Contribución al estudio de las negaciones, autocontradicción, t-normas y t-conormas en los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 2

Los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 2 (T2FSs) fueron introducidos por L.A. Zadeh en 1975 [65], como una extensión de los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 1 (FSs). Mientras que en estos últimos el grado de pertenencia de un elemento al conjunto viene determinado por un valor en el intervalo [0, 1], en el caso de los T2FSs el grado de pertenencia de un elemento es un conjunto borroso en [0,1], es decir, un T2FS queda determinado por una función de pertenencia μ : X → M, donde M = [0, 1][0,1] = Map([0, 1], [0, 1]), es el conjunto de las funciones de [0,1] en [0,1] (ver [39], [42], [43], [61]). Desde que los T2FSs fueron introducidos, se han generalizado a dicho conjunto (ver [39], [42], [43], [61], por ejemplo), a partir del “Principio de Extensión” de Zadeh [65] (ver Teorema 1.1), muchas de las definiciones, operaciones, propiedades y resultados obtenidos en los FSs. Sin embargo, como sucede en cualquier área de investigación, quedan muchas lagunas y problemas abiertos que suponen un reto para cualquiera que quiera hacer un estudio profundo en este campo. A este reto se ha dedicado el presente trabajo, logrando avances importantes en este sentido de “rellenar huecos” existentes en la teoría de los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 2, especialmente en las propiedades de autocontradicción y N-autocontradicción, y en las operaciones de negación, t-norma y t-conorma sobre los T2FSs. Cabe destacar que en [61] se justifica que las operaciones sobre los T2FSs (Map(X,M)) se pueden definir de forma natural a partir de las operaciones sobre M, verificando las mismas propiedades. Por tanto, por ser más fácil, en el presente trabajo se toma como objeto de estudio a M, y algunos de sus subconjuntos, en vez de Map(X,M). En cuanto a la operación de negación, en el marco de los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 2 (T2FSs), usualmente se emplea para representar la negación en M, una operación asociada a la negación estándar en [0,1]. Sin embargo, dicha operación no verifica los axiomas que, intuitivamente, debe verificar cualquier operación para ser considerada negación en el conjunto M. En este trabajo se presentan los axiomas de negación y negación fuerte en los T2FSs. También se define una operación asociada a cualquier negación suprayectiva en [0,1], incluyendo la negación estándar, y se estudia, junto con otras propiedades, si es negación y negación fuerte en L (conjunto de las funciones de M normales y convexas). Además, se comprueba en qué condiciones se cumplen las leyes de De Morgan para un extenso conjunto de pares de operaciones binarias en M. Por otra parte, las propiedades de N-autocontradicción y autocontradicción, han sido suficientemente estudiadas en los conjuntos borrosos de tipo 1 (FSs) y en los conjuntos borrosos intuicionistas de Atanassov (AIFSs). En el presente trabajo se inicia el estudio de las mencionadas propiedades, dentro del marco de los T2FSs cuyos grados de pertenencia están en L. En este sentido, aquí se extienden los conceptos de N-autocontradicción y autocontradicción al conjunto L, y se determinan algunos criterios para verificar tales propiedades. En cuanto a otras operaciones, Walker et al. ([61], [63]) definieron dos familias de operaciones binarias sobre M, y determinaron que, bajo ciertas condiciones, estas operaciones son t-normas (normas triangulares) o t-conormas sobre L. En este trabajo se introducen operaciones binarias sobre M, unas más generales y otras diferentes a las dadas por Walker et al., y se estudian varias propiedades de las mismas, con el objeto de deducir nuevas t-normas y t-conormas sobre L. ABSTRACT Type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) were introduced by L.A. Zadeh in 1975 [65] as an extension of type-1 fuzzy sets (FSs). Whereas for FSs the degree of membership of an element of a set is determined by a value in the interval [0, 1] , the degree of membership of an element for T2FSs is a fuzzy set in [0,1], that is, a T2FS is determined by a membership function μ : X → M, where M = [0, 1][0,1] is the set of functions from [0,1] to [0,1] (see [39], [42], [43], [61]). Later, many definitions, operations, properties and results known on FSs, have been generalized to T2FSs (e.g. see [39], [42], [43], [61]) by employing Zadeh’s Extension Principle [65] (see Theorem 1.1). However, as in any area of research, there are still many open problems which represent a challenge for anyone who wants to make a deep study in this field. Then, we have been dedicated to such challenge, making significant progress in this direction to “fill gaps” (close open problems) in the theory of T2FSs, especially on the properties of self-contradiction and N-self-contradiction, and on the operations of negations, t-norms (triangular norms) and t-conorms on T2FSs. Walker and Walker justify in [61] that the operations on Map(X,M) can be defined naturally from the operations onMand have the same properties. Therefore, we will work onM(study subject), and some subsets of M, as all the results are easily and directly extensible to Map(X,M). About the operation of negation, usually has been employed in the framework of T2FSs, a operation associated to standard negation on [0,1], but such operation does not satisfy the negation axioms on M. In this work, we introduce the axioms that a function inMshould satisfy to qualify as a type-2 negation and strong type-2 negation. Also, we define a operation on M associated to any suprajective negation on [0,1], and analyse, among others properties, if such operation is negation or strong negation on L (all normal and convex functions of M). Besides, we study the De Morgan’s laws, with respect to some binary operations on M. On the other hand, The properties of self-contradiction and N-self-contradiction have been extensively studied on FSs and on the Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy sets (AIFSs). Thereon, in this research we begin the study of the mentioned properties on the framework of T2FSs. In this sense, we give the definitions about self-contradiction and N-self-contradiction on L, and establish the criteria to verify these properties on L. Respect to the t-norms and t-conorms, Walker et al. ([61], [63]) defined two families of binary operations on M and found that, under some conditions, these operations are t-norms or t-conorms on L. In this work we introduce more general binary operations on M than those given by Walker et al. and study which are the minimum conditions necessary for these operations satisfy each of the axioms of the t-norm and t-conorm.

