Solid Dispersion of Ursolic Acid in Gelucire 50/13: a Strategy to Enhance Drug Release and Trypanocidal Activity

Solid dispersions (SDs) are an approach to increasing the water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs such as ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid with trypanocidal activity. In this work, Gelucire 50/13, a surfactant compound with permeability-enhancing properties, and silicon dioxide, a drying adjuvant, were employed to produce SDs with UA. SDs and physical mixtures (PMs) in different drug/carrier ratios were characterized and compared using differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size, water solubility values, and dissolution profiles. Moreover, LLC-MK2 fibroblast cytotoxicity and trypanocidal activity evaluation were performed to determine the potential of SD as a strategy to improve UA efficacy against Chagas disease. The results demonstrated the conversion of UA from the crystalline to the amorphous state through XRD. FTIR experiments provided evidence of intermolecular interactions among the drug and carriers through carbonyl peak broadening in the SDs. These findings helped explain the enhancement of water solubility from 75.98 mu g/mL in PMs to 293.43 mu g/mL in SDs and the faster drug release into aqueous media compared with pure UA or PMs, which was maintained after 6 months at room temperature. Importantly, improved SD dissolution was accompanied by higher UA activity against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, but not against mammalian fibroblasts, enhancing the potential of UA for Chagas disease treatment.

Perfeccionamiento de las metodologías docentes en la enseñanza de la construcción mixta en grado y postgrado en la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC) y la Universidad de Camaguey (UC)

Estudio elaborado a partir de una estancia en la Universitat Polictecnica de Cataluña entre marzo i junio del 2007.El proyecto tiene como objetivo general el perfeccionamiento de las metodologías docentes en la enseñanza de la construcción mixta en grado y postgrado en la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC) y la Universidad de Camagüey (UC), en correspondencia con la situación actual y perspectiva de la normativa europea, española y cubana. En el trabajo se realiza una valoración sobre programas experimentales en estructuras mixtas y sus resultados, así como su interrelación con la modelación numérica. Se evalúa la correspondencia entre las normativas europeas, española y cubana y se definen los aspectos específicos que deben ser perfeccionados o complementados en la normatividad vigente en Cuba, así como la estrategia general para acometerlo. Para caracterizar la enseñanza de la construcción mixta en la UPC y la UC, se parte de la valoración de información sobre asignaturas similares en un grupo seleccionado de universidades y sobre el contexto que sirve de marco al perfeccionamiento. Se realiza el diagnostico del sistema de objetivos, conocimientos y organización metodológica en los programas de grado y postgrado y se ofrecen recomendaciones generales para el perfeccionamiento de la enseñanza de la construcción mixta en la UPC y la UC. Finalmente, se realizan propuestas detalladas para ambas instituciones, para el perfeccionamiento de las metodologías docentes, con enfoques generales similares, respetando los criterios específicos y formatos de cada entorno. Se concibe un sistema integrado de actividades para cada asignatura, lográndose que, a pesar de las particularidades de cada contexto, el enfoque de trabajo sea coincidente en gran medida, lo que favorece la continuidad en las relaciones de colaboración entre ambas instituciones.

Estudi de la coautoria de publicacions científiques entre UPC i cinc universitats dels Estats Units : Caltech, Stanford University, UC Davis, UC Irvine i UCLA

S'analitza la coautoria de la UPC amb autors vinculats a institucions acadèmiques dels Estats Units, per totes les àrees temàtiques, de gener de 2009 a juny de 2014.

Vseobŝaâ geografìâ dlâ narodnyh'' učiliŝ'' Finlândìi

Perevod" so švedskago âzyka, s'' sed'mago izdanìâ

Français 781

Contient : 1° Chronique « de Godefroi de Buillon », rédaction en prose du Chevalier au Cygne ; 2° Chronique de la Terre sainte ; 3° Supplément à la Chronique ; 4° « Li Ordres de chevalerie »

Evaluation of NRC, UC Davis and ADAS approaches to estimate the metabolizable energy values of feeds at maintenance energy intake from equations utilizing chemical assays and in vitro determinations

