Uma nova forma de calcular os centros dos Clusters em algoritmos de agrupamento tipo fuzzy c-means

Clustering data is a very important task in data mining, image processing and pattern recognition problems. One of the most popular clustering algorithms is the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). This thesis proposes to implement a new way of calculating the cluster centers in the procedure of FCM algorithm which are called ckMeans, and in some variants of FCM, in particular, here we apply it for those variants that use other distances. The goal of this change is to reduce the number of iterations and processing time of these algorithms without affecting the quality of the partition, or even to improve the number of correct classifications in some cases. Also, we developed an algorithm based on ckMeans to manipulate interval data considering interval membership degrees. This algorithm allows the representation of data without converting interval data into punctual ones, as it happens to other extensions of FCM that deal with interval data. In order to validate the proposed methodologies it was made a comparison between a clustering for ckMeans, K-Means and FCM algorithms (since the algorithm proposed in this paper to calculate the centers is similar to the K-Means) considering three different distances. We used several known databases. In this case, the results of Interval ckMeans were compared with the results of other clustering algorithms when applied to an interval database with minimum and maximum temperature of the month for a given year, referring to 37 cities distributed across continents

A atratividade no varejo em clusters comerciais, espontâneos e planejados, sob o ponto de vista do consumidor e do varejista

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul para a obtenção do título de Doutor(a) em Administração

Centros subcorticais dos sistemas visual primário e óptico acessório no mocó (kerodon rupestris): caracterização pela projeção retiniana e citoarquitetura.

The primary and accessory optic systems comprise two set of retinorecipient neural clusters. In this study, these visual related centers in the rock cavy were evaluated by using the retinal innervations pattern and Nissl staining cytoarchigtecture. After unilateral intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit and immunohistochemical reaction of coronal and sagittal sections from the diencephalon and midbrain region of rock cavy. Three subcortical centres of primary visual system were identified, superior colliculus, lateral geniculate complex and pretectal complex. The lateral geniculate complex is formed by a series of nuclei receiving direct visual information from the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. The pretectal complex is formed by series of pretectal nuclei, medial pretectal nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract and anterior pretectal nucleus. In the accessory optic system, retinal terminals were observed in the dorsal terminal, lateral terminal and medial terminal nuclei as well as in the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, posterior fibres. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. This is the first study of this nature in the rock cavy and the results are compared with the data obtained for other species. The investigation represents a contribution to the knowledge regarding the organization of visual optic systems in relation to the biology of species.

Novos métodos determinísticos para gerar centros iniciais dos grupos no algoritmo fuzzy C-Means e variantes

Data clustering is applied to various fields such as data mining, image processing and pattern recognition technique. Clustering algorithms splits a data set into clusters such that elements within the same cluster have a high degree of similarity, while elements belonging to different clusters have a high degree of dissimilarity. The Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm (FCM) is a fuzzy clustering algorithm most used and discussed in the literature. The performance of the FCM is strongly affected by the selection of the initial centers of the clusters. Therefore, the choice of a good set of initial cluster centers is very important for the performance of the algorithm. However, in FCM, the choice of initial centers is made randomly, making it difficult to find a good set. This paper proposes three new methods to obtain initial cluster centers, deterministically, the FCM algorithm, and can also be used in variants of the FCM. In this work these initialization methods were applied in variant ckMeans.With the proposed methods, we intend to obtain a set of initial centers which are close to the real cluster centers. With these new approaches startup if you want to reduce the number of iterations to converge these algorithms and processing time without affecting the quality of the cluster or even improve the quality in some cases. Accordingly, cluster validation indices were used to measure the quality of the clusters obtained by the modified FCM and ckMeans algorithms with the proposed initialization methods when applied to various data sets

Clusters de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, Desempeño de las Empresas Locales y Generación de Empleos en Córdoba

