Gems from the Coral Islands; or, Incidents of contrast between savage and Christian life of the South Sea islanders.

v. 1. Western Polynesia: comprising the New Hebrides group; the Loyalty group; and New Caledonia group.--v. 2. Eastern Polynesia: comprising the Rarotonga group, Penrhyn Islands, and Savage Island.

Children's piano pieces the whole world plays : a collection of more than one hundred and fifty tuneful piano pieces for juvenile players, including standard teaching and recreation pieces, and in addition a considerable number of new compositions /

Mode of access: Internet.

Music for the child world [music] : a collection of pianoforte music form the masters and modern writers, especially adapted to the needs of the kindergarten and graded schools.

Mode of access: Internet.

It's a good old world, being a collection of little essays on various subjects of human interest,

Mode of access: Internet.

The African problem and the peace settlement /

Bibliographical footnotes.

Hematological profile of Chelonia mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) according to the severity of fibropapillomatosis or its absence

The green turtle Chelonia mydas feeds and nests in the Brazilian coastal area and is considered an endangered species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN 2009) and threatened by the Red List of Brazilian Fauna (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2009). Fibropapillomatosis is a disease characterized by benign skin tumors (fibropapillomas), and it is one of the main threats to the survival of this species. Studies suggest the involvement of viruses as infectious agents associated with environmental and genetic factors. Blood samples were collected from 45 turtles captured in the coastal area of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From these, 27 were affected by fibropapillomas and 18 were tumor free. Biometrical data on the turtles, size, location and quantity of tumors were recorded. The area occupied by fibropapillomas per animal was calculated and four groups were determined according to severity of the disease or its absence. The objective of the study was to compare hemogram results of the sea turtles classified in these four groups. The lowest hematocrit value was observed in severely affected animals. In the hemoglobin assay, the highest value was observed in the group of tumor free turtles and the lowest, in animals severely affected. Lymphocyte counts and curved carapace length were on the verge of statistical significance.

Economic incentives for global conservation of wildlife: New international policy directions

Growing economic globalisation by extending the operation of markets is a two-edged sword as far as nature conservation is concerned. In some circumstances, it threatens the conservation of nature and in other cases, it provides economic incentives that foster the conservation of biodiversity. This article shows how global policy directions have altered in that regard. Initially the World Conservation Union (IUCN) favoured bans on trade in endangered species. This view was enshrined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Subsequently, with the upsurge of support for market-based economic liberalism, IUCN recognised that economic and market incentives, if linked to appropriate property rights, could foster biodiversity conservation. This is reflected in the International Convention on Biological Diversity. While there is conflict between this convention and CITES, its extent has been exaggerated. As explained, in certain cases, trade restrictions of the type adopted in CITES are appropriate for nature conservation whereas the market-oriented policy of the Convention on Biological Diversity can be effective in some different situations. Whether or not the extension of markets in wildlife and wildlife products and growing economic globalisation favours nature conservation varies according to the circumstances.

Resource entitlements of indigenous minorities, their poverty and conservation of nature: Status of Australian Aborigines, comparisons with India's tribals, theory and changing policies globally

Considers the relevance of A.K. Sen’s theory of entitlements to the situation facing indigenous tribal people, its relationship to institutionalism, and to theories of property rights. Changing world views about the resource entitlements that should be given to local communities are outlined concentrating on the views expressed by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These changing views have relevance for the resource entitlements of indigenous tribal communities and are reflected in differences in the policy approaches inherent in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the more recent Convention on Biological Diversity. The latter embodies the view that provision of greater resource entitlements to local communities can provide economic incentives for nature conservation. There is a case for Indigenous Australians to be given greater rights to market the natural produce from their lands. Despite progress with land rights, they are not entitled to market much of the natural produce from their land. The socioeconomic status of Australian Aborigines is outlined. Their standard of living and their life expectancy are low by world standards and in comparison to other Australians. This is partly a result of historical events that have restricted their rights. These events are outlined briefly. Views differ about the appropriate development paths for Indigenous Australians and these are assessed. Concern on environmental and economic grounds is expressed about the view that the economic development of Australian Aboriginal communities would be accelerated by replacing their communal land titles by private land titles and encouraging Western-style agriculture and commercial development of their lands. Some comparisons are also made with the situation of India’s Tribals.

