Generation of a 3D proximal femur shape from a single projection 2D radiographic image.

Summary Generalized Procrustes analysis and thin plate splines were employed to create an average 3D shape template of the proximal femur that was warped to the size and shape of a single 2D radiographic image of a subject. Mean absolute depth errors are comparable with previous approaches utilising multiple 2D input projections. Introduction Several approaches have been adopted to derive volumetric density (g cm-3) from a conventional 2D representation of areal bone mineral density (BMD, g cm-2). Such approaches have generally aimed at deriving an average depth across the areal projection rather than creating a formal 3D shape of the bone. Methods Generalized Procrustes analysis and thin plate splines were employed to create an average 3D shape template of the proximal femur that was subsequently warped to suit the size and shape of a single 2D radiographic image of a subject. CT scans of excised human femora, 18 and 24 scanned at pixel resolutions of 1.08 mm and 0.674 mm, respectively, were equally split into training (created 3D shape template) and test cohorts. Results The mean absolute depth errors of 3.4 mm and 1.73 mm, respectively, for the two CT pixel sizes are comparable with previous approaches based upon multiple 2D input projections. Conclusions This technique has the potential to derive volumetric density from BMD and to facilitate 3D finite element analysis for prediction of the mechanical integrity of the proximal femur. It may further be applied to other anatomical bone sites such as the distal radius and lumbar spine.

Defeitos do tubo neural causam alterações estruturais no ureter? Estudo em fetos humanos

Anencefalia é o defeito do tubo neural mais severo. A morfologia do ureter de fetos anencéfalos é desconhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a estrutura do ureter de fetos humanos normais e anencéfalos (FHA). Nós estudamos 16 ureteres de 8 fetos sem anomalias congênitas (4 masculinos e 4 femininos) com idades entre 16 e 27 semanas pós concepção (SPC) e 14 ureteres de 7 FHA (4 masculinos e 3 femininos) com idades entre 19 e 33 SPC. Os ureteres foram dissecados e emblocados em parafina. Foram feitos cortes com 5 m e depois corados com Tricrômico de Masson, para quantificação das células de músculo liso (CML) e determinação da área da a luz do ureter, espessura e diâmetro. As amostras também foram coradas com Resorcina Fucsina de Weigert ( para observação das fibras elásticas) e Vermelho de Picro Sirius com polarização e análise imunohistoquímica das fibras do colágeno tipo III. Os dados da quantificação do músculo foram expressos em densidade volumétrica (Vv-%). As imagens foram capturadas com microscópio Olympus BX51 e câmera Olympus DP70. A análise morfológica da área do lúmen, espessura e diâmetro foram feitas usando o software Image J. As médias foram comparadas usando o teste t não pareado (p<0.05). O epitélio do ureter estava bem preservado em ambos os grupos, e não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não observamos fibras do sistema elástico em qualquer ureter analisados. Concentração de músculo liso (Vv) não diferiram significativamente (p = 0,4413) em FHA (12% 1,628) e grupo controle (13,51% 0,9231). A área de luz ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0341) em FHA (6365μm 1,282), quando comparado ao grupo controle (20,170 5,480 mM). O diâmetro ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0294) em FHA (166.7μm 10,99) quando comparado ao grupo controle (240 26,6 mM). A espessura ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0448) em FHA (30.57μm 2,034), quando comparado ao grupo controle (7,453 47.49μm). Colágeno tipo III foi observado em maior quantidade nos ureteres da FHA. Alterações estruturais ureterais nos fetos anencéfalos foram significativas em nosso estudo. O ureter de fetos com anencefalia mostraram mais concentração de colágeno tipo III, menor diâmetro, área e espessura. Nervos ureterais em FHA podem ser modificados devido a lesão cerebral com consequente dano no controle dos nervos ureterais. Isto pode levar a alterações estruturais no ureter de fetos anencéfalos.

Avaliação da morfologia testicular e dos parâmetros espermáticos em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e tratados com enalapril