About t-norms on type-2 fuzzy sets.

Walker et al. defined two families of binary operations on M (set of functions of [0,1] in [0,1]), and they determined that, under certain conditions, those operations are t-norms (triangular norm) or t-conorms on L (all the normal and convex functions of M). We define binary operations on M, more general than those given by Walker et al., and we study many properties of these general operations that allow us to deduce new t-norms and t-conorms on both L, and M.

Numerical prediction of gas concentrations and fluctuations above a triangular hill within a turbulent boundary layer

The objective of the present work is to propose a numerical and statistical approach, using computational fluid dynamics, for the study of the atmospheric pollutant dispersion. Modifications in the standard k-epsilon turbulence model and additional equations for the calculation of the variance of concentration are introduced to enhance the prediction of the flow field and scalar quantities. The flow field, the mean concentration and the variance of a flow over a two-dimensional triangular hill, with a finite-size point pollutant source, are calculated by a finite volume code and compared with published experimental results. A modified low Reynolds k-epsilon turbulence model was employed in this work, using the constant of the k-epsilon model C(mu)=0.03 to take into account the inactive atmospheric turbulence. The numerical results for the velocity profiles and the position of the reattachment point are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results for the mean and the variance of the concentration are also in good agreement with experimental results from the literature. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extensions of discrete triangular distributions and boundary bias in kernel estimation for discrete functions

Asymmetric discrete triangular distributions are introduced in order to extend the symmetric ones serving for discrete associated kernels in the nonparametric estimation for discrete functions. The extension from one to two orders around the mode provides a large family of discrete distributions having a finite support. Establishing a bridge between Dirac and discrete uniform distributions, some different shapes are also obtained and their properties are investigated. In particular, the mean and variance are pointed out. Applications to discrete kernel estimators are given with a solution to a boundary bias problem. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

BIO Logical Agents: Norms, Beliefs, Intentions in Defeasible Logic

In this paper we follow the BOID (Belief, Obligation, Intention, Desire) architecture to describe agents and agent types in Defeasible Logic. We argue, in particular, that the introduction of obligations can provide a new reading of the concepts of intention and intentionality. Then we examine the notion of social agent (i.e., an agent where obligations prevail over intentions) and discuss some computational and philosophical issues related to it. We show that the notion of social agent either requires more complex computations or has some philosophical drawbacks.

Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility for triangular-lattice antiferromagnets with spatially anisotropic exchange constants

We present the temperature dependence of the uniform susceptibility of spin-half quantum antiferromagnets on spatially anisotropic triangular lattices, using high-temperature series expansions. We consider a model with two exchange constants J1 and J2 on a lattice that interpolates between the limits of a square lattice (J1=0), a triangular lattice (J2=J1), and decoupled linear chains (J2=0). In all cases, the susceptibility, which has a Curie-Weiss behavior at high temperatures, rolls over and begins to decrease below a peak temperature Tp. Scaling the exchange constants to get the same peak temperature shows that the susceptibilities for the square lattice and linear chain limits have similar magnitudes near the peak. Maximum deviation arises near the triangular-lattice limit, where frustration leads to much smaller susceptibility and with a flatter temperature dependence. We compare our results to the inorganic materials Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4 and to a number of organic molecular crystals. We find that the former (Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4) are weakly frustrated and their exchange parameters determined through the temperature dependence of the susceptibility are in agreement with neutron-scattering measurements. In contrast, the organic materials considered are strongly frustrated with exchange parameters near the isotropic triangular-lattice limit.