Un argumento conocido es que las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) han creado una brecha digital creciente entre las economías maduras y la de los países de menor desarrollo relativo. A su vez, se plantea con carácter de paradigma, que esta tendencia podría revertirse con la incorporación de incentivos al desarrollo local de industrias TIC en los países menos desarrollados. En los últimos años muchos gobiernos de países en vías de industrialización prestan creciente atención al desarrollo de industrias TIC en sus territorios. En esa promoción se observa, sin embargo, la persistencia de un viejo debate sobre las opciones de aplicar un fuerte “impulso masivo”, o impulsos “hacia adelante” y “hacia atrás”. Por ello resulta de gran interés el estudio de casos exitosos de desarrollo local de empresas TIC que permitan interpretar la naturaleza de las políticas de promoción y el impacto en cuanto a: (i) generación y fortalecimiento de eslabonamientos, con los proveedores, por un lado, y con la demanda, por el otro, (ii) diferenciación según el carácter nacional o multinacional de las empresas impulsoras, (iii) papel de las universidades e institutos de investigación, (iv) efectos sobre la generación de empleo directo e indirecto. Esta propuesta asume que existe la necesidad de comprender mejor el impacto del desarrollo local de ofertas TIC, la interrelación entre firmas locales, firmas locales y multinacionales y entre todas estas, y la capacidad doméstica de investigación, desarrollo e inversión. Un corpus de conocimiento de esta naturaleza es indispensable para que los responsables puedan diseñar las políticas públicas de incentivos adecuadas para generar los estímulos apropiados y contribuir al fortalecimiento del sector. Bajo este enfoque, es que el objetivo general del proyecto es investigar el impacto, en Córdoba, del paradigma TIC en la generación de una oferta local de firmas que elaboran productos y desarrollan servicios TIC, a partir de decisiones empresariales independientes, o como parte de una cadena productiva en la cual interviene una variedad de firmas locales e internacionales. La investigación estará centrada, por una parte, en el estudio de la evolución de los ordenamientos institucionales y legales para la promoción del sector TIC en el país y en Córdoba, y, por la otra, se focalizará en el análisis de los datos de fuente primaria sobre las firmas radicadas en el Gran Córdoba, que elaboran productos y desarrollan servicios TIC. El abordaje conjunto de ambos planos de análisis, permitirá contrastar la principal hipótesis de investigación que postula que, si se proveen entornos adecuados, orientados a facilitar los medios para superar las restricciones económicas, sociales, legales e institucionales, es posible lograr el desarrollo de cadenas productivas de firmas TIC, que generan impacto positivo en el medio local – principalmente el empleo - e integran a firmas domésticas y multinacionales, a centros de investigación, e incluso, a organizaciones de consumidores. Una segunda hipótesis a ser contratada en el trabajo, es que el desarrollo TIC en la provincia de Córdoba respondió a una estrategia de fuerte impulso masivo y servirá como evidencia empírica que contribuya al debate teórico sobre el tema. En la metodología se prevé realizar una recopilación de datos de fuentes secundarias del sector público y privado, a partir de la cual se elaborará un marco general para llevar a cabo la recolección de datos de fuentes primarias, mediante un conjunto de entrevistas en profundidad a informantes calificados y una encuesta a empresas TIC, nacionales y multinacionales, radicadas en el Gran Córdoba. El tratamiento y análisis de los datos comprenderá la elaboración de tablas, gráficos y cálculo de correlaciones e indicadores descriptivos, como así también la aplicación de modelos econométricos de riesgo y de supervivencia con fines predictivos. Los procesamientos se realizarán con el soft STATA.

Autonomia de Gestão dos Agrupamentos dos Centros de Saúde

The National Health Service is one of the portuguese social progress pillars and as a key role in terms of health services, organized around a universal service, general and tend to free, provided for the Portuguese Republic Constitution, in order to promote people's access to health care,adequate and adaptively to their needs and expectations, seeking economic efficiency in a control context of public expenditure and budget. Primary Health Care are considered fundamental piece for the National Health Service, as they are the first users accessibility to health care, being the health center a unit to serve and providing the essential first treatments, preventive and/or curative, assuming important functions of promotion of health and prevention of disease, cooperating with other services for continuity of caring. The implementation of the Health Centers Groupings aims to decentralize the management and allow decision making on key resources to the provision of care, absorbing the district offices of the extinct Health Sub-Regions and having the task of ensuring the provision of health care primary the population of a given geographical area, based on a multidisciplinary team with organization and technical autonomy and is guaranteed intercooperation with other functional units. However, these district offices were attached to the Regional Health Administrations following the reverse path, causing dysfunctional positions and making health centers Groupings their dependents. Thus, before the reform of Primary Health Care, all the structural changes were made, except to check the Health Centers Groupings proper management autonomy, currently one of the biggest obstacles to the implementation of such reform. It is intended in this work through a inquiry by forms done at 21 Health Centers Groupings North Regional Health Authority, IP, evidence can the management autonomy in Health Centers Groupings provide greater efficiency in the provision of Primary health Care to citizens and ensure greater sustainability of the National health Service, better managing existing resources, human and financial, showing a growing responsibility in its management and ensuring appropriate practices, more quality in health care and better accessibility, providing the ability to apply more adjusted measures in providing health care to the population of their geographical área.

