Arsenic uptake and speciation in the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa

Duckweeds are a common macrophyte in paddy and aquatic environments. Here, we investigated arsenic (As) accumulation, speciation and tolerance of the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa and its potential for As phytofiltration.

When grown with 1 mu M arsenate, W. globosa accumulated two to 10 times more As than four other duckweed or Azolla species tested. W. globosa was able to accumulate > 1000 mg As kg(-1) in frond dry weight (DW), and tolerate up to 400 mg As kg-1 DW. At the low concentration range, uptake rate was similar for arsenate and arsenite, but at the high concentration range, arsenite was taken up at a faster rate.

Arsenite was the predominant As species (c. 90% of the total extractable As) in both arsenate-and arsenite-exposed duckweed. W. globosa was more resistant to external arsenate than arsenite, but showed a similar degree of tolerance internally. W. globosa decreased arsenate in solution rapidly, but also effluxed arsenite.

Wolffia globosa is a strong As accumulator and an interesting model plant to study As uptake and metabolism because of the lack of a root-to-frond translocation

无根萍生物学特性研究

无根萍属（Wolffia ）隶属于浮萍科天南星目，是世界上最小的被子植物。该属植物繁殖速度快;易于培养;结构简单，只具有一个雄蕊和一个雌蕊;自然状态下通常为克隆繁殖，遗传结构高度一致，具备特定研究目的模式植物的特点，正在或已经成为一些实验室研究光合作用、生物反应器、毒理学、生态修复和环境监测等的重要模式生物材料;同时还被作为建造航天生活仓和地外生命支撑系统的首选植物。该属植物蛋白含量高且氨基酸组分平衡，营养价值可与大豆相媲美。但该属植物一直是分类学界的疑难类群，不同的学者对该属的分类处理比较混乱;其次，对该属的生物地理研究也很不够，尤其是对国产类群的研究;另外，W. globosa 作为该属中国分布的物种，其生理学特性和形态结构发育还缺乏研究。为此，本文通过mat K 基因测序、RAPD 标记等手段，结合野外和室内的长期观测，对其分类和中国的地理分布以及生理学特性进行了研究。针对浮萍科植物作为水生植物，其对重金属和芳香烃衍生物的耐受逆境能力大小，和对淡水水体环境生态的指示作用。本文研究了W. globosa 具解毒功能的谷胱甘肽转硫酶的活性;最后，探索了从黄鳝（Monpterus albus Zuiew ）中分离纯化GSTs 的技术与方法并对maGST 的部分特性进行了研究。主要研究结果如下： 1. Wolffia 系统分类学研究 前人认为，Wolffia 柱头的颜色是重要的分组、分种检索性状。我们对其长期、活体、原位、实时跟踪观测结果表明，柱头颜色是Wolffia 个体发育上的变化过程，不是一个稳定性状，用作Wolffia subgroup 内组的划分特征和种的鉴别特征是不适合的。在此基础上我们重新修定了该属的分种检索表。利用形态分类学性状——气孔、长/宽、高/宽以及最大宽度在水面上还是水面下等性状，认为中国分布的类群应是W. globosa，但亦有W. neglecta 存在的证据。mat K 基因片段结果支持形态学的结论。通过广泛的野外采集，在我国北京、河北和吉林发现Wolffia 的新分布。 2. 中国Wolffia 居群遗传学研究 以RAPD 分子标记对广泛分布的居群遗传多样性研究表明，无根萍属植物主要以无性繁殖方式繁育，居群主要由单一克隆后代组成，如海河流域以及松花江流域居群;但一些居群亦兼有性繁殖方式，并具较高的遗传多样性，如武汉、海南居群。利用MVSP, Popgene 和Ntsys 等分析方法探讨了中国产Wolffia 居群遗传多样性和地理分布格局间关系。 3. W. globosa 的生理学研究 建立了较为完善的W. globosa 的无菌培养和保存体系。W. globosa 在逆境中，会形成休眠体;同时，发现不同居群甚至不同克隆系之间其抗逆性和生长速度存在着显著差异，差异最大的如海南文昌居群的生长速率，是长春居群的4.19 倍;不同的时间统计生长周期存在着不同结果，生长节律每天有两个生长高峰呈双“S”型;W. globosa 的耐受温度范围和pH 范围广;低浓度的IAA，GA，6-BA， EDDHA-Fe 以及EDTA 等物质具有促进W. globosa 生长的特性;但是，所有这些处理均没能促使W. globosa 从营养生长转入生殖生长。 