Diogenis Laertii de vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus clarorum philosophorum, libri. Graece et Latine : cum subjunctis integris annotationibus Is. Casauboni, Th. Aldobrandidni & Mer. Casauboni. Latinam Ambrosii versionem complevit & emendavit, Marcus Meibomius. Seorsum excusas Aeg. Menagii in Diogenem observationes auctiores habet volumen II. Ut & ejusdem syntagma de mulieribus philosophis; et Joachimi Kühnii adDiogenem notas, additae denique sunt priorum editionum praefationes, &indices locupletissimi

UANL

Tʻaegŭk hakpo.

Mode of access: Internet.

AEG Mitteilungen

Title Varies: 1905-12, Mitteilungen der Berliner Elektricitäts-Werke; 1913-16, BEW Mitteilungen

Effects of Laser on the Synovial Fluid in the Inflammatory Process of the Knee Joint of the Rabbit

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser (LLL) energy on the clinical signs of inflammation and the cellular composition of synovial fluid (SF) in the inflamed knee of the rabbit. Background Data: There are few findings related to the effects of LLL on SF in inflammatory processes and there is little knowledge about the optimal parameters for reducing joint inflammation. Materials and Methods: Inflammation in the right knee of 36 rabbits was induced by intracapsular injection (0.2 mL) of Terebinthina commun (Tc). The animals were randomly assigned to three groups: acute experimental group (AEG), chronic experimental group (CEG), and control group (CG), which only received Tc. Each group was divided in two subgroups of six animals each. The AEG and CEG groups began to receive laser treatment 2 and 5 d after the induction of inflammation, respectively. Laser irradiation at a wavelength of 830 nm, power output of 77 mW, and power density of 27.5 W/cm(2) was applied daily for 7 d for either 0.12 sec or 0.32 sec, resulting in doses of 3.4 J/cm(2) and 8 J/cm(2), respectively. Body mass, joint perimeter, joint temperature, and the morphology of the SF were analyzed. Results: There was no statistically significant differences between groups in the body mass, joint perimeter, and SF morphology. Conclusion: Laser irradiation with the selected parameters produced only a few subtle differences in the inflammatory signs and the SF. The lack of effects may have been due to the short irradiation time.

GABA(A) receptor sites in the developing human foetus

GABA(A) receptor sites were characterised in cerebral cortex tissue samples from deceased neurologically normal infants who had come to autopsy during the third trimester of pregnancy. Pharmacological parameters were obtained from homogenate binding studies which utilised the 'central-type' benzodiazepine ligands [H-3]diazepam and [H-3]flunitrazepam, and from the GABA activation of [H-3]diazepam binding. It was found that the two radioligands behaved differently during development. The affinity of [H-3]flunitrazepam for its binding site did not vary significantly between preparations, whereas the [H-3]diazepam K-D showed marked regional and developmental variations: infant tissues showed a distinctly lower affinity than adults for this ligand. The density of [H-3]flunitrazepam binding sites increased similar to35% during the third trimester to reach adult levels by term, whereas [H-3]diazepam binding capacity declined slightly but steadily throughout development. The GABA activation of [H-3]diazepam binding was less efficient early in the trimester, in that the affinity of the agonist was significantly lower, though it rose to adult levels by term. The strength of the enhancement response increased to adult levels over the same time-frame. The results strongly suggest that the subunit composition of cortical GABA(A) sites changes significantly during this important developmental stage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Graeciae antiquae tabula geographica, cujus quinque majores partes sunt Macedonia, Thessalia, Epirus, Achaia, et Peloponnesus, eaeque in minores partes seu populos distinctae... / Authore Nicolae Sanson... 1636

Échelle(s) : [1:2 345 000 environ], Mille passus 100, Stadia 800 [= 7,7 cm]

International comparison of the German evidence-based S3-guidelines on the diagnosis and multimodal treatment of early and locally advanced gastric cancer, including adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines are essential in implementing and maintaining nationwide stage-specific diagnostic and therapeutic standards. In 2011, the first German expert consensus guideline defined the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of early and locally advanced esophagogastric cancers. Here, we compare this guideline with other national guidelines as well as current literature. METHODS: The German S3-guideline used an approved development process with de novo literature research, international guideline adaptation, or good clinical practice. Other recent evidence-based national guidelines and current references were compared with German recommendations. RESULTS: In the German S3 and other Western guidelines, adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) are classified according to formerly defined AEG I-III subgroups due to the high surgical impact. To stage local disease, computed tomography of the chest and abdomen and endosonography are reinforced. In contrast, laparoscopy is optional for staging. Mucosal cancers (T1a) should be endoscopically resected "en-bloc" to allow complete histological evaluation of lateral and basal margins. For locally advanced cancers of the stomach or esophagogastric junction (≥T3N+), preferred treatment is preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy. Preoperative radiochemotherapy is an evidence-based alternative for large AEG type I-II tumors (≥T3N+). Additionally, some experts recommend treating T2 tumors with a similar approach, mainly because pretherapeutic staging is often considered to be unreliable. CONCLUSIONS: The German S3 guideline represents an up-to-date European position with regard to diagnosis, staging, and treatment recommendations for patients with locally advanced esophagogastric cancer. Effects of perioperative chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy are still to be investigated for adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the lower esophagus.