A relevante potencialidade dos centros básicos nitrogenados disponíveis em polímeros inorgânicos e biopolímeros na remoção catiônica

This review reports the application of inorganic and organic polymeric materials for cation removal by using nitrogenated basic centers. The data demonstrate the importance of the desired groups when free or immobilized on natural or synthesized inorganic polymers through silanol groups. Thus, the most studied silica gel is followed by natural crysotile and talc polymers, and the synthesized mesopore silicas, talc-like, silicic acids, phosphates and phyllosilicates. The organic natural biopolymeric chitin and cellulose were chemically modified to improve the availability of the amine groups or the reactivity with desirable molecules to enlarge the content of basic centers. The cation removal takes place at the solid/liquid interface and some interactive effects have their thermodynamic data determined.

Centros de treinamento de ginástica rítmica no Brasil : estrutura e programas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Satisfação no trabalho do professor de educação fisica comparada com a satisfação dos professores de centros componentes curriculares de 1o e 2o graus

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Condutas terapêuticas de atenção às famílias da população infantojuvenil atendida nos centros de atenção psicossocial infantojuvenis (CAPSI) do estado de São Paulo

Os Centros de Atenção Psicossociais Infantojuvenis (CAPSi) são elementos estratégicos da atenção pública em saúde mental ofertado para população infantojuvenil com sofrimento psíquico intenso e persistente. São articulados numa rede de atenção que extrapola o campo da saúde e interage com os recursos do território de determinada comunidade para promover inclusão social de crianças e adolescentes e conta para tanto também com a co-responsabilização das famílias, escolas e outros setores sociais. No rol de suas condutas terapêuticas há espaço reservado para o atendimento de familiares quando essa medida for necessária para aquela dirigida à clientela em foco. OBJETIVO: identificar condutas terapêuticas oferecidas às famílias de crianças e adolescentes atendidos nos CAPSi. MÉTODO: estudo transversal em crianças e adolescentes provenientes dos prontuários ativos, selecionados aleatoriamente, de 19 CAPSi do Estado de São Paulo no período de setembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. A análisedescritiva foi apresentada por meio de tabelas de número e porcentagem. RESULTADOS: a mãe se revelou a principal cuidadora dessa população fora dos serviços. Contudo, há de se destacar a importante ausência de registros de atendimento ou propostas realizadas às famílias. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: a principal conduta indicada para as famílias são os atendimentos grupais, as famílias têm sido pouco privilegiadas nas condutas terapêuticas dentro dos projetos terapêuticos da população atendida. As falhas de registro nos prontuários pesquisados podem ser uma limitação do estudo. As ações são preponderantemente institucionais e as ofertas extramuros são raríssimas

A spatial approach for the epidemiology of antibiotic use and resistance in community-based studies: the emergence of urban clusters of Escherichia coli quinolone resistance in Sao Paulo, Brasil

Background: Population antimicrobial use may influence resistance emergence. Resistance is an ecological phenomenon due to potential transmissibility. We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of ciprofloxacin (CIP) population consumption related to E. coli resistance emergence and dissemination in a major Brazilian city. A total of 4,372 urinary tract infection E. coli cases, with 723 CIP resistant, were identified in 2002 from two outpatient centres. Cases were address geocoded in a digital map. Raw CIP consumption data was transformed into usage density in DDDs by CIP selling points influence zones determination. A stochastic model coupled with a Geographical Information System was applied for relating resistance and usage density and for detecting city areas of high/low resistance risk. Results: E. coli CIP resistant cluster emergence was detected and significantly related to usage density at a level of 5 to 9 CIP DDDs. There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. Conclusions: There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. The usage density of 5-9 CIP DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants within the same influence zone was the resistance triggering level. This level led to E. coli resistance clustering, proving that individual resistance emergence and dissemination was affected by antimicrobial population consumption.

Star formation efficiency in galaxy clusters

Context. The luminous material in clusters of galaxies exists in two forms: the visible galaxies and the X-ray emitting intra-cluster medium. The hot intra-cluster gas is the major observed baryonic component of clusters, about six times more massive than the stellar component. The mass contained within visible galaxies is approximately 3% of the dynamical mass. Aims. Our aim was to analyze both baryonic components, combining X-ray and optical data of a sample of five galaxy clusters (Abell 496, 1689, 2050, 2631 and 2667), within the redshift range 0.03 < z < 0.3. We determined the contribution of stars in galaxies and the intra-cluster medium to the total baryon budget. Methods. We used public XMM-Newton data to determine the gas mass and to obtain the X-ray substructures. Using the optical counterparts from SDSS or CFHT we determined the stellar contribution. Results. We examine the relative contribution of galaxies, intra-cluster light and intra-cluster medium to baryon budget in clusters through the stellar-to-gas mass ratio, estimated with recent data. We find that the stellar-to-gas mass ratio within r(500) (the radius within which the mean cluster density exceeds the critical density by a factor of 500), is anti-correlated with the ICM temperature, which range from 24% to 6% while the temperature ranges from 4.0 to 8.3 keV. This indicates that less massive cold clusters are more prolific star forming environments than massive hot clusters.

