; = 2.332 ± 194 mmHg.bpm; p = 0,58). CONCLUSÃO: Independentemente da carga, um maior IR associou-se a menores respostas cardiovasculares durante ER, especialmente de PAS.