Voice disorders in children and its relationship with auditory, acoustic and vocal behavior parameters

Objective: Parameters to distinguish normal from deviant voices in early childhood have not been established. The current study sought to auditorily and acoustically characterize voices of children, and to study the relationship between vocal behavior reported by teachers and the presence of vocal aberrations. Methods: One hundred children between four and 6 years and 11 months, who attended early childhood educational institutions, were included. The sample comprised 50 children with normal voices (NVG) and 50 with deviant voices (DVG) matched by gender and age. All participants were submitted to auditory and acoustic analysis of vocal quality and had their vocal behaviors assessed by teachers through a specific protocol. Results: DVG had a higher incidence of breathiness (p < 0.001) and roughness (p < 0.001), but not vocal strain (p = 0.546), which was similar in both groups. The average F-0 was lower in the DVG and a higher noise component was observed in this group as well. Regarding the protocol used "Aspects Related to Phonotrauma - Children's Protocol", higher means were observed for children from DVG in all analyzed aspects and also on the overall means (DVG = 2.15; NVG = 1.12, p < 0.001). In NVG, a higher incidence of vocal behavior without alterations or with discrete alterations was observed, whereas a higher incidence of moderate, severe or extreme alterations of vocal behavior was observed in DVG. Conclusions: Perceptual assessment of voice, vocal acoustic parameters (F-0, noise and GNE), and aspects related to vocal trauma and vocal behavior differentiated the groups of children with normal voice and deviant voice. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recovery of hearing and vocal behavior after hair-cell regeneration

Postmitotic hair-cell regeneration in the inner ear of birds provides an opportunity to study the effect of renewed auditory input on auditory perception, vocal production, and vocal learning in a vertebrate. We used behavioral conditioning to test both perception and vocal production in a small Australian parrot, the budgerigar. Results show that both auditory perception and vocal production are disrupted when hair cells are damaged or lost but that these behaviors return to near normal over time. Precision in vocal production completely recovers well before recovery of full auditory function. These results may have particular relevance for understanding the relation between hearing loss and human speech production especially where there is consideration of an auditory prosthetic device. The present results show, at least for a bird, that even limited recovery of auditory input soon after deafening can support full recovery of vocal precision.

Vocal and territorial behavior in the Smith frog (Hypsiboas faber): Relationships with plasma levels of corticosterone and testosterone

The possible trade-off between the roles of glucocorticoids as facilitators of energy substrate mobilization and neural inhibitors of sexual behavior during breeding season is under debate. We studied the relationship between calling and territorial behavior with plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT) and plasma levels of testosterone (T) across the breeding season of Hypsiboas faber, a large and territorial Neotropical treefrog. We investigated these relationships through focal observations of males calling naturally, followed by blood sampling for hormonal radioimmunoassay. We additionally used an experimental approach, which consisted of broadcasting recorded advertisement calls for 10 min to simulate an invasion in the territory of the focal subjects, followed by behavioral observation and blood sampling for hormonal radioimmunoassay. Results showed a pattern of co-variation between CORT and T across the breeding season. Furthermore, individual variation in CORT and T was related to different aspects of behavior: individuals with higher CORT showed higher calling rates, and individuals with higher steroid levels, mainly T, showed higher responsivity to social stimulation by other males in the chorus. Experimental simulation of territorial intrusion by using playback of advertisement calls of this species did not elicit consistent changes in agonistic behavior and CORT, but decreased T in focal males. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Efficiency and significance of multiple vocal signals in sibling competition

Animals can compete for resources by displaying various acoustic signals that may differentially affect the outcome of competition. We propose the hypothesis that the most efficient signal to deter opponents should be the one that most honestly reveals motivation to compete. We tested this hypothesis in the barn owl (Tyto alba) in which nestlings produce more calls of longer duration than siblings to compete for priority access to the indivisible prey item their parents will deliver next. Because nestlings increase call rate to a larger extent than call duration when they become hungrier, call rate would signal more accurately hunger level. This leads us to propose three predictions. First, a high number of calls should be more efficient in deterring siblings to compete than long calls. Second, the rate at which an individual calls should be more sensitive to variation in the intensity of the sibling vocal competition than the duration of its calls. Third, call rate should influence competitors' vocalization for a longer period of time than call duration. To test these three predictions we performed playback experiments by broadcasting to singleton nestlings calls of varying durations and at different rates. According to the first prediction, singleton nestlings became less vocal to a larger extent when we broadcasted more calls compared to longer calls. In line with the second prediction, nestlings reduced vocalization rate to a larger extent than call duration when we broadcasted more or longer calls. Finally, call rate had a longer influence on opponent's vocal behavior than call duration. Young animals thus actively and differentially use multiple signaling components to compete with their siblings over parental resources.