4. W. globosa 的解剖学研究 W. globosa 通常是进行克隆繁殖，通过组织切片发现无性分枝子体还未伸出母株之前就已经完成分化，与此同时分枝子体中又分化出新的子体，分枝呈聚伞状，子体生长方向彼此相对;另外，生殖生长结构的分化也是在母体中完成的;生殖生长点与营养生长点不是同一生长点。 5. 浮萍科植物的毒理学研究 以重金属Cr3+和芳香烃衍生物CDNB 溶液处理Wolffia，Spirodela 和Lemna， 三种水生生物，结果表明Wolffia 比Spirodela， Lemna 对重金属和芳香烃衍生物有更强的抗逆能力，如在同等条件下对于Cr3+Wolffia 的半致死剂量800GB(≈ 80mg/L)，而Spirodela 和Lemna 则分别为10mg/L;20mg/L;表明W. globosa 是一个优良的生态环境修复植物。与此同时，研究了W. globosa 中具有解毒功能的GSTs 粗酶液活力在不同浓度的重金属离子（Cu2+和Cd2+）以及芳香烃衍生物（CDNB 和NBD-Cl）随处理时间的变化情况。 6. 从水生生物黄鳝Monpterus albus Zuiew 中分离纯化GSTs 的研究GSTs 活性的变化是环境监测的一个Biomarker，为此研究从M. albus 中分离 纯化GSTs 的技术与方法。经GSH 亲和层析纯化的酶活力为粗酶液的207 倍，进而鉴定了maGST 的部分特性。SDS-PAGE 电泳和MALDI-TOF/MS 表明MaGST 为同源二聚体，分子量约为52kDa，单亚基分子量约为26 kDa。maGST 酶动力学表明对CDNB 为13.07 ± 0.37 微摩尔每分钟每毫克蛋白;对NBD-Cl 为5.54 ± 微摩尔每分钟每毫克蛋白;对ECA、4-NPA 几乎没有活性。在GSH 底物饱和，CDNB 的Km 值和Vmax 分别为0.32 mM 和16.19 微摩尔每分钟每毫克蛋白;CDNB 底物饱和，GSH 的Km 值和Vmax 分别为0.44 mM 和28.83 微摩尔每分钟每毫克蛋白。maGST 的酶活性pH 值较宽，温度范围广：在pH7.0-7.5 具有最大速度，在pH6.5 和pH8.5 时分别具有65%和72%的酶活力;在45℃时具有最大活性，30℃和55℃时为最大活力的80%，60℃几乎完全丧失酶活力。

Phytoremediation assessment of Gomphrena globosa and Zinnia elegans grown in arsenic-contaminated hydroponic conditions as a safe and feasible alternative to be applied in arsenic-contaminated soils of the Bengal Delta

Several agricultural fields show high contents of arsenic because of irrigation with arsenic- contaminated groundwater. Vegetables accumulate arse- nic in their edible parts when grown in contaminated soils. Polluted vegetables are one of the main sources of arsenic in the food chain, especially for people living in rural arsenic endemic villages of India and Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of floriculture in the crop rotation system of arsenic en- demic areas of the Bengal Delta. The effects of different arsenic concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg As L−1) and types of flowering plant (Gomphrena globosa and Zinnia elegans) on plant growth and arsenic accumula- tion were studied under hydroponic conditions. Total arsenic was quantified using atomic absorption spec- trometer with hydride generation (HG-AAS). Arsenic was mainly accumulated in the roots (72 %), followed by leaves (12 %), stems (10 %), and flowers (<1 %). The flowering plants studied did not show as high phytoremediation capacities as other wild species, suchas ferns. However, they behaved as arsenic tolerant plants and grew and bloomed well, without showing any phytotoxic signs. This study proves that floriculture could be included within the crop rotation system in arsenic-contaminated agricultural soils, in order to im- prove food safety and also food security by increasing farmer’s revenue.

