Investigating the neural substrates mediating visuomotor adaptation : from beginner to expert

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Effet de la maladie de Parkinson et de la médication dopaminergique sur les mécanismes de traitement et d'intégration sensorielle et l'adaptation visuomotrice

L’intégrité de notre système sensorimoteur est essentielle aux interactions adéquates avec notre environnement. Dans la maladie de Parkinson (MP), l’efficacité des interactions quotidiennes entre le corps et l’environnement est fréquemment réduite et diminue la qualité de vie. La MP est une maladie neurodégénérative résultant prioritairement d’une perte neuronale dopaminergique dans les ganglions de la base (GB). Cette dégénérescence altère le fonctionnement normal de la circuiterie associant les GB au cortex cérébral. L’administration de médications dopaminergiques permet d’améliorer les principaux symptômes cliniques moteurs de la MP. Cette thèse porte sur les rôles des GB dans les processus de traitement et d’intégration des informations sensorielles visuelle et proprioceptive et dans les mécanismes d’adaptation visuomotrice. Elle s’intéresse également à l’influence de la médication dopaminergique sur ces fonctions sensorimotrices. Nous avons réalisé trois études comportementales, utilisant l’atteinte manuelle tridimensionnelle comme modèle expérimental. Dans chacune de ces études, nous avons comparé la performance de personnes âgées en santé à celle de personnes souffrant de la MP avec et sans leur médication antiparkinsonienne quotidienne. Ces trois études ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un système d’analyse de mouvement et une station de réalité virtuelle. Dans la première étude, nous avons évalué si les GB sont prioritairement impliqués dans l’intégration sensorimotrice ou le traitement des informations proprioceptives. Pour se faire, nous avons testé la capacité des patients MP à effectuer des atteintes manuelles tridimensionnelles précises dans quatre conditions variant la nature des informations sensorielles (visuelles et/ou proprioceptives) définissant la position de la main et de la cible. Les patients MP ont effectué, en moyenne, de plus grandes erreurs spatiales que les personnes en santé uniquement lorsque les informations proprioceptives étaient la seule source d’information sensorielle disponible. De plus, ces imprécisions spatiales étaient significativement plus grandes que celles des personnes en santé, seulement lorsque les patients étaient testés dans la condition médicamentée. La deuxième étude présentée dans cette thèse a permis de démontrer que les imprécisions spatiales des patients MP dans les conditions proprioceptives étaient le résultat de déficits dans l’utilisation en temps réel des informations proprioceptives pour guider les mouvements. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons évalué si les GB sont prioritairement impliqués dans les mécanismes d’adaptation visuomotrice explicite ou implicite. Pour se faire, nous avons testé les capacités adaptatives des patients MP dans deux tâches variant le décours temporel de l’application d’une perturbation visuomotrice tridimensionnelle. Dans la tâche explicite, la perturbation était introduite soudainement, produisant de grandes erreurs détectées consciemment. Dans la condition implicite, la perturbation était introduite graduellement ce qui engendrait de petites erreurs non détectables. Les résultats montrent que les patients MP dans les conditions médicamentée et non médicamentée présentent des déficits adaptatifs uniquement dans la tâche explicite. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats expérimentaux présentés dans cette thèse montrent que la médication dopaminergique n’améliore pas le traitement des afférences proprioceptives et l’adaptation visuomotrice des personnes souffrant de la MP. Ces observations suggèrent que les dysfonctions dans les circuits dopaminergiques dans les GB ne sont pas les seules responsables des déficits observés dans ces fonctions sensorimotrices.