Kamppailu kaupungin sähköstä. Pääomaleirit ja kunnallispolitiikka Turun sähköjärjestelmän kehityksessä 1919–1929

Pro gradu -tutkielman aiheena on poliittisten ja taloudellisten tekijöiden vaikutus sosioteknisenä ymmärretyn sähköjärjestelmän kehittymiseen paikallistasolla. Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus, jonka kohteena on Turun sähköhuolto sen murroskaudella vuosina 1919–1929. Tutkimusajanjakson alussa Turun sähkölaitos siirtyi kansainvälisen suuryhtiön, saksalaisen AEG:n omistuksesta kaupungin haltuun. Turku liittyi jakson loppuun mennessä ensimmäisten kaupunkien joukossa valtiolliseen sähköverkkoon. Tutkimusajanjakson puoliväliin saakka vaihtoehtona oli yksityisen Turun Voima Oy:n suunnitelma. Suomeen rakennettiin 1920-luvulla kahta kilpailevaa sähkönsiirtojärjestelmää: valtiollista ja yksityisen teollisuuden järjestelmää. Sisällissodan jälkeisessä Suomessa kansallinen pääoma ja sen muodostama suomenkielinen pääomaleiri kamppaili taloudellis-poliittisista eduista politiikkaa, kauppaa ja suurteollisuutta perinteisesti hallinnutta ”vanhaa rahaa” eli ruotsinkielistä pääomaleiriä vastaan. Ruotsinkielisen pääoman vaikutus oli historiallisista syistä Turussa erityisen vahva. Energiapolitiikan hallinta oli tärkeä kysymys kamppailussa. Tutkimuksessa etsitään syitä sille, miksi Turun yksityinen sähkölaitos kunnallistettiin ja miksi se myöhemmin liitettiin valtion sähköverkkoon, vaikka vaikutusvaltaisten ruotsinkielisten pääomapiirien etu näyttäisi olleen Turun Voima -suunnitelman toteuttaminen. Tutkimuksessa on sähköjärjestelmää lähestytty sosioteknisenä järjestelmänä teknologian sosiologian ja teknologian historian teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä. Intressiryhmien vaikutusta järjestelmän rakentumisessa tutkitaan Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) -teoriaperinteen tarjoamilla välineillä. Sähköpolitiikan vaikuttajien välisiä suhteita ja vaikuttajaverkoston rakennetta hahmotetaan sosiaalisten verkostojen teoriaa metaforisesti apuna käyttäen. Turun kaupungin hallinnon tuottamat asiakirjat ovat tärkein lähderyhmä. Turun sähkölaitos kunnallistettiin, jotta yleisen ja yhtäläisen äänioikeuden myötä johtavaan asemaan kunnallishallinnossa noussut suomenkielinen pääomaleiri saisi laitoksen paremmin hallintaansa. Turun sähköpolitiikassa toimivat ruotsinkielisen pääoman ja suomenkielisen pääoman vaikuttajaverkostot. Tutkimus kuitenkin osoittaa, että vallasta kamppailleiden pääomaryhmittymien verkostosuhteet ulottuivat myös leirirajan yli. Toimijat muodostivat yhdessä paikallisen sähköpolitiikan energiaeliitin. Sen yhteistyö konkretisoitui alueen suurimman sähkönkuluttajan, ruotsinkielisen pääoman Paraisten Kalkkivuori Oy:n sekä suomenkielisen pääoman Ab John Barker Oy:n ja Littoisten Verkatehtaan muodostaman yhteenliittymän välisessä sopimusjärjestelyssä, jossa myös Turun kaupunki oli mukana. Turku liittyi valtiolliseen sähköverkkoon samaan aikaan Paraisten Kalkkivuoren kanssa ja pitkälti suuryhtiön ratkaisujen vaikutuksesta. Tukemalla suomenkielisen pääoman valtiojohtoista sähköistyspolitiikkaa ruotsinkielinen pääoma turvasi omat energiapoliittiset etunsa Lounais-Suomessa.

No eres la muñeca de nadie.

