Recuperación de energía de la salmuera

Como consecuencia del proceso de desalación, se produce el vertido al mar de un agua de rechazo hipersalino o salmuera. La salinidad de este vertido es variable, dependiendo del origen de la captación y del proceso de tratamiento. Muchos de los hábitats y biocenosis de los ecosistemas marinos se encuentran adaptados a ambientes de salinidad casi constante y son muy susceptibles a los incrementos de salinidad originados por estos vertidos. Junto con el vertido de salmuera otro de los principales inconvenientes que plantean las plantas desaladoras es el alto consumo energético, con todas las desventajas que esto supone: alto coste del agua desalada para los consumidores, contaminación del medio... El desarrollo de los métodos de vertido, herramientas de gestión de la salmuera, estudios del comportamiento de la pluma salina… ha buscado la mitigación de estos efectos sobre los ecosistemas marinos. El desarrollo en membranas de ósmosis inversa, diseño de bombas y sistemas de recuperación de energía ha permitido también la reducción del consumo energético en las plantas de desalación. Sin embargo, estos campos parecen haber encontrado un techo tecnológico difícil de rebasar en los últimos tiempos. La energía osmótica se plantea como uno de los caminos a investigar aplicado al campo de la reducción del consumo energético en desalación de agua de mar, a través del aprovechamiento energético de la salmuera. Con esta tesis se pretende cumplir principalmente con los siguientes objetivos: reducción del consumo energético en desalación, mitigar el impacto del vertido sobre el medio y ser una nueva herramienta en la gestión de la salmuera. En el presente documento se plantea el desarrollo de un nuevo proceso que utiliza el fenómeno de la ósmosis directa a través de membranas semipermeables, y busca la sinergia desalación depuración, integrando ambos, en un único proceso de tratamiento dentro del ciclo integral del agua. Para verificar los valores de producción, calidad y rendimiento del proceso, se proyecta y construye una planta piloto ubicada en la Planta Desaladora de Alicante II, escalada de tal manera que permite la realización de los ensayos con equipos comerciales de tamaño mínimo. El objetivo es que el resultado final sea extrapolable a tamaños superiores sin que el escalado afecte a la certeza y fiabilidad de las conclusiones obtenidas. La planta se proyecta de forma que el vertido de una desaladora de ósmosis inversa junto con el vertido de un terciario convencional, se pasan por una ósmosis directa y a continuación por una ósmosis inversa otra vez, ésta última con el objeto de abrir la posibilidad de incrementar la producción de agua potable. Ambas ósmosis están provistas de un sistema de pretratamiento físico-químico (para adecuar la calidad del agua de entrada a las condiciones requeridas por las membranas en ambos casos), y un sistema de limpieza química. En todos los ensayos se usa como fuente de disolución concentrada (agua salada), el rechazo de un bastidor de ósmosis inversa de una desaladora convencional de agua de mar. La fuente de agua dulce marca la distinción entre dos tipos de ensayos: ensayos con el efluente del tratamiento terciario de una depuradora convencional, con lo que se estudia el comportamiento de la membrana ante el ensuciamiento; y ensayos con agua permeada, que permiten estudiar el comportamiento ideal de la membrana. Los resultados de los ensayos con agua salobre ponen de manifiesto problemas de ensuciamiento de la membrana, el caudal de paso a través de la misma disminuye con el tiempo y este efecto se ve incrementado con el aumento de la temperatura del agua. Este fenómeno deriva en una modificación del pretratamiento de la ósmosis directa añadiendo un sistema de ultrafiltración que ha permitido que la membrana presente un comportamiento estable en el tiempo. Los ensayos con agua permeada han hecho posible estudiar el comportamiento “ideal” de la membrana y se han obtenido las condiciones óptimas de operación y a las que se debe tender, consiguiendo tasas de recuperación de energía de 1,6; lo que supone pasar de un consumo de 2,44 kWh/m3 de un tren convencional de ósmosis a 2,28 kWh/m3 al añadir un sistema de ósmosis directa. El objetivo de futuras investigaciones es llegar a tasas de recuperación de 1,9, lo que supondría alcanzar consumos inferiores a 2 kWh/m3. Con esta tesis se concluye que el proceso propuesto permite dar un paso más en la reducción del consumo energético en desalación, además de mitigar los efectos del vertido de salmuera en el medio marino puesto que se reduce tanto el caudal como la salinidad del vertido, siendo además aplicable a plantas ya existentes y planteando importantes ventajas económicas a plantas nuevas, concebidas con este diseño. As a consequence of the desalination process, a discharge of a hypersaline water or brine in the sea is produced. The salinity of these discharges varies, depending on the type of intake and the treatment process. Many of the habitats and biocenosis of marine ecosystems are adapted to an almost constant salinity environment and they are very susceptible to salinity increases caused by these discharges. Besides the brine discharge, another problem posed by desalination plants, is the high energy consumption, with all the disadvantages that this involves: high cost of desalinated water for consumers, environmental pollution ... The development of methods of disposal, brine management tools, studies of saline plume ... has sought the mitigation of these effects on marine ecosystems. The development of reverse osmosis membranes, pump design and energy recovery systems have also enabled the reduction of energy consumption in desalination plants. However, these fields seem to have reached a technological ceiling which is difficult to exceed in recent times. Osmotic power is proposed as a new way to achieve the reduction of energy consumption in seawater desalination, through the energy recovery from the brine. This thesis mainly tries to achieve the following objectives: reduction of energy consumption in desalination, mitigation of the brine discharge impact on the environment and become a new tool in the management of the brine. This paper proposes the development of a new process, that uses the phenomenon of forward osmosis through semipermeable membranes and seeks the synergy desalination-wastewater reuse, combining both into a single treatment process within the integral water cycle. To verify the production, quality and performance of the process we have created a pilot plant. This pilot plant, located in Alicante II desalination plant, has been designed and built in a scale that allows to carry out the tests with minimum size commercial equipment. The aim is that the results can be extrapolated to larger sizes, preventing that the scale affects the accuracy and reliability of the results. In the projected plant, the discharge of a reverse osmosis desalination plant and the effluent of a convencional tertiary treatment of a wastewater plant, go through a forward osmosis module, and then through a reverse osmosis, in order to open the possibility of increasing potable water production. Both osmosis systems are provided with a physicochemical pretreatment (in order to obtain the required conditions for the membranes in both cases), and a chemical cleaning system. In all tests, it is used as a source of concentrated solution (salt water), the rejection of a rack of a conventional reverse osmosis seawater desalination. The source of fresh water makes the difference between two types of tests: test with the effluent from a tertiary treatment of a conventional wastewater treatment plant (these tests study the behavior of the membrane facing the fouling) and tests with permeate, which allow us to study the ideal behavior of the membrane. The results of the tests with brackish water show fouling problems, the flow rate through the membrane decreases with the time and this effect is increased with water temperature. This phenomenon causes the need for a modification of the pretreatment of the direct osmosis module. An ultrafiltration system is added to enable the membrane to present a stable behavior . The tests with permeate have made possible the study of the ideal behavior of the membrane and we have obtained the optimum operating conditions. We have achieved energy recovery rates of 1.6, which allows to move from a consumption of 2.44 kWh/m3 in a conventional train of reverse osmosis to 2.28 kWh / m3 if it is added the direct osmosis system. The goal of future researches is to achieve recovery rates of 1.9, which would allow to reach a consumption lower than 2 kWh/m3. This thesis concludes that the proposed process allows us to take a further step in the reduction of the energy consumption in desalination. We must also add the mitigation of the brine discharge effects on the marine environment, due to the reduction of the flow and salinity of the discharge. This is also applicable to existing plants, and it suggests important economic benefits to new plants that will be built with this design.