Feed samples received by commercial analytical laboratories are often undefined or mixed varieties of forages, originate from various agronomic or geographical areas of the world, are mixtures (e.g., total mixed rations) and are often described incompletely or not at all. Six unified single equation approaches to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) value of feeds determined in sheep fed at maintenance ME intake were evaluated utilizing 78 individual feeds representing 17 different forages, grains, protein meals and by-product feedstuffs. The predictive approaches evaluated were two each from National Research Council [National Research Council (NRC), Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, seventh revised ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2001], University of California at Davis (UC Davis) and ADAS (Stratford, UK). Slopes and intercepts for the two ADAS approaches that utilized in vitro digestibility of organic matter and either measured gross energy (GE), or a prediction of GE from component assays, and one UC Davis approach, based upon in vitro gas production and some component assays, differed from both unity and zero, respectively, while this was not the case for the two NRC and one UC Davis approach. However, within these latter three approaches, the goodness of fit (r(2)) increased from the NRC approach utilizing lignin (0.61) to the NRC approach utilizing 48 h in vitro digestion of neutral detergent fibre (NDF:0.72) and to the UC Davis approach utilizing a 30 h in vitro digestion of NDF (0.84). The reason for the difference between the precision of the NRC procedures was the failure of assayed lignin values to accurately predict 48 h in vitro digestion of NDF. However, differences among the six predictive approaches in the number of supporting assays, and their costs, as well as that the NRC approach is actually three related equations requiring categorical description of feeds (making them unsuitable for mixed feeds) while the ADAS and UC Davis approaches are single equations, suggests that the procedure of choice will vary dependent Upon local conditions, specific objectives and the feedstuffs to be evaluated. In contrast to the evaluation of the procedures among feedstuffs, no procedure was able to consistently discriminate the ME values of individual feeds within feedstuffs determined in vivo, suggesting that the quest for an accurate and precise ME predictive approach among and within feeds, may remain to be identified. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In vitro batch cultures of gut microbiota from healthy and ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects suggest that sulphate-reducing bacteria levels are raised in UC and by a protein-rich diet.

Imbalances in gut microbiota composition during ulcerative colitis (UC) indicate a role for the microbiota in propagating the disorder. Such effects were investigated using in vitro batch cultures (with/without mucin, peptone or starch) inoculated with faecal slurries from healthy or UC patients; the growth of five bacterial groups was monitored along with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Healthy cultures gave two-fold higher growth and SCFA levels with up to ten-fold higher butyrate production. Starch gave the highest growth and SCFA production (particularly butyrate), indicating starch-enhanced saccharolytic activity. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were the predominant bacterial group (of five examined) for UC inocula whereas they were the minority group for the healthy inocula. Furthermore, SRB growth was stimulated by peptone presumably due to the presence of sulphur-rich amino acids. The results suggest raised SRB levels in UC, which could contribute to the condition through release of toxic sulphide.

Abordagem histórica e perspectivas atuais do ensino superior agrícola no Brasil : uma investigação na UFRGS e na UC Davis

Este estudo analisa o Ensino Superior Agrícola Brasileiro – ESAB, como “campo” (Bourdieu, 1983a), diante do cenário do mundo cambiante em que vivemos, com os seguintes objetivos: (i) resgatar parte da história, destacando dois momentos de inflexão vividos pelo ESAB: o primeiro a partir da década de 1960, quando, dentro do projeto urbano-industrialista, foram lançadas as bases do conhecimento e das estruturas acadêmicas (ainda hegemônicos) para a “modernização da agricultura”. O segundo na virada do Século XX, quando existe uma multiplicidade de propostas e não há mais um modelo a ser copiado; (ii) sugerir alguns dos caminhos possíveis e suas implicações para as instituições do ESAB, que pretendam encontrar novo sentido social no seu trabalho; (iii) analisar a influência das Universidades Norte-americanas no ESAB, tendo em vista sua importância no período de 60 e como essa influência se manifesta no segundo momento. Um “college” norte-americano (College of Agricultural and Environmental Science da University of California – Davis) e uma faculdade brasileira (Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS) foram escolhidos, como centros de formação e de pesquisa importantes e com participação destacada nos intercâmbios bilaterais. Essas instituições servem como testemunhas exemplares da dinâmica geral. Em ambas foram realizadas investigações e foram ouvidos atores destacados (professores-pesquisadores), através de questionários e entrevistas ao vivo Nas duas universidades os professores mostraram-se conscientes sobre as mudanças em curso, mas na UFRGS parece que o debate está menos desenvolvido. Diante das tendências que se apresentam, a Agricultura Sustentável e a Biotecnologia foram eleitas como pólos aglutinadores de diferentes projetos em disputa no início do Milênio. O estudo conclui que ou as escolas de agronomia se modificam ou não se justificam e também que, as mudanças podem ou não se vincular à busca de uma ruptura paradigmática (Santos, 1997). Conclui ainda, que seria importante cada instituição explicitar sua proposta, mesmo que esta seja de convivência entre os diferentes projetos. Finalmente opina que, Agricultura Sustentável parece ser estrategicamente mais interessante; tendo em vista ser mais adequada à realidade social e ambiental do Brasil.