Facteurs influençant la consolidation et l’apprentissage d’une habileté motrice chez l’humain

La pratique physique a longtemps été perçue comme le déterminant premier de l’apprentissage du mouvement. Souvent exprimée par l’expression « Vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage», cette idée se base sur l’observation qu’une grande quantité de pratique est nécessaire pour maîtriser un geste technique complexe. Bien que l’importance de la pratique physique pour l’apprentissage du mouvement demeure indéniable, il a récemment été démontré que les changements neurobiologiques qui constituent les bases de la mémoire prennent place après la pratique. Ces changements, regroupés sous le terme « consolidation », sont essentiels à la mise en mémoire des habiletés motrices. L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir les processus de consolidation en identifiant certains facteurs qui influencent la consolidation d’une habileté motrice. À l’aide d’une tâche d’adaptation visuomotrice comportant deux niveaux de difficulté, nous avons démontré qu’une bonne performance doit être atteinte au cours de la séance de pratique pour enclencher certains processus de consolidation. De plus, nos résultats indiquent que l’évaluation subjective que l’apprenant fait de sa propre performance peut moduler la consolidation. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’apprentissage par observation peut enclencher certains processus de consolidation, indiquant que la consolidation n’est pas exclusive à la pratique physique. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats des études expérimentales présentées dans cette thèse montrent que la consolidation regroupe plusieurs processus distincts jouant chacun un rôle important pour l’apprentissage du mouvement. Les éducateurs physiques, les entraineurs sportifs et les spécialistes de la réadaptation physique devraient donc planifier des entrainements favorisant non seulement l’acquisition de gestes moteurs mais également leur consolidation.

Dual adaptation to two opposing visuomotor rotations when each is associated with different regions of workspace

Studies examining dual adaptation to opposing novel environments have yielded contradictory results, with previous evidence supporting both successful dual adaptation and interference leading to poorer adaptive performance. Whether or not interference is observed during dual adaptation appears to be dependent on the method used to allow the performer of the task to distinguish between two novel environments. This experiment tested if colour cues, a separation in workspace, and presentation schedule, could be used to distinguish between two opposing visuomotor rotations and enable dual adaptation. Through the use of a purpose designed manipulandum, each visuomotor rotation was either presented in the same region of workspace and associated with colour cues (Group 1), different regions of workspace in addition to colour cues (Groups 2 and 3) or different regions of workspace only (Groups 4 and 5). We also assessed the effectiveness of the workspace separation with both randomised and alternating presentation schedules (Groups 4 and 5). The results indicated that colour cues were not effective at enabling dual adaptation when each of the visuomotor rotations was associated with the same region of workspace. When associated with different regions of workspace, however, dual adaptation to the opposing rotations was successful regardless of whether colour cues were present or the type of presentation schedule.

Adaptation de la phase de planification et d’initiation du mouvement d’atteinte visuellement guidé à différentes dissociations visuomotrices.

L’hypothèse générale de ce projet soutient que le système moteur doit performer des transformations sensorimotrices afin de convertir les entrées sensorielles, concernant la position de la cible à atteindre, en commande motrice, afin de produire un mouvement du bras et de la main vers la cible à atteindre. Ce type de conversion doit être fait autant au niveau de la planification du mouvement que pour une éventuelle correction d’erreur de planification ou d’un changement inopiné de la position de la cible. La question de recherche du présent mémoire porte sur le ou les mécanismes, circuits neuronaux, impliqués dans ce type de transformation. Y a-t-il un seul circuit neuronal qui produit l’ensemble des transformations visuomotrices entre les entrées sensorielles et les sorties motrices, avant l’initiation du mouvement et la correction en temps réel du mouvement, lorsqu’une erreur ou un changement inattendu survient suite à l’initiation, ou sont-ils minimalement partiellement indépendants sur le plan fonctionnel? L’hypothèse de travail suppose qu’il n’y ait qu’un seul circuit responsable des transformations sensorimotrices, alors l’analyse des résultats obtenus par les participants devrait démontrer des changements identiques dans la performance pendant la phase de planification du mouvement d’atteinte et la phase de correction en temps réel après l’adaptation à des dissociations sensorimotrices arbitraires. L’approche expérimentale : Dans la perspective d’examiner cette question et vérifier notre hypothèse, nous avons jumelé deux paradigmes expérimentaux. En effet, les mouvements d’atteinte étaient soumis à une dissociation visuomotrice ainsi qu’à de rares essais composés de saut de cible. L’utilisation de dissociation visuomotrice permettait d’évaluer le degré d’adaptation des mécanismes impliqués dans le mouvement atteint. Les sauts de cible avaient l’avantage de permettre d’examiner la capacité d’adaptation à une dissociation visuomotrice des mécanismes impliqués dans la correction du mouvement (miroir : sur l’axe y, ou complète : inversion sur les axes x et y). Les résultats obtenus lors des analyses effectuées dans ce mémoire portent exclusivement sur l’habileté des participants à s’adapter aux deux dissociations visuomotrices à la première phase de planification du mouvement. Les résultats suggèrent que les mécanismes de planification du mouvement possèdent une grande capacité d’adaptation aux deux différentes dissociations visuomotrices. Les conclusions liées aux analyses présentées dans ce mémoire suggèrent que les mécanismes impliqués dans la phase de planification et d’initiation du mouvement parviennent relativement bien à s’adapter aux dissociations visuomotrices, miroir et inverse. Bien que les résultats démontrent une certaine distinction, entre les deux groupes à l’étude, quant aux délais nécessaires à cette adaptation, ils illustrent aussi un taux d’adaptation finale relativement similaire. L’analyse des réponses aux sauts de cible pourra être comparée aux résultats présentés dans ce mémoire afin de répondre à l’hypothèse de travail proposée par l’objectif initial de l’étude.

Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da escala Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) para o português no Brasil = : Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) into Brazilian Portuguese

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Health Related Quality of Life Assessment questionnaire for children aged 5 to 11 years with HIV/AIDS: cross-cultural adaptation for the Portuguese language

The objective of this study is to describe preliminary results from the cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire, used to measure health related quality of life (HRQL) in Brazilian children aged between 5 and 11 with HIV/AIDS. The cross-cultural model evaluated the Concept, Item, Semantic and Measurement Equivalences (internal consistency and intra-observer reliability). Evaluation of the conceptual, item, semantic equivalences showed that the Portuguese version is pertinent for the Brazilian context. Four of seven domains showed internal consistency above 0.70 (α: 0.76-0.90) and five of seven revealed intra-observer reliability (ricc: 0.41-0.70). This first Portuguese version of the HRQL questionnaire can be understood as a valuable tool for assessing children's HRQL, but further studies with large samples and more robust analyses are recommended before use in the Brazilian context.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and reliability of the Body Area Scale for Brazilian adolescents

The aim of this study was to translate, validate and verify the reliability of the Body Area Scale (BAS). Participants were 386 teenagers, enrolled in a private school. Translation into Portuguese was conducted. The instrument was evaluated for internal consistency and construct validation analysis. Reproducibility was evaluated using the Wilcoxon test and the coefficient of interclass correlation. The BAS demonstrated good values for internal consistency (0.90 and 0.88) and was able to discriminate boys and girls according to nutritional state (p = 0.020 and p = 0.026, respectively). BAS scores correlated with adolescents' BMI (r = 0.14, p = 0.055; r = 0.23, p = 0.001) and WC (r =0.13, p = 0.083; r = 0.22, 0.002). Reliability was confirmed by the coefficient of inter-class correlation (0.35, p < 0.001; 0.60, p < 0.001) for boys and girls, respectively. The instrument performed well in terms of understanding and time of completion. BAS was successfully translated into Portuguese and presented good validity when applied to adolescents.

Change and Aging Senescence as an Adaptation

Understanding why we age is a long-lived open problem in evolutionary biology. Aging is prejudicial to the individual, and evolutionary forces should prevent it, but many species show signs of senescence as individuals age. Here, I will propose a model for aging based on assumptions that are compatible with evolutionary theory: i) competition is between individuals; ii) there is some degree of locality, so quite often competition will be between parents and their progeny; iii) optimal conditions are not stationary, and mutation helps each species to keep competitive. When conditions change, a senescent species can drive immortal competitors to extinction. This counter-intuitive result arises from the pruning caused by the death of elder individuals. When there is change and mutation, each generation is slightly better adapted to the new conditions, but some older individuals survive by chance. Senescence can eliminate those from the genetic pool. Even though individual selection forces can sometimes win over group selection ones, it is not exactly the individual that is selected but its lineage. While senescence damages the individuals and has an evolutionary cost, it has a benefit of its own. It allows each lineage to adapt faster to changing conditions. We age because the world changes.