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública, geralmente associada a outras doenças, como obesidade, diabetes, doença renal, aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e identificado como um dos fatores de risco mais prevalentes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Orgãos-alvo, como coração, rins, cérebro e olhos, são comumente afetados em pacientes hipertensos. No entanto, o dano testicular causado pela hipertensão não foi claramente definido. A hipertensão é um fator de risco bem estabelecido para a disfunção erétil, mas sua relação com o dano testicular e a fertilidade masculina não é claramente compreendida. Este estudo avalia a morfologia testicular e alguns parâmetros espermáticos de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), virgem de tratamento e tratados com enalapril. Ratos SHR foram distribuídos em dois grupos, um grupo hipertenso (H), e um grupo tratado com enalapril (HE). Ratos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) foram utilizados como controles. A pressão arterial sistólica foi medida semanalmente, até o final do experimento. A concentração de espermatozóides, motilidade e viabilidade foram determinadas em amostras coletadas da cauda do epidídimo. Métodos estereológicos foram usados para analisar objetivamente a morfologia testicular macroscopicamente e microscopicamente. Todos os dados foram analisados por ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey, considerando p <0,05. Ao final do experimento a pressão arterial sistólica no grupo HE (153,9 mmHg 21,03 ) foi semelhante a dos animais pertencentes ao grupo WKY (153,4 24,41) e menor que a dos animais H (205,1 24,9). A concentração espermática do grupo H (1,31 x 107 sptz/ml 0,27) foi inferior à do grupo WKY (2,11 x 107 sptz/ml 0,34), entretanto o controle da pressão arterial com o enalapril melhorou este parâmetro e a concentração espermática do grupo HE (2,46 x 107 sptz/ml 0,54) foi semelhante a do WKY. A densidade volumétrica vascular também foi alterada no grupo de hipertensos, enquanto que os animais do grupo HE foram semelhantes aos controles. O epitélio seminífero dos animais HE apresentou a maior densidade volumétrica, indicando um possível efeito protetor indireto do enalapril na espermatogênese. Neste modelo animal, a HAS promoveu alterações morfológicas no testículo, com conseqüências sobre a produção de espermatozóides. O controle da pressão arterial com o enalapril protegeu o testículo destas alterações, restabelecendo a produção normal dos espermatozóides.

Compósito Polimérico Híbrido: Comportamento Mecãnico, Descotinuidade Geométrica e Resistência Residual

The growing demand in the use of hybrid composite materials makes it essential a better understanding of their behavior face of various design conditions, such as the presence of geometric discontinuities in the cross section of structural elements. This way, the purpose of this dissertation is a study of the mechanical response (strength and stiffness), modes (characteristics) of fracture and Residual Strength of an hybrid polymeric composite with and without a geometric discontinuity in its longitudinal section (with a reduction in the cross section) loaded by uniaxial tension. This geometric discontinuity is characterized by central holes of different diameters. The hybrid composite was fabricated as laminate (plate) and consisting of ortho-tereftalic polyester matrix reinforced by 04 outer layers of Jute fibers bidirectional fabrics and 01 central layer of E-glass bidirectional fabric. The laminate was industrially manufactured (Tecniplas Nordeste Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), obtained by the hand lay-up technique. Initially, a study of the volumetric density of the laminate was made in order to verify its use in lightweight structures. Also were performed comparative studies on the mechanical properties and fracture modes under the conditions of the specimens without the central hole and with the different holes. For evaluating the possible influence of the holes in the structural stability of the laminate, the Residual Strength of the composite was determined for each case of variation in hole diameter. As a complementary study, analyses of the macroscopic final fracture characteristic of the laminates were developed. The presence of the central hole of any sizes, negatively changed the ultimate tensile strength. Regarding the elastic modulus, moreover, the difference found between the specimens was within the range of tests displacement, showing the laminate stability related to the stiffness

Intravesical oxybutynin protects the vesical wall against functional and smooth muscle changes in rabbits with detrusor overactivity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

High-yield direct synthesis of Mg 2FeH 6 from the elements by reactive milling

Magnesium complex hydrides as Mg 2FeH 6 are interesting phases for hydrogen storage in the solid state, mainly due to its high gravimetric and volumetric densities of H2. However, the synthesis of this hydride is not trivial because the intermetallic phase Mg2Fe does not exist and Mg and Fe are virtually immiscible under equilibrium conditions. In this study, we have systematically studied the influence of the most important processing parameters in reactive milling under hydrogen (RM) for Mg 2FeH 6 synthesis: milling time, ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR), hydrogen pressure and type of mill. Low cost 2Mg-Fe mixtures were used as raw materials. An important control of the Mg 2FeH 6 direct synthesis by RM was attained. In optimized combinations of the processing parameters, very high proportions of the complex hydride could be obtained. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.

Carcaterísticas do dossel forrageiro e comportamento ingestivo de fêmeas da raça Holandesa em lotação rotacionada de pastos de capim-Marandu sob intensidades de pastejo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação do efeito da Sinvastatina em ratos submetidos a periodontite experimental e imunossuprimidos por Ciclosporina-A e Tacrolimus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Characterisation of young stellar clusters