Song selectivity and sensorimotor signals in vocal learning and production

Bird song, like human speech, is a learned vocal behavior that requires auditory feedback. Both as juveniles, while they learn to sing, and as adults, songbirds use auditory feedback to compare their own vocalizations with an internal model of a target song. Here we describe experiments that explore a role for the songbird anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit, in evaluating song feedback and modifying vocal output. First, neural recordings in anesthetized, juvenile birds show that single AFP neurons are specialized to process the song stimuli that are compared during sensorimotor learning. AFP neurons are tuned to both the bird's own song and the tutor song, even when these stimuli are manipulated to be very different from each other. Second, behavioral experiments in adult birds demonstrate that lesions to the AFP block the deterioration of song that normally follows deafening. This observation suggests that deafening results in an instructive signal, indicating a mismatch between feedback and the internal song model, and that the AFP is involved in generating or transmitting this instructive signal. Finally, neural recordings from behaving birds reveal robust singing-related activity in the AFP. This activity is likely to originate from premotor areas and could be modulated by auditory feedback of the bird's own voice. One possibility is that this activity represents an efference copy, predicting the sensory consequences of motor commands. Overall, these studies illustrate that sensory and motor processes are highly interrelated in this circuit devoted to vocal learning, as is true for brain areas involved in speech.

Relações entre comportamento vocal, imunidade e níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona e testosterona em sapos (Rhinella granulosa)

A exibição do comportamento vocal em muitas espécies de anfíbios anuros é relacionada aos níveis de hormônios esteroides gonadais e interrenais. Esses hormônios poderiam mediar a relação entre intensidade de sinais e imunidade, pois estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento das características sexuais secundárias, comportamento de corte e mobilização de reservas energéticas durante a atividade reprodutiva, enquanto apresentam também efeitos imunomoduladores. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar as relações entre comportamento reprodutivo, imunidade e níveis plasmáticos de testosterona e corticosterona em machos do sapo do semiárido brasileiro, Rhinella granulosa, em atividade reprodutiva e após manipulação hormonal. A precipitação foi o principal determinante ambiental para o aumento dos níveis de testosterona e corticosterona circulantes em machos de R. granulosa, estimulando o comportamento de vocalização. As relações fisiológicas encontradas indicam que os altos níveis plasmáticos de testosterona nos primeiros dias após a chuva devem promover o início do turno vocal, porém a corticosterona deve modular o esforço de vocalização. De forma geral, a exacerbação do comportamento vocal de R. granulosa tem efeitos negativos sobre a imunocompetência, porém alguns indivíduos que apresentam maiores concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona apresentam concomitantemente alto esforço vocal e alta imunidade. De acordo, a aplicação transdérmica de corticosterona promoveu elevação aguda dos níveis plasmáticos deste glicocorticoide, bem como um aumento da função imune. Assim, apesar de a atenção principal ser comumente colocada no papel da testosterona na mediação de sinais honestos, nossos resultados corroboram a importância da corticosterona na mediação da expressão do comportamento de corte e imunocompetência em machos R. granulosa

Nestling barn owls assess short-term variation in the amount of vocally competing siblings.