The effect of water, brine and ethanol flotation on the quality and shelf life of macadamia kernels 2. Kernel pieces

Raw macadamia kernel pieces were immersed in water (specific gravity 1.00 g/cm(3)), brine (SG 1.02 g/cm(3)) or ethanol solution (SG 0.97 g/cm(3)) for 30 or 60 s, then re-dried to below 1.5% moisture (wet basis) and stored under vacuum for 0, 4 and 12 months. Flotation in water had no effect on the quality or shelf life of the kernel pieces over 12 months storage, as measured by sensory evaluation of the kernels and chemical analysis of the kernel oil. Immersion in a salt solution caused unacceptable changes in quality during storage, increasing as storage time increased. Flotation in dilute ethanol also caused unacceptable quality changes during storage. Therefore, only flotation of macadamia kernel pieces in water can be recommended for commercial operations. Microbiological concerns with such a process still need to be addressed.

The effect of water, brine and ethanol flotation on the quality and shelf life of macadamia kernels - 1. Whole kernels

Whole macadamia kernels were immersed in water (specific gravity 1.00 g/cm(3)), brine (SG 1.02 g/cm(3)) and ethanol solution (SG 0.97 g/cm(3)) for 30 or 60 s, re-dried to 1.0-1.5% moisture (wet basis) and stored under vacuum for 0, 4 and 12 months. Immersion in water had no effect on the quality or shelf life of kernels, as measured by sensory evaluation and analysis of the kernel oil. Immersion in brine and ethanol solutions changed the flavour of kernels, but had no effect on shelf life or kernel oil stability over 12 months storage. Water flotation to separate kernels based on differences in oil content is therefore feasible, but microbiological concerns need to be investigated.