Relatório do Perfil Temático na área da Conservação da Biodiversidade

A conservação e o desenvolvimento sustentável O desenvolvimento sustentável – Contexto histórico Uma viagem retrospectiva ao conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável conduz-nos, ate dois eventos marcantes da história: Maurice Strong, quem enquanto Secretario Geral da Conferencia de Stockholm, em 1972, introduziu o termo de eco-desenvolvimento. O termo desenvolvimento sustentável surge por primeira vez no “Relatório Bruntland” (1987), nele destacou-se tanto a necessidade de assegurar, mas também, as ligações existentes entre, um crescimento económico sustentável, a gestão apropriada dos recursos naturais (RN) e a equidade ao interior e, entre gerações. Desde aquela época o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável tem sido amplamente disseminado e utilizado. Entre os antecedentes e base histórica da teoria da Conservação e Desenvolvimento Sustentável temos, que em 1948, foi fundada a União Internacional para a Conservação da Naturaza, the World Conservation Union – IUCN. Em 1972, teve efeito a Conferencia Global Sobre Meio Ambiente Humano, com o lema: “ Uma Só Terra”, nesse contexto é criado o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente, PNUMA (UNEP). 1980-1990 pode ser definido como o período do desenvolvimento das ideais da conservação ao estatuto de Ciência. A década foi marcada com uma série de eventos e documentos resultantes, tais como: 1980: é apresentado ao mundo o documento histórico, sempre em actualidade, a Estratégia Mundial de Conservação (IUCN, UNEP, WWF, 1980) 1982: Teve efeito a Convenção sobre o Direito do Mar. 1984: no seio da Assembleia General das Nações Unidas é constituída a Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e desenvolvimento 1987: É apresentado o Informe Brundtland “ O Nosso Futuro Comum”, de donde chamamos a atenção para aspectos importantes tais como: • Define o conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (com as suas dimensões dimensiones económica, social e ambiental. • Assente a necessidade de uma nova ética de desenvolvimento em torno da equidade. • Alerta sobre a necessidade de mudanças nos padrões da produção e o consumo vigentes no momento. • Destaca a divida histórica dos países desenvolvidos. De remarcar o salto de qualidade atingido na abordagem e aplicação do conceito desenvolvimento sustentável que tivera efeito durante a Conferencia de Rio, em 1992, de onde podemos destacar: A Conferencia de Rio, resgata o conteúdo do informe Brundtland e, desenvolve aspectos importantes quando o Assinala a relação existente entre pobreza e meio ambiente, para logo estabelecer a ligação estratégica desses conceitos com o de desenvolvimento sustentável. o Marcando assim, em 1992, a transição a um novo sistema ambiental internacional o Propõe acordos concretos sobre novos princípios e conceitos éticos globais, e bases mais equitativas de cooperação. No campo prático, ao nível da cooperação, as preocupações da conservação mostram-se coerentemente ligadas ao desenvolvimento, educação e reforço das capacidades, através de iniciativa internacionais tais como as da UNESCO (1970). Onde ao estabelecimento do “Programa Homem e Biosfera” (MAB), lhe segue o estabelecimento da “REDE Mundial de Reservas de Biosfera” (RB), quatro dessas reservas estão localizadas em Africa Ocidental: a RB do Banco de Argin, na Mauritânia; a RB do Delta de Saloum, no Senegal; e a RB do Arquipélago dos Bijagós, na Guine Bissau, hoje em dia membros integrantes da Estratégia Regional de Áreas Protegidas da Africa Ocidental, iniciativa do Programa Regional de Conservação da Zona Costeira e o Meio Marinho – PRCM (2003). E da qual Cabo Verde é signatário.