Assessing the amount of rivals is crucial to optimally adjust investment into a contest. If laboratory animals show numerical abilities, little is known about the ecological implications particularly in young animals. The two to nine barn owl (Tyto alba) siblings vocally compete for priority of access to food resources before parents actually deliver them. In dyads, the individual that vocalizes at the highest rate in the absence of parents deters its siblings from competing for next delivered prey. We tested the novel hypothesis that to optimally adjust vocal investment, barn owl nestlings assess how many of their siblings are currently competing. To singleton owlets, we broadcasted a fixed global number of calls emitted by one, two or four pre-recorded unfamiliar nestlings. We could thus distinguish the independent effect on singletons' vocal behavior of the global number of calls produced by a brood from the number of competitors that produced these calls. Overall, nestlings retreated more from vocal contest when facing more competitors. However, in front of one highly motivated competitor, nestlings refrained from vocalizing to a larger extent than when competing against more but less motivated individuals. Therefore, young animals assess variation in the number of currently competing siblings based on individual-specific vocal cues.

Voz do professor: interfaces e valor como instrumento de trabalho

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

Estudo comportamental de Besourão-de-rabo-branco Phaethornis superciliosus (Aves, Trochilidae) no Parque Ecológico de Gunma

A comunicação acústica em beija-flores durante muito tempo foi negligenciada em função da coloração conspícua que representa uma sofisticada comunicação visual da maioria dos representantes deste grupo. Entretanto, estudos recentes constataram que há indícios de aprendizagem vocal em algumas espécies de Trochilidae. O presente estudo aborda o comportamento vocal do beija-flor Phaethornis superciliosus, espécie abundante na região amazônica. Esta espécie apresenta como sistema de acasalamento a formação em arena, que consiste na agregação de machos em um pequeno território, onde se exibem para outros machos e fêmeas, com o intuito de atrair estas últimas para acasalar. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento vocal de P. superciliosus dispostos em seis arenas no Parque Ecológico de Gunma, Santa Bárbara do Pará, 50 km ao norte de Belém, considerando a emissão e estrutura física do canto, seu repertório, a frequência de emissão ao longo do dia e do ano e a dinâmica das arenas. Verificamos que a população estudada apresenta um repertório vocal composto de duas notas que são emitidas de maneira alternada. Os cantos dos indivíduos analisados apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si considerando os parâmetros físicos do som (frequências máxima e mínima, duração e intervalo entre as notas e o ritmo de emissão das notas). Esta diferenciação inter-individual pode estar relacionada à seleção sexual, na qual o canto pode permitir o reconhecimento individual, sua posição social e seu desempenho para a atração das fêmeas. Constatamos que a atividade vocal é mais intensa no segundo semestre, entre junho e novembro, período que provavelmente corresponde à estação reprodutiva. Realizamos testes de playback, que consistem em reproduzir um som previamente gravado e registrar a resposta provocada em uma das arenas em dois pontos distintos, simulando a entrada de outro indivíduo. Constatamos que o som emitido em resposta ao teste diferiu significativamente do canto espontâneo em todos os parâmetros físicos analisados. A resposta ao playback mostra que houve uma redução na faixa de frequência com que o canto foi emitido e o ritmo de emissão de notas mais rápido. Tais características do canto podem estarrelacionadas a um comportamento mais agressivo. As arenas são formadas emáreas de borda e sempre próximas a igarapés, com o tamanho da área variando entre 86m² e 14m², compostas de dois a quatro indivíduos distantes de 7m a 72m entre si. Nossos resultados mostraram que a organização social da arena deve ser melhor compreendida através de estudos mais detalhados sobre o possível significado que as diferenças individuais no canto podem representar para o estabelecimento da posição hierárquica dos indivíduos nas arenas.

The anuran calling repertoire in the light of social context

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Two -way direction of influence in mother-infant interaction as denoted by concurrent reciprocal learning processes