Determinación de la actividad estabilizadora de microtúbulos de fracciones ricas en diterpenoides obtenidas mediante HPLC de extractos de hojas, tallos y corteza de Taxus globosa.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Química de Productos Naturales) UANL

Distribución potencial y análisis ecológico de taxus globosa en México = Potential distribution and ecological analysis of taxus globosa in México.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Recursos Naturales) UANL, 2011.

Evaluation of the biological control by the yeast Torulaspora globosa against Colletotrichum sublineolum in sorghum

The yeasts are microorganisms with great potential for biotechnological applications in diverse areas. The biological control of phytopathogens by yeasts has showed satisfactory results under laboratory conditions, and it has already produced commercial formulations. With this as focus, this work aims to perform in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the action of a Torulaspora globosa yeast strain (1S112), isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere, against the phytopathogenic mold Colletotrichum sublineolum, the causative agent of anthracnose in sorghum. In vitro experiments included the antagonism test in Petri dishes with morphological hyphal evaluation; yeast killer activity; siderophore, volatile compound and hydrolytic enzyme production. In vivo experiments were conducted in greenhouse conditions with a sorghum variety susceptible to C. sublineolum by evaluating the anthracnose disease for 6 weeks. The results indicated that the yeast strain significantly controlled the fungal growth, either in vitro or in vivo. The strain of T. globosa exhibited killer activity against two sensitive strains, which is a novel capacity for this species. The yeast did not produce siderophores, volatile compounds or hydrolytic enzymes, although it has reduced the mycelial growth, resulting in hyphal deformities but not cell death. The yeast controlled the anthracnose disease in sorghum, either inoculated before or after the fungal spores, suggesting that the competition for space and nutrients to dominate the mold and killer toxin production, altering the hyphal morphology, are mechanisms utilized by the yeast in the biocontrol.

Release of potassium from rock powder by the yeast Torulaspora globosa

The alteration of minerals in rocks and the availability of elements for plant nutrition require long periods of time, and microorganisms are thought to induce the release of potassium and phosphate from rocks. In this context, this work evaluates the role of the yeast Torulaspora globosa, isolated from the sugar cane rhizosphere, in the solubilization of potassium from alkaline ultramafic rock powder. The experiments were performed in liquid medium, with or without agitation, at 30°C with the following treatments: culture medium + alkaline ultramafic; culture medium + yeast suspension; and culture medium + yeast suspension + alkaline ultramafic. The results showed that as much as 38% of the total potassium in the rock was released in the medium with the yeast during a 15-day period of incubation. Acid production may be the mechanism by which the yeast solubilizes potassium because the total acidity increased during the sampling period. Agitation (which increased oxygen availability) resulted in approximately 20% more biosolubilization of the alkaline ultramafic rock than with the static culture. These data indicate the potential for this yeast in biosolubilization processes and biofertilizer production.