New genes of Xanthomonas citri subsp citri involved in pathogenesis and adaptation revealed by a transposon-based mutant library

Background: Citrus canker is a disease caused by the phytopathogens Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolli and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. The first of the three species, which causes citrus bacterial canker type A, is the most widely spread and severe, attacking all citrus species. In Brazil, this species is the most important, being found in practically all areas where citrus canker has been detected. Like most phytobacterioses, there is no efficient way to control citrus canker. Considering the importance of the disease worldwide, investigation is needed to accurately detect which genes are related to the pathogen-host adaptation process and which are associated with pathogenesis. Results: Through transposon insertion mutagenesis, 10,000 mutants of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 (Xcc) were obtained, and 3,300 were inoculated in Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) leaves. Their ability to cause citrus canker was analyzed every 3 days until 21 days after inoculation; a set of 44 mutants showed altered virulence, with 8 presenting a complete loss of causing citrus canker symptoms. Sequencing of the insertion site in all 44 mutants revealed that 35 different ORFs were hit, since some ORFs were hit in more than one mutant, with mutants for the same ORF presenting the same phenotype. An analysis of these ORFs showed that some encoded genes were previously known as related to pathogenicity in phytobacteria and, more interestingly, revealed new genes never implicated with Xanthomonas pathogenicity before, including hypothetical ORFs. Among the 8 mutants with no canker symptoms are the hrpB4 and hrpX genes, two genes that belong to type III secretion system (TTSS), two hypothetical ORFS and, surprisingly, the htrA gene, a gene reported as involved with the virulence process in animal-pathogenic bacteria but not described as involved in phytobacteria virulence. Nucleic acid hybridization using labeled cDNA probes showed that some of the mutated genes are differentially expressed when the bacterium is grown in citrus leaves. Finally, comparative genomic analysis revealed that 5 mutated ORFs are in new putative pathogenicity islands. Conclusion: The identification of these new genes related with Xcc infection and virulence is a great step towards the understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and could allow the development of strategies to control citrus canker.

Intercepting moving targets: does memory from practice in a specific condition of target displacement affect movement timing?

This investigation aimed at assessing the extent to which memory from practice in a specific condition of target displacement modulates temporal errors and movement timing of interceptive movements. We compared two groups practicing with certainty of future target velocity either in unchanged target velocity or in target velocity decrease. Following practice, both experimental groups were probed in the situations of unchanged target velocity and target velocity decrease either under the context of certainty or uncertainty about target velocity. Results from practice showed similar improvement of temporal accuracy between groups, revealing that target velocity decrease did not disturb temporal movement organization when fully predictable. Analysis of temporal errors in the probing trials indicated that both groups had higher timing accuracy in velocity decrease in comparison with unchanged velocity. Effect of practice was detected by increased temporal accuracy of the velocity decrease group in situations of decreased velocity; a trend consistent with the expected effect of practice was observed for temporal errors in the unchanged velocity group and in movement initiation at a descriptive level. An additional point of theoretical interest was the fast adaptation in both groups to a target velocity pattern different from that practiced. These points are discussed under the perspective of integration of vision and motor control by means of an internal forward model of external motion.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms and adaptation of parasympathetic modulation to exercise training