Mención honorífica de la convocatoria de premios 'Irene: la paz comienza en casa 2006'. Incluye, como anexos, los catálogos diseñados

Intervenção educacional em grupo para promoção do consumo de frutas e hortaliças de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde do município de Porto Feliz-SP

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Sintesi di PNA a libertà conformazionale ridotta

The present work started a research project aimed at the synthesis of conformationally “locked” PNA (Peptide Nucleic Acids) monomers. Compared to classic aeg-PNA, this structural modification would result in an improvement in the pairing properties with natural nucleic acids, due to entropic variations in the process. Specifically, an attempt was made to build a PNA monomer around a β-lactam ring. That ring could be imagined as obtained by linking the methylene groups in α position of both the nucleobase and the carboxyl function. These structural properties would imply pre-organization of the final oligomer, improving the pairing process in biological systems. The first step of this work was the investigation of the Staudinger reaction for the ciclization of the lactam ring, and in particular the activation method of the carboxylic group of the nucleobase derivatives. Use of triazine chloride led to the synthesis of the adenine-based β-lactam-PNA. Attempts to synthesize the same monomer based on cytosine, guanine and thymine were unsuccessful, so alternative methods for carboxylic group activation were investigated. Conversion of carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides led to a partial result: despite the method worked well with analogues of the final reactants, it didn’t worked with substrates needed for lactam based PNAs. Search for a valid activation process continued involving carbonyl diimidazole, Mukayama reagent, and LDA (with methylester derivative of nucelobase) without good results. Last, it was investigated a different synthetic approach by first synthesizing a proper backbone with a chlorine in the β- lactam ring. This chlorine ring should undergo substitution by a nucleobase anion to give the desired PNA monomer. Unluckily also this synthetic route didn’t lead to the desired monomers.

The impact of neural invasion severity in gastrointestinal malignancies: a clinicopathological study.

OBJECTIVES Because neural invasion (NI) is still inconsistently reported and not well characterized within gastrointestinal malignancies (GIMs), our aim was to determine the exact prevalence and severity of NI and to elucidate the true impact of NI on patient's prognosis. BACKGROUND The union internationale contre le cancer (UICC) recently added NI as a novel parameter in the current TNM classification. However, there are only a few existing studies with specific focus on NI, so that the distinct role of NI in GIMs is still uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS NI was characterized in approximately 16,000 hematoxylin and eosin tissue sections from 2050 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG)-I-III, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus, gastric cancer (GC), colon cancer (CC), rectal cancer (RC), cholangiocellular cancer (CCC), hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and pancreatic cancer (PC). NI prevalence and severity was determined and related to patient's prognosis and survival. RESULTS NI prevalence largely varied between HCC/6%, CC/28%, RC/34%, AEG-I/36% and AEG-II/36%, SCC/37%, GC/38%, CCC/58%, and AEG-III/65% to PC/100%. NI severity score was uppermost in PC (24.9±1.9) and lowest in AEG-I (0.8±0.3). Multivariable analyses including age, sex, TNM stage, and grading revealed that the prevalence of NI was significantly associated with diminished survival in AEG-II/III, GC, and RC. However, increasing NI severity impaired survival in AEG-II/III and PC only. CONCLUSIONS NI prevalence and NI severity strongly vary within GIMs. Determination of NI severity in GIMs is a more precise tool than solely recording the presence of NI and revealed dismal prognostic impact on patients with AEG-II/III and PC. Evidently, NI is not a concomitant side feature in GIMs and, therefore, deserves special attention for improved patient stratification and individualized therapy after surgery.

A retrospective comparative exploratory study on two methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in esophagogastric cancer: the A1298C MTHFR polymorphism is an independent prognostic factor only in neoadjuvantly treated gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND Methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a major role in folate metabolism and consequently could be an important factor for the efficacy of a treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of two well characterized constitutional MTHFR gene polymorphisms for primarily resected and neoadjuvantly treated esophagogastric adenocarcinomas. METHODS 569 patients from two centers were analyzed (gastric cancer: 218, carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG II, III): 208 and esophagus (AEG I): 143). 369 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery, 200 patients were resected without preoperative treatment. The MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were determined in DNA from peripheral blood lymphozytes. Associations with prognosis, response and clinicopathological factors were analyzed retrospectively within a prospective database (chi-square, log-rank, cox regression). RESULTS Only the MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms had prognostic relevance in neoadjuvantly treated patients but it was not a predictor for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The AC genotype of the MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms was significantly associated with worse outcome (p = 0.02, HR 1.47 (1.06-2.04). If neoadjuvantly treated patients were analyzed based on their tumor localization, the AC genotype of the MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms was a significant negative prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer according to UICC 6th edition (gastric cancer including AEG type II, III: HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-2.0, p = 0.001) and 7th edition (gastric cancer without AEG II, III: HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.7, p = 0.003), not for AEG I. For both definitions of gastric cancer the AC genotype was confirmed as an independent negative prognostic factor in cox regression analysis. In primarily resected patients neither the MTHFR A1298C nor the MTHFR C677T polymorphisms had prognostic impact. CONCLUSIONS The MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms was an independent prognostic factor in patients with neoadjuvantly treated gastric adenocarcinomas (according to both UICC 6th or 7th definitions for gastric cancer) but not in AEG I nor in primarily resected patients, which confirms the impact of this enzyme on chemotherapy associated outcome.