Aims. Several embedded clusters are found in the Galaxy. Depending on the formation scenario, most of them can evolve to unbounded groups that are dissolved within 10 Myr to 20 Myr. A systematic study of young stellar clusters that show distinct characteristics provides interesting information on the evolutionary phases during the pre-main sequence. To identify and to understand these phases we performed a comparative study of 21 young stellar clusters. Methods. Near-infrared data from 2MASS were used to determine the structural and fundamental parameters based on surface stellar density maps, radial density profile, and colour-magnitude diagrams. The cluster members were selected according to their membership probability, which is based on the statistical comparison with the cluster proper motion. Additional members were selected on the basis of a decontamination procedure that was adopted to distinguish field stars found in the direction of the cluster area. Results. We obtained age and mass distributions by comparing pre-main sequence models with the position of cluster members in the colour-magnitude diagram. The mean age of our sample is similar to 5 Myr, where 57% of the objects is found in the 4-10 Myr range of age, while 43% is <4 Myr old. Their low E(B - V) indicate that the members are not suffering high extinction (AV <1 mag), which means they are more likely young stellar groups than embedded clusters. Relations between structural and fundamental parameters were used to verify differences and similarities that could be found among the clusters. The parameters of most of the objects show the same trends or correlations. Comparisons with other young clusters show similar relations among mass, radius, and density. Our sample tends to have larger radius and lower volumetric density than embedded clusters. These differences are compatible with the mean age of our sample, which we consider intermediate between the embedded and the exposed phases of the stellar clusters evolution.

Infracommunity structure of parasites of Hemigymnus melapterus (Pisces : Labridae) from Lizard Island, Australia: The importance of habitat and parasite body size

This Study describes the community of all metazoan parasites from 14 individuals of thicklip wrasse, Hemigymnus melapterus, from Lizard Island, Australia. All fish were parasitized, and 4,649 parasite individuals were found. Twenty-six parasite species were identified although only 6 species were abundant and prevalent: gnathiid isopods, the copepod Hatschekia hemigymni, the digenean Callohelmis pichelinae, and 3 morphotypes of tetraphyllidean cestode larvae. We analyzed whether the body size and microhabitat of the parasites and size of the host affected understanding of the structure of the parasite community. We related the abundance, biovolume, and density of parasites with the host body size and analyzed the abundances and volumetric densities of some parasite species within microhabitats. Although the 2 most abundant species comprised 75% of all parasite individuals, 4 species, each in similar proportion, comprised 85% of the total biovolume. Although larger host individuals had higher richness, abundance, and biovolume of parasites than smaller individuals, overall parasite volumetric density actually decreased with the host body size. Moreover. parasites exhibited abundances and densities significantly different among microhabitats; some parasite species depended on the area available, whereas others selected a specific microhabitat. Parasite and habitat size exhibited interesting relationships that should be considered more frequently. Considerations of these parameters improve understanding of parasite community structure and how the parasites use their habitats.

Comparative structural-vibrational study of nano-urchin and nanorods of vanadium oxide

We present a comparative structural–vibrational study of nanostructured systems of V2O5: nano-urchin (VONURs) which are spherical structures composed of a radially oriented array of VOx nanotubes (VOx-NTs) with a volumetric density of ∼40 sr–1, and vanadium oxide nanorods (VOx-NRDs) with an average length of ∼100 nm. The Raman scattering spectrum of the nano-urchin exhibits a band at 1014 cm–1 related to the distorted gamma conformation of the vanadium pentoxide (γ-V5+). The infrared vibrational spectra of the nanorods sample also exhibit a distorted laminar V2O5 structure with evidence observed for quadravalent V4+ species at 921 cm–1.

Volumetric and areal bone mineral density measures are associated with cardiovascular disease in older men and women: The health, aging, and body composition study

The associations of volumetric (vBMD) and areal (aBMD) bone mineral density measures with prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and subclinical peripheral arterial disease (PAD) were investigated in a cohort of older men and women enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Participants were 3,075 well-functioning white and black men and women (42% black, 51% women), aged 68-80 years. Total hip, femoral neck, and trochanter aBMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quantitative computed tomography was used to evaluate spine trabecular, integral, and cortical vBMD measures in a subgroup (n = 1,489). Logistic regression was performed to examine associations of BMD measures with CVD and PAD. The prevalence of CVD (defined by coronary heart disease, PAD, cerebrovascular disease, or congestive heart failure) was 29.8%. Among participants without CVD, 10% had subclinical PAD (defined as ankle-arm index < 0.9). Spine vBMD measures were inversely associated with CVD in men (odds ratio of integral [ORintegral] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.63; ORtrabecular = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.53; ORcortical = 1.36, 95% CI 1.11-1.65). In women, for each standard deviation decrease in integral vBMD, cortical vBMD, or trochanter aBMD, the odds of CVD were significantly increased by 28%, 27%, and 22%, respectively. Total hip aBMD was associated with subclinical PAD in men (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.03-1.84) but not in women. All associations were independent of age and shared risk factors between BMD and CVD and were not influenced by inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factors-alpha). In conclusion, our results provide further evidence for an inverse association between BMD and CVD in men and women. Future research should investigate common pathophysiological links for osteoporosis and CVD.