This series of 5 single-subject studies used the operant conditioning paradigm to investigate, within the two-way influence process, how (a) contingent infant attention can reinforce maternal verbal behaviors during a period of mother-infant interaction and under subsequent experimental manipulation. Differential reinforcement was used to determine if it is possible that an infant attending to the mother (denoted by head-turns towards the image of the mother plus eye contact) increases (reinforces) the mother's verbal response (to a cue from the infant) upon which the infant behavior is contingent. There was also (b) an evaluation during the contrived parent-infant interaction for concurrent operant learning of infant vocal behavior via contingent verbal responding (reinforcement) implemented by the mother. Further, it was noted (c) whether or not the mother reported being aware that her responses were influenced by the infant's behavior. Findings showed: the operant conditioning of the maternal verbal behaviors were reinforced by contingent infant attention; and the operant conditioning of infant vocalizations was reinforced by contingent maternal verbal behaviors. No parent reported (1) being aware of the increase in their verbal response reinforced during operant conditioning of parental behavior nor a decrease in those responses during the DRA reversal phase, or (2) noticing a contingency between infant's and mother's response. By binomial 1-tail tests, the verbal-behavior patterns of the 5 mothers were conditioned by infant reinforcement (p < 0.02) and, concurrently, the vocal-response patterns of the 5 infants were conditioned by maternal reinforcement (p < 0.02). A program of systematic empirical research on the determinants of concurrent conditioning within mother-child interaction may provide a way to evaluate the differential effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving parent-child interactions. The work conducted in the present study is one step in this direction. ^

Behavioral Ecology of the Western Atlantic Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)

Social structure is a key determinant of population biology and is central to the way animals exploit their environment. The risk of predation is often invoked as an important factor influencing the evolution of social structure in cetaceans and other mammals, but little direct information is available about how cetaceans actually respond to predators or other perceived threats. The playback of sounds to an animal is a powerful tool for assessing behavioral responses to predators, but quantifying behavioral responses to playback experiments requires baseline knowledge of normal behavioral patterns and variation. The central goal of my dissertation is to describe baseline foraging behavior for the western Atlantic short-finnned pilot whales (Globicephala macrohynchus) and examine the role of social organization in their response to predators. To accomplish this I used multi-sensor digital acoustic tags (DTAGs), satellite-linked time-depth recorders (SLTDR), and playback experiments to study foraging behavior and behavioral response to predators in pilot whales. Fine scale foraging strategies and population level patterns were identified by estimating the body size and examining the location and movement around feeding events using data collected with DTAGs deployed on 40 pilot whales in summers of 2008-2014 off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Pilot whales were found to forage throughout the water column and performed feeding buzzes at depths ranging from 29-1176 meters. The results indicated potential habitat segregation in foraging depth in short-finned pilot whales with larger individuals foraging on average at deeper depths. Calculated aerobic dive limit for large adult males was approximately 6 minutes longer than that of females and likely facilitated the difference in foraging depth. Furthermore, the buzz frequency and speed around feeding attempts indicate this population pilot whales are likely targeting multiple small prey items. Using these results, I built decision trees to inform foraging dive classification in coarse, long-term dive data collected with SLTDRs deployed on 6 pilot whales in the summers of 2014 and 2015 in the same area off the coast of North Carolina. I used these long term foraging records to compare diurnal foraging rates and depths, as well as classify bouts with a maximum likelihood method, and evaluate behavioral aerobic dive limits (ADLB) through examination of dive durations and inter-dive intervals. Dive duration was the best predictor of foraging, with dives >400.6 seconds classified as foraging, and a 96% classification accuracy. There were no diurnal patterns in foraging depth or rates and average duration of bouts was 2.94 hours with maximum bout durations lasting up to 14 hours. The results indicated that pilot whales forage in relatively long bouts and the ADLB indicate that pilot whales rarely, if ever exceed their aerobic limits. To evaluate the response to predators I used controlled playback experiments to examine the behavioral responses of 10 of the tagged short-finned pilot whales off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and 4 Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) off Southern California to the calls of mammal-eating killer whales (MEK). Both species responded to a subset of MEK calls with increased movement, swim speed and increased cohesion of the focal groups, but the two species exhibited different directional movement and vocal responses. Pilot whales increased their call rate and approached the sound source, but Risso’s dolphins exhibited no change in their vocal behavior and moved in a rapid, directed manner away from the source. Thus, at least to a sub-set of mammal-eating killer whale calls, these two study species reacted in a manner that is consistent with their patterns of social organization. Pilot whales, which live in relatively permanent groups bound by strong social bonds, responded in a manner that built on their high levels of social cohesion. In contrast, Risso’s dolphins exhibited an exaggerated flight response and moved rapidly away from the sound source. The fact that both species responded strongly to a select number of MEK calls, suggests that structural features of signals play critical contextual roles in the probability of response to potential threats in odontocete cetaceans.