Conservation Genetics of Exploited Finnish Salmonid Fishes

Genetic diversity is one of the levels of biodiversity that the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has recognized as being important to preserve. This is because genetic diversity is fundamental to the future evolution and to the adaptive flexibility of a species to respond to the inherently dynamic nature of the natural world. Therefore, the key to maintaining biodiversity and healthy ecosystems is to identify, monitor and maintain locally-adapted populations, along with their unique gene pools, upon which future adaptation depends. Thus, conservation genetics deals with the genetic factors that affect extinction risk and the genetic management regimes required to minimize the risk. The conservation of exploited species, such as salmonid fishes, is particularly challenging due to the conflicts between different interest groups. In this thesis, I conduct a series of conservation genetic studies on primarily Finnish populations of two salmonid fish species (European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and lake-run brown trout, Salmo trutta) which are popular recreational game fishes in Finland. The general aim of these studies was to apply and develop population genetic approaches to assist conservation and sustainable harvest of these populations. The approaches applied included: i) the characterization of population genetic structure at national and local scales; ii) the identification of management units and the prioritization of populations for conservation based on evolutionary forces shaping indigenous gene pools; iii) the detection of population declines and the testing of the assumptions underlying these tests; and iv) the evaluation of the contribution of natural populations to a mixed stock fishery. Based on microsatellite analyses, clear genetic structuring of exploited Finnish grayling and brown trout populations was detected at both national and local scales. Finnish grayling were clustered into three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to northern, Baltic and south-eastern geographic areas of Finland. The genetic differentiation among and within population groups of grayling ranged from moderate to high levels. Such strong genetic structuring combined with low genetic diversity strongly indicates that genetic drift plays a major role in the evolution of grayling populations. Further analyses of European grayling covering the majority of the species’ distribution range indicated a strong global footprint of population decline. Using a coalescent approach the beginning of population reduction was dated back to 1 000-10 000 years ago (ca. 200-2 000 generations). Forward simulations demonstrated that the bottleneck footprints measured using the M ratio can persist within small populations much longer than previously anticipated in the face of low levels of gene flow. In contrast to the M ratio, two alternative methods for genetic bottleneck detection identified recent bottlenecks in six grayling populations that warrant future monitoring. Consistent with the predominant role of random genetic drift, the effective population size (N_e) estimates of all grayling populations were very low with the majority of N_e estimates below 50. Taken together, highly structured local populations, limited gene flow and the small N_e of grayling populations indicates that grayling populations are vulnerable to overexploitation and, hence, monitoring and careful management using the precautionary principles is required not only in Finland but throughout Europe. Population genetic analyses of lake-run brown trout populations in the Inari basin (northernmost Finland) revealed hierarchical population structure where individual populations were clustered into three population groups largely corresponding to different geographic regions of the basin. Similar to my earlier work with European grayling, the genetic differentiation among and within population groups of lake-run brown trout was relatively high. Such strong differentiation indicated that the power to determine the relative contribution of populations in mixed fisheries should be relatively high. Consistent with these expectations, high accuracy and precision in mixed stock analysis (MSA) simulations were observed. Application of MSA to indigenous fish caught in the Inari basin identified altogether twelve populations that contributed significantly to mixed stock fisheries with the Ivalojoki river system being the major contributor (70%) to the total catch. When the contribution of wild trout populations to the fisheries was evaluated regionally, geographically nearby populations were the main contributors to the local catches. MSA also revealed a clear separation between the lower and upper reaches of Ivalojoki river system – in contrast to lower reaches of the Ivalojoki river that contributed considerably to the catch, populations from the upper reaches of the Ivalojoki river system (>140 km from the river mouth) did not contribute significantly to the fishery. This could be related to the available habitat size but also associated with a resident type life history and increased cost of migration. The studies in my thesis highlight the importance of dense sampling and wide population coverage at the scale being studied and also demonstrate the importance of critical evaluation of the underlying assumptions of the population genetic models and methods used. These results have important implications for conservation and sustainable fisheries management of Finnish populations of European grayling and brown trout in the Inari basin.

Kokonaiskuva maailmanlähetyksen suunnasta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Hematological profile of Chelonia mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) according to the severity of fibropapillomatosis or its absence

The green turtle Chelonia mydas feeds and nests in the Brazilian coastal area and is considered an endangered species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN 2009) and threatened by the Red List of Brazilian Fauna (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2009). Fibropapillomatosis is a disease characterized by benign skin tumors (fibropapillomas), and it is one of the main threats to the survival of this species. Studies suggest the involvement of viruses as infectious agents associated with environmental and genetic factors. Blood samples were collected from 45 turtles captured in the coastal area of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From these, 27 were affected by fibropapillomas and 18 were tumor free. Biometrical data on the turtles, size, location and quantity of tumors were recorded. The area occupied by fibropapillomas per animal was calculated and four groups were determined according to severity of the disease or its absence. The objective of the study was to compare hemogram results of the sea turtles classified in these four groups. The lowest hematocrit value was observed in severely affected animals. In the hemoglobin assay, the highest value was observed in the group of tumor free turtles and the lowest, in animals severely affected. Lymphocyte counts and curved carapace length were on the verge of statistical significance.