Minimal processing of jucara's heart palm packed in brine acidified

The jucara's palm (Euterpe edulis), native to the Atlantic Forest is one of the palms most exploited for the removal of heart palm and the tree was removed in large areas. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of the methodology of "minimally processed" in jucara's palm. The raw material was obtained by COOPERAGUA, Sete Barras (SP) through a Sustainable Management Plan culminating in a permit issued by IBAMA, Forestry Foundation and DPRN. The process began with the withdrawal of external sheaths and cut, with subsequent immersion in a solution of sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5 - 200 ppm), sanitize with a chlorine solution and soak in brine acidified to wait until the filling. The cuttings were placed in polyethylene bags containing acidified solution at concentrations A 0.225%, B 0.375%, C 0.6%, D 0.825% determined by titration curve. The staining became clearer in treatments C and D, due to more acidity, resulting in higher inactivation of enzymes. Even with these positive results, were concluded that minimal processing of jucara is not effective due to the blackout, preventing its commercialization. To stop it requires the bleaching step, which does not characterize it as minimally processed.

East Flower Gardens Bank brine seep biological assessment, August 28 - September 18, 1980 : operations manual /

Mode of access: Internet.

A Decade Of Malaria During Pregnancy In Brazil: What Has Been Done Concerning Prevention And Management.

In Brazil, malaria remains a disease of major epidemiological importance because of the high number of cases in the Amazonian Region. Plasmodium spp infections during pregnancy are a significant public health problem with substantial risks for the pregnant woman, the foetus and the newborn child. In Brazil, the control of malaria during pregnancy is primarily achieved by prompt and effective treatment of the acute episodes. Thus, to assure rapid diagnosis and treatment for pregnant women with malaria, one of the recommended strategy for low transmission areas by World Health Organization and as part of a strategy by the Ministry of Health, the National Malaria Control Program has focused on integrative measures with woman and reproductive health. Here, we discuss the approach for the prevention and management of malaria during pregnancy in Brazil over the last 10 years (2003-2012) using morbidity data from Malaria Health Information System. Improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare and education and the consolidation of prevention programmes will be challenges in the control of malaria during pregnancy in the next decade.

Management Of Severe Thoracic Impalement Trauma Against Two-wheeled Horse Carriage: A Case Report And Literature Review.

Thoracic injuries in general are of great importance due to their high incidence and high mortality. Thoracic impalement injuries are rare but severe due to the combination of cause, effect and result. This study's primary objective is to report the case of a young man who was impaled by a two-wheeled horse carriage shaft while crashing his motorcycle in a rural zone. An EMT-B ferry was called at the crash scene and a conscious patient was found, sustaining a severe impalement injury to the left hemithorax, suspended over the floor by the axial skeleton with the carriage shaft coming across his left chest. As a secondary objective, a literature review of thoracic impalement injuries is performed. Cases of thoracic impalement injury require unique and individualized care based on injury severity and affected organs. Reported protocols for managing impalement injuries are entirely anecdotal, with no uniformity on impaled patient's approach and management. In penetrating trauma, it is essential not to remove the impaled object, so that possible vascular lesions remain buffered by the object, avoiding major bleeding and exsanguination haemorrhage. Severed impaled thoracic patients should be transferred to a specialist centre for trauma care, as these lesions typically require complex multidisciplinary treatment. High-energy thoracic impalement injuries are rare and hold a high mortality rate, due to the complexity of trauma and associated injuries such as thoracic wall and lung lesions. Modern medicine still seems limited in cases of such seriousness, not always with satisfactory results.

Key Issues In Inhibitor Management In Patients With Haemophilia.

12 Suppl 1

[consensus Of The Brazilian Society Of Rheumatology For The Diagnosis, Management And Treatment Of Lupus Nephritis].

To develop recommendations for the diagnosis, management and treatment of lupus nephritis in Brazil. Extensive literature review with a selection of papers based on the strength of scientific evidence and opinion of the Commission on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus members, Brazilian Society of Rheumatology. 1) Renal biopsy should be performed whenever possible and if this procedure is indicated; and, when the procedure is not possible, the treatment should be guided with the inference of histologic class. 2) Ideally, measures and precautions should be implemented before starting treatment, with emphasis on attention to the risk of infection. 3) Risks and benefits of treatment should be shared with the patient and his/her family. 4) The use of hydroxychloroquine (preferably) or chloroquine diphosphate is recommended for all patients (unless contraindicated) during induction and maintenance phases. 5) The evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment should be made with objective criteria of response (complete remission/partial remission/refractoriness). 6) ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs are recommended as antiproteinuric agents for all patients (unless contraindicated). 7) The identification of clinical and/or laboratory signs suggestive of proliferative or membranous glomerulonephritis should indicate an immediate implementation of specific therapy, including steroids and an immunosuppressive agent, even though histological confirmation is not possible. 8) Immunosuppressives must be used during at least 36 months, but these medications can be kept for longer periods. Its discontinuation should only be done when the patient achieve and maintain a sustained and complete remission. 9) Lupus nephritis should be considered as refractory when a full or partial remission is not achieved after 12 months of an appropriate treatment, when a new renal biopsy should be considered to assist in identifying the cause of refractoriness and in the therapeutic decision.