Seawater chemistry, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and growth rate of Phaeocystis globosa during experiments

Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) is an ecologically dominating phytoplankton species in many areas around the world. It plays an important role in both the global sulfur and carbon cycles, by the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and the drawdown of inorganic carbon. Phaeocystis globosa has a polymorphic life cycle and is considered to be a harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species. All these aspects make this an interesting species to study the effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, due to anthropogenic carbon emissions. Here, the combined effects of three different dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2(aq)) (low: 4 µmol/kg, intermediate: 6-10 µmol/kg and high CO2(aq): 21-24 µmol/kg) and two different light intensities (low light, suboptimal: 80 µmol photons/m**2/s and high light, light saturated: 240 µmol photons/m**2/s) are reported. The experiments demonstrated that the specific growth rate of P. globosa in the high light cultures decreased with increasing CO2(aq) from 1.4 to 1.1 /d in the low and high CO2 cultures, respectively. Concurrently, the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) increased with increasing CO2(aq) from 0.56 to 0.66. The different light conditions affected photosynthetic efficiency and cellular chlorophyll a concentrations, both of which were lower in the high light cultures as compared to the low light cultures. These results suggest that in future inorganic carbon enriched oceans, P. globosa will become less competitive and feedback mechanisms to global change may decrease in strength.

Extraction of betacyanins from Gomphrena globosa L. flowers: choosing na acid as adjuvant

Betalains are plant derived natural pigments that are presently gaining popularity for use as natural colorants in food industry. Although being betalains from red beetroot already used as food colorant (E- 162), these compounds are not as well studied as compared to other natural pigments such as anthocyanins, carotenoids or chlorophylls (I]. Since food additives are on the focus of public interest, it is becoming increasingly important to meet consumers' expectations for natural and healthy products. Hence, the search for new plant-derived colorants for the food industry is still necessary [2]. Betalains were originally called 'nitrogenous anthocyanins', which incorrectly implied structural similarities between the two pigment classes. There are two structurally different types of betalains: the yellow/orange betaxanthins which are the condensation products of betalamic acid and assorted amino compounds, and the red betacyanins which are formed by glycosylation and acylation of cyclo-DOPA [3]. Looking at the chemical structure of the pigment, the addition of an acid to the extraction solvent will increase the affinity of the pigment with the solvent. The aim of this study was to use Gomphrena globosa L. flowers, as an alternative plant source to obtain these pigments and to evaluate the best acid to be used within the extraction procedure. For that purpose three different acids (acetic, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, all ofthem allowed by the food industry), adjusted at the same pH, were tested during a maceration extraction procedure. After the extraction a purification through C18 column was performed in order to obtain a more concentrate extract in betacyanins. The results were analysed by HPLC-PDA-MSIESI. The betacyanin profile allowed the identification of gomphrenin IIJIII and isogomphrenin IIIIII and the best results were achieved by performing the extraction procedure using hydrochloric acid (6.6 mg/g extract), while phosphoric acid only presented trace amounts of these compounds. When acetic acid was used, the pigment extracted was 6.8 times less (0.97 mg/g extract) when compared to HCI. In conclusion hydrochloric acid can be considered the most suitable acid to be applied in the extraction procedure of these pigments.

Flowers of Gomphrena globosa L. as an alternatve source of betacyanins: optimization of the extraction using response surface methodology

Betacyanins are betalain pigments that display a red-violet colour which have been reported to be three times stronger than the red-violet dye produced by anthocyanins [1]. The applications of betacyanins cover a wide range of matrices, mainly as additives or ingredients in the food industry, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and livestock feed. Although, being less commonly used than anthocyanins and carotenoids, betacyanins are stable between pH 3 to 7 and suitable for colouring in low acid matrices. In addition, betacyanins have been reported to display interesting medicinal character as powerful antioxidant and chemopreventive compounds either in vitro or in vivo models [2]. Betacyanins are obtained mainly from the red beet of Beta vulgaris plant (between I 0 to 20 mg per I 00 g pulp) but alternative primary sources are needed [3]. In addition, independently of the source used, the effect of the variables that affect the extraction of betacyanins have not been properly described and quantified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identifY and optimize the conditions that maximize betacyanins extraction using the tepals of Gomphrena globosa L. flowers as an alternative source. Assisted by the statistical technique of response surface methodology, an experimental design was developed for testing the significant explanatory variables of the extraction (time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and ethanolwater ratio). The identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry with electron spray ionization (HPLC-PDAMS/ ESI) and the response was measured by the quantification of these compounds using HPLC-PDA. Afterwards, a response surface analysis was performed to evaluate the results. The major betacyanin compounds identified were gomphrenin 11 and Ill and isogomphrenin IJ and Ill. The highest total betacyanins content was obtained by using the following conditions: 45 min of extraction. time, 35•c, 35 g/L of solid-liquid ratio and 25% of ethanol. These values would not be found without optimizing the conditions of the betacyanins extraction, which moreover showed contrary trends to what it has been described in the scientific bibliography. More specifically, concerning the time and temperature variables, an increase of both values (from the common ones used in the bibliography) showed a considerable improvement on the betacyanins extraction yield without displaying any type of degradation patterns.