Tendências das aves noturnas em Portugal: metodologias e análise de um programa de monitorização baseado em colaboradores voluntários

Uma avaliação das metodologias de análise e recolha de dados aplicadas pelo Programa NOCTUAPortugal é de extrema importância para se apurar se estas são as mais indicadas em estudos de citizen science. Comparou-se os resultados de diferentes metodologias analíticas de estimação das tendências populacionais das espécies de aves noturnas durante o período de realização do Programa NOCTUA-Portugal (análise gráfica simples, modelos lineares generalizados (GLM-Poisson e GLMM), modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM-LOESS e GAM-mgcv) e software TRIM). Analisou-se a metodologia de censo de modo a avaliar o número de registos face à duração dos pontos de escuta, comparar a eficiência do ponto de deteção com outros estudos, variação das respostas ao longo da noite e efeito da época do ano, vento, nebulosidade e luminosidade da lua. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia analítica mais indicada era o GLMM e que não era necessário realizar nenhum ajuste em particular na metodologia de censo; Trends in nocturnal birds in Portugal Methods and analysis of a volunteer-based monitoring program ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the methodologies of analysis and data collection applied by NOCTUA-Portugal Program is extremely important to determine whether these are the most suitable in citizen science studies. We compared the results of different analytical methodologies to estimate population trends of the species of nocturnal birds during the period of the NOCTUA-Portugal Program (simple graphical analysis, generalized linear models (GLM-Poisson and GLMM), generalized additive models (GAM-LOESS and GAMmgcv) and software TRIM). We analyzed the field methodology to assess the effect of point duration on the number of records, compared the point count efficiency with other sources, the variation of responses throughout the night, the effect of time of year, wind, cloud cover and moon luminosity. The results showed that the most suitable analytical methodology was the GLMM and it was not necessary to make any particular adjustment in the field methodology.

Nonverbal social sensing in action: Unobtrusive recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior in social interactions illustrated with a research example

Nonverbal behavior coding is typically conducted by "hand". To remedy this time and resource intensive undertaking, we illustrate how nonverbal social sensing, defined as the automated recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior via ubiquitous social sensing platforms, can be achieved. More precisely, we show how and what kind of nonverbal cues can be extracted and to what extent automated extracted nonverbal cues can be validly obtained with an illustrative research example. In a job interview, the applicant's vocal and visual nonverbal immediacy behavior was automatically sensed and extracted. Results show that the applicant's nonverbal behavior can be validly extracted. Moreover, both visual and vocal applicant nonverbal behavior predict recruiter hiring decision, which is in line with previous findings on manually coded applicant nonverbal behavior. Finally, applicant average turn duration, tempo variation, and gazing best predict recruiter hiring decision. Results and implications of such a nonverbal social sensing for future research are discussed.

Lipoinyección laríngea en el tratamiento de parálisis vocal

Introducción. La parálisis de pliegue vocal unilateral constituye una de las causas de incompetencia glótica, presentando síntomas como disfonía, tos crónica, aspiración y fonastenia, afectando de forma significativa el desempeño y calidad de vida del paciente. Según las diversas corrientes de trabajo se ha manejado esta patología con terapia vocal como coadyuvante en opciones quirúrgicas como la laringoplastia de inyección. Objetivo. Realizar seguimiento clínico de pacientes con parálisis vocal unilateral que consultan al Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana centro de referencia de III nivel de Cundinamarca. Materiales y Métodos. Se toma una población de 36 pacientes aleatorizados en dos grupos cuyas intervenciones son manejo con terapia vocal (conservador) y laringoplastia de inyección con grasa. Resultados. Cierre glótico postratamiento mayor en el grupo de intervención médica con terapia vocal ( promedio 10-20 sesiones ) donde se logró un cierre completo en el 77,8% de los pacientes comparado con 33,3% en el grupo de intervención quirúrgico . Conclusión. Es preciso realizar detección temprana, establecer la etiología en nuestra población e instauración de una terapéutica oportuna como el manejo conservador con terapia vocal para disminuir los malos hábitos fonatorios adoptados por estos pacientes, establecer un manejo adecuado para mejorar los síntomas clínicos y generar políticas preventivas para minimizar las complicaciones inherentes a la patología.