Conservative Management For Lingual Thyroid Ectopic.

Lingual thyroid gland is a rare clinical entity. The presence of an ectopic thyroid gland located at the base of the tongue may be presented with symptoms like dysphagia, dysphonia, and upper airway obstruction. We are introducing a case of an 8-year-old girl who had lingual thyroid that presented dysphagia and foreign body sensation in the throat. The diagnostic was reached with clinical examination, thyroid scintigraphy with Tc(99m) and ultrasound. A laryngoscopy was performed which confirmed a spherical mass at base of tongue. Investigation should include thyroid function tests. In this case we observed subclinical hypothyroidism. There are different types of surgical approaches for the treatment of this condition; however, the treatment with Levothyroxine Sodium allowed the stabilization of TSH levels and clinical improvement of symptoms in a follow-up of 2 years.

Dysphagia Progression And Swallowing Management In Parkinson's Disease: An Observational Study.

Dysphagia is relatively common in individuals with neurological disorders. To describe the swallowing management and investigate associated factors with swallowing in a case series of patients with Parkinson's disease. It is a long-term study with 24 patients. The patients were observed in a five-year period (2006-2011). They underwent Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing, Functional Oral Intake Scale and therapeutic intervention every three months. In the therapeutic intervention they received orientation about exercises to improve swallowing. The Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's tests were used. The period of time for improvement or worsening of swallowing was described by Kaplan-Meier analysis. During the follow-up, ten patients improved, five stayed the same and nine worsened their swallowing functionality. The median time for improvement was ten months. Prior to the worsening there was a median time of 33 months of follow-up. There was no associated factor with improvement or worsening of swallowing. The maneuvers frequently indicated in therapeutic intervention were: chin-tuck, bolus consistency, bolus effect, strengthening-tongue, multiple swallows and vocal exercises. The swallowing management was characterized by swallowing assessment every three months with indication of compensatory and rehabilitation maneuvers, aiming to maintain the oral feeding without risks. There was no associated factor with swallowing functionality in this case series.

Comparative analysis of adverse events between infliximab and adalimumab in Crohn's disease management: a Brazilian single-centre experience

INTRODUCTION: Data is scarce regarding adverse events (AE) of biological therapy used in the management of Crohn's Disease (CD) among Brazilian patients. OBJECTIVES: To analyse AE prevalence and profile in patients with CD treated with Infliximab (IFX) or Adalimumab (ADA) and to verify whether there are differences between the two drugs. METHOD: Retrospective observational single-centre study of CD patients on biological therapy. Variables analysed: Demographic data, Montreal classification, biological agent administered, treatment duration, presence and type of AE and the need for treatment interruption. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were analysed, 25 treated with ADA and 24 with IFX. The groups were homogeneous in relation to the variables studied. The average follow-up period for the group treated with ADA was 19.3 months and 21.8 months for the IFX group (p = 0.585). Overall, 40% (n = 10) of patients taking ADA had AE compared with 50% (n = 12) of IFX users (p = 0.571). There was a tendency towards higher incidence of cutaneous and infusion reactions in the IFX group and higher incidence of infections in the ADA treated group, although without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: No difference was found in the AE prevalence and profile between ADA and IFX CD patients in the population studied.

Comparative analysis of the new guidelines and consensuses for the management of hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and differentiated thyroid cancer

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Clinical management for epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) consists of a group of genetic hereditary disorders in which patients frequently present fragile skin and mucosa that form blisters following minor trauma. More than 20 subtypes of EB have been recognized in the literature. Specific genetic mutations are well characterized for most the different EB subtypes and variants. The most common oral manifestations of EB are painful blisters affecting all the oral surfaces. Dental treatment for patients with EB consists of palliative therapy for its oral manifestations along with typical restorative and periodontal procedures. The aim of this article is to describe two dental clinical treatments of recessive dystrophic EB cases and their specific clinical manifestations. The psychological intervention required during the dental treatment of these patients is also presented.

Management of a complex dentoalveolar trauma: a case report

This paper describes the case of a 12-year-old male patient who presented a severe lateral luxation of the maxillary central incisors due to a bicycle fall. Treatment involved suture of the soft tissues lacerations, and repositioning and splinting of the injured teeth, followed by endodontic treatment and periodontal surgery. After a 2-year follow-up, clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed that the incisors presented satisfactory esthetic and functional demands.