Cosmic distance duality relation and the shape of galaxy clusters

Context. Observations in the cosmological domain are heavily dependent on the validity of the cosmic distance-duality (DD) relation, eta = D(L)(z)(1+ z)(2)/D(A)(z) = 1, an exact result required by the Etherington reciprocity theorem where D(L)(z) and D(A)(z) are, respectively, the luminosity and angular diameter distances. In the limit of very small redshifts D(A)(z) = D(L)(z) and this ratio is trivially satisfied. Measurements of Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) and X-rays combined with the DD relation have been used to determine D(A)(z) from galaxy clusters. This combination offers the possibility of testing the validity of the DD relation, as well as determining which physical processes occur in galaxy clusters via their shapes. Aims. We use WMAP (7 years) results by fixing the conventional Lambda CDM model to verify the consistence between the validity of DD relation and different assumptions about galaxy cluster geometries usually adopted in the literature. Methods. We assume that. is a function of the redshift parametrized by two different relations: eta(z) = 1+eta(0)z, and eta(z) = 1+eta(0)z/(1+z), where eta(0) is a constant parameter quantifying the possible departure from the strict validity of the DD relation. In order to determine the probability density function (PDF) of eta(0), we consider the angular diameter distances from galaxy clusters recently studied by two different groups by assuming elliptical (isothermal) and spherical (non-isothermal) beta models. The strict validity of the DD relation will occur only if the maximum value of eta(0) PDF is centered on eta(0) = 0. Results. It was found that the elliptical beta model is in good agreement with the data, showing no violation of the DD relation (PDF peaked close to eta(0) = 0 at 1 sigma), while the spherical (non-isothermal) one is only marginally compatible at 3 sigma. Conclusions. The present results derived by combining the SZE and X-ray surface brightness data from galaxy clusters with the latest WMAP results (7-years) favors the elliptical geometry for galaxy clusters. It is remarkable that a local property like the geometry of galaxy clusters might be constrained by a global argument provided by the cosmic DD relation.

TESTING THE DISTANCE-DUALITY RELATION WITH GALAXY CLUSTERS AND TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE

In this Letter, we propose a new and model-independent cosmological test for the distance-duality (DD) relation, eta = D(L)(z)(1 + z)(-2)/D(A)(z) = 1, where D(L) and D(A) are, respectively, the luminosity and angular diameter distances. For D(L) we consider two sub-samples of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) taken from Constitution data whereas D(A) distances are provided by two samples of galaxy clusters compiled by De Filippis et al. and Bonamente et al. by combining Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and X-ray surface brightness. The SNe Ia redshifts of each sub-sample were carefully chosen to coincide with the ones of the associated galaxy cluster sample (Delta z < 0.005), thereby allowing a direct test of the DD relation. Since for very low redshifts, D(A)(z) approximate to D(L)(z), we have tested the DD relation by assuming that. is a function of the redshift parameterized by two different expressions: eta(z) = 1 + eta(0)z and eta(z) = 1 +eta(0)z/(1 + z), where eta(0) is a constant parameter quantifying a possible departure from the strict validity of the reciprocity relation (eta(0) = 0). In the best scenario (linear parameterization), we obtain eta(0) = -0.28(-0.44)(+0.44) (2 sigma, statistical + systematic errors) for the De Filippis et al. sample (elliptical geometry), a result only marginally compatible with the DD relation. However, for the Bonamente et al. sample (spherical geometry) the constraint is eta(0) = -0.42(-0.34)(+0.34) (3 sigma, statistical + systematic errors), which is clearly incompatible with the duality-distance relation.

Age and metallicity of star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud from integrated spectroscopy

Context. Analysis of ages and metallicities of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds provide information for studies on the chemical evolution of the Clouds and other dwarf irregular galaxies. Aims. The aim is to derive ages and metallicities from integrated spectra of 14 star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud, including a few intermediate/old age star clusters. Methods. Making use of a full-spectrum fitting technique, we compared the integrated spectra of the sample clusters to three different sets of single stellar population models, using two fitting codes available in the literature. Results. We derive the ages and metallicities of 9 intermediate/old age clusters, some of them previously unstudied, and 5 young clusters. Conclusions. We point out the interest of the newly identified as intermediate/old age clusters HW1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, Lindsay 11, and Lindsay 113. We also confirm the old ages of NGC 361, NGC 419, Kron 3, and of the very well-known oldest SMC cluster, NGC 121.