Gomphrena globosa L. como fonte alternativa de pigmentos naturais: caracterização de betacianidinas por HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS

A perceção, as opiniões e os desejos dos consumidores têm um enorme impacto na indústria alimentar. Na perceção visual, a cor torna-se um fator fundamental e, neste campo, os corantes alimentares assumem uma extrema importância. A cor pode ser considerada um dos atributos mais impressionantes dos géneros alimentícios, que influencia diretamente a preferência e a seleção dos consumidores[1]. Existem muitos corantes naturais utilizados na indústria alimentar, tais como carotenóides, antocianinas e betalaínas. As betalaínas incluem compostos com cores que vão do vermelho-violeta (betacianidinas) ao amarelo-laranja (betaxantinas). As betalaínas não têm sido tão extensamente estudadas como as antocianinas, mas possuem uma capacidade corante três-vezes maior. A única betalaína autorizada como corante natural deriva da beterraba(E-162)[2], mas existem outras fontes alternativas de betacianidinas ,como a que se apresenta neste trabalho: Gomphrenaglobosa L., vulgarmente designada por perpétua roxa.

Australian gall-inducing scale insects on Eucalyptus: revision of Opisthoscelis Schrader (Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) and descriptions of a new genus and nine new species.

We revise the genus Opisthoscelis Schrader, and erect the genus Tanyscelis gen. n. with Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt as its type species. Species of both genera induce sexually dimorphic galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Australia, with Opisthoscelis subrotunda Schrader also in Papua New Guinea. We synonymise the following taxa (junior synonym with senior synonym): Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt; Opisthoscelis recurva Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt; Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt, syn. n. (=Opisthoscelis ruebsaameni Lindinger) with Opisthoscelis convexa Froggatt; and Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt. We transfer seven Opisthoscelis species to Tanyscelis as Tanyscelis conica (Fuller), comb. n., Tanyscelis convexa (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis maculata (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis maskelli (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis pisiformis (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis spinosa (Froggatt), comb. n., and Tanyscelis verrucula (Froggatt), comb. n. We redescribe and illustrate the adult female of each named species of Opisthoscelis for which the type material is known, as well as the first-instar nymph of the type species of Opisthoscelis (Opisthoscelis subrotunda) and Tanyscelis (Opisthoscelis pisiformis). We describe four new species of Opisthoscelis: Opisthoscelis beardsleyi Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Opisthoscelis thurgoona Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Opisthoscelis tuberculata Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., and Opisthoscelis ungulifinis Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., and five new species of Tanyscelis: Tanyscelis grallator Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanuscelis megagibba Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanyscelis mollicornuta Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanyscelis tripocula Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., and Tanyscelis villosigibba Hardy & Gullan, sp. n. We designate lectotypes for Opisthoscelis convexa, Opisthoscelis fibularis, Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt, Opisthoscelis maculata, Opisthoscelismammularis, Opisthoscelis maskelli, Opisthoscelis pisiformis, Opisthoscelis recurva, Opisthoscelis serrata, Opisthoscelis spinosa, and Opisthoscelis verrucula. As a result of our taxonomic revision, Opisthoscelis has six species and Tanyscelis has 12 species. We describe the galls of females for all 18 species and galls of males for 10 species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis, and provide photographs of the galls for most species. A key to the adult females of the species of both genera is included.