SILVA, B. M., F. J. NEVES, M. V. NEGRÃO, C. R. ALVES, R. G. DIAS, G. B. ALVES, A. C. PEREIRA, M. Urbana A. RONDON, J. E. KRIEGER, C. E. NEGRÃO, and A. C. DA NOBREGA. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Adaptation of Parasympathetic Modulation to Exercise Training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 1611-1618, 2011. Purpose: There is a large interindividual variation in the parasympathetic adaptation induced by aerobic exercise training, which may be partially attributed to genetic polymorphisms. Therefore, we investigated the association among three polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide gene (-786T>C, 4b4a, and 894G>T), analyzed individually and as haplotypes, and the parasympathetic adaptation induced by exercise training. Methods: Eighty healthy males, age 20-35 yr, were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and haplotypes were inferred using the software PHASE 2.1. Autonomic modulation (i.e., HR variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity) and peak oxygen consumption ((V) over dotO(2peak)) were measured before and after training (running, moderate to severe intensity, three times per week, 60 min.day(-1), during 18 wk). Results: Training increased (V) over dotO(2peak) (P < 0.05) and decreased mean arterial pressure (P < 0.05) in the whole sample. Subjects with the -786C polymorphic allele had a significant reduction in baroreflex sensitivity after training (change: wild type (-786TT) = 2% +/- 89% vs polymorphic (-786TC/CC) = -28% +/- 60%, median +/- quartile range, P = 0.03), and parasympathetic modulation was marginally reduced in subjects with the 894T polymorphic allele (change: wild type (894GG) = 8% +/- 67% vs polymorphic (894GT/TT) = -18% +/- 59%, median +/- quartile range, P = 0.06). Furthermore, parasympathetic modulation percent change was different between the haplotypes containing wild-type alleles(-786T/4b/894G) and polymorphic alleles at positions -786 and 894 (-786C/4b/894T) (-6% +/- 56% vs -41% +/- 50%, median T quartile range, P = 0.04). Conclusions: The polymorphic allele at position -786 and the haplotype containing polymorphic alleles at positions -786 and 894 in the endothelial nitric oxide gene were associated with decreased parasympathetic modulation after exercise training.

The cultural adaptation and validation of the ""Burn Specific Health Scale-Revised"" (BSHS-R): Version for Brazilian burn victims

Background: The Burns Specific Health Scale-Revised (BSHS-R) is of easy application, can be self-administered, and it is considered a good scale to evaluate various important life aspects of burn victims. Objectives: To translate and culturally adapt the BSHS-R into the Brazilian-Portuguese language and to evaluate the internal consistency and convergent validity of the translated BSHS-R. Methods: The cultural adaptation of the BSHS-R included translation and back-translation, discussions with professionals and patients to ensure conceptual equivalence, semantic evaluation, and pre-test of the instrument. The Final Brazilian-Portuguese Version (FBPV) of the BSHS-R was tested on a group of 115 burn patients for internal consistency and validity of construct (using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)). Results: All values of Cronbach`s alpha were greater than. 8, demonstrating that the internal consistency of the FBPV was very high. Self-esteem was highly correlated with affect and body image (r = .59, p < .001), and with interpersonal relationships (T = .51, p < .001). Correlations between the domains of the FBPV and the BDI were all negative but larger in magnitude than the correlations with RSES. Depression was highly correlated with affect and body image (r = -77, p < .001), and with interpersonal relationships (r = -67, p < .001). Conclusions: The results showed that the adapted version of the BSHS-R into Brazilian-Portuguese fulfills the validity and reliability criteria required from an instrument of health status assessment for burn patients. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Gait Pattern Adaptation for an Active Lower-Limb Orthosis Based on Neural Networks

This work deals with neural network (NN)-based gait pattern adaptation algorithms for an active lower-limb orthosis. Stable trajectories with different walking speeds are generated during an optimization process considering the zero-moment point (ZMP) criterion and the inverse dynamic of the orthosis-patient model. Additionally, a set of NNs is used to decrease the time-consuming analytical computation of the model and ZMP. The first NN approximates the inverse dynamics including the ZMP computation, while the second NN works in the optimization procedure, giving an adapted desired trajectory according to orthosis-patient interaction. This trajectory adaptation is added directly to the trajectory generator, also reproduced by a set of NNs. With this strategy, it is possible to adapt the trajectory during the walking cycle in an on-line procedure, instead of changing the trajectory parameter after each step. The dynamic model of the actual exoskeleton, with interaction forces included, is used to generate simulation results. Also, an experimental test is performed with an active ankle-foot orthosis, where the dynamic variables of this joint are replaced in the simulator by actual values provided by the device. It is shown that the final adapted trajectory follows the patient intention of increasing the walking speed, so changing the gait pattern. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011