The Heisenberg antiferromagnet on an anisotropic triangular lattice: linear spin-wave theory

We consider the effect of quantum spin fluctuations on the ground-state properties of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on an anisotropic triangular lattice using linear spin-wave (LSW) theory. This model should describe the magnetic properties of the insulating phase of the kappa-(BEDT-TTF)(2)X family of superconducting molecular crystals. The ground-state energy, the staggered magnetization, magnon excitation spectra, and spin-wave velocities are computed as functions of the ratio of the antiferromagnetic exchange between the second and first neighbours, J(2)/J(1). We find that near J(2)/J(1) = 0.5, i.e., in the region where the classical spin configuration changes from a Neel-ordered phase to a spiral phase, the staggered magnetization vanishes, suggesting the possibility of a quantum disordered state. in this region, the quantum correction to the magnetization is large but finite. This is in contrast to the case for the frustrated Heisenberg model on a square lattice, for which the quantum correction diverges logarithmically at the transition from the Neel to the collinear phase. For large J(2)/J(1), the model becomes a set of chains with frustrated interchain coupling. For J(2) > 4J(1), the quantum correction to the magnetization, within LSW theory, becomes comparable to the classical magnetization, suggesting the possibility of a quantum disordered state. We show that, in this regime, the quantum fluctuations are much larger than for a set of weakly coupled chains with non-frustrated interchain coupling.

Phase diagram for a class of spin-1/2 Heisenberg models interpolating between the square-lattice, the triangular-lattice, and the linear-chain limits

We study the spin-1/2 Heisenberg models on an anisotropic two-dimensional lattice which interpolates between the square lattice at one end, a set of decoupled spin chains on the other end, and the triangular-lattice Heisenberg model in between. By series expansions around two different dimer ground states and around various commensurate and incommensurate magnetically ordered states, we establish the phase diagram for this model of a frustrated antiferromagnet. We find a particularly rich phase diagram due to the interplay of magnetic frustration, quantum fluctuations, and varying dimensionality. There is a large region of the usual two-sublattice Neel phase, a three-sublattice phase for the triangular-lattice model, a region of incommensurate magnetic order around the triangular-lattice model, and regions in parameter space where there is no magnetic order. We find that the incommensurate ordering wave vector is in general altered from its classical value by quantum fluctuations. The regime of weakly coupled chains is particularly interesting and appears to be nearly critical. [S0163-1829(99)10421-1].

Prejudiced attitudes, group norms, and discriminatory behaviour

Most current attitude research focuses on range of non-social attitudinal targets, including health-related and consumer outcomes. In this paper, a program of research that considers the relations among intergroup attitudes, group norms, and behavior will be described. The first study examined the effect of ingroup norms relating to multiculturalism on the extent to wich participants hehaviourally enacted their attitudes. Consistent with social identity theory, attitudebehaviour consistency in relation was influenced by ingroup norms, particularly when national identity was salient. The results of a large scale field study that essential replicated this pattern of results will also be discussed.

A method for the design of MRI radiofrequency coils based on triangular and pulse basis functions

This paper presents a numerical technique for the design of an RF coil for asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. The formulation is based on an inverse approach where the cylindrical surface currents are expressed in terms of a combination of sub-domain basis functions: triangular and pulse functions. With the homogeneous transverse magnetic field specified in a spherical region, a functional method is applied to obtain the unknown current coefficients. The current distribution is then transformed to a conductor pattern by use of a stream function technique. Preliminary MR images acquired using a prototype RF coil are presented and validate the design method. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The link between prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour: The role of ingroup norms

In the present research, a reconceptualisation of the role of norms in the link between prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour — along the lines suggested by the social identity perspective — was tested. In the first study, group salience and group norm were manipulated. As expected, participants ascribed negative traits to significantly fewer Asian university students when they had received consensus information along these lines from a salient ingroup rather than from a salient outgroup. These results were replicated on a measure of strength of motivation to appear nonprejudiced. In a second study, group salience and norm were once again manipulated and strength of attitude and perceived group threat were measured. As predicted, people's negative attitudes towards globalisation were more likely to predict congruent behavioural responses to the extent that the group norm supported the attitude and group salience was high, particularly when high levels of group threat were perceived.

Ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and a Curie-Weiss metal in an electron-doped Hubbard model on a triangular lattice

Motivated by the unconventional properties and rich phase diagram of NaxCoO2 we consider the electronic and magnetic properties of a two-dimensional Hubbard model on an isotropic triangular lattice doped with electrons away from half-filling. Dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) calculations predict that for negative intersite hopping amplitudes (t < 0) and an on-site Coulomb repulsion, U, comparable to the bandwidth, the system displays properties typical of a weakly correlated metal. In contrast, for t > 0 a large enhancement of the effective mass, itinerant ferromagnetism, and a metallic phase with a Curie-Weiss magnetic susceptibility are found in a broad electron doping range. The different behavior encountered is a consequence of the larger noninteracting density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level for t > 0 than for t < 0, which effectively enhances the mass and the scattering amplitude of the quasiparticles. The shape of the DOS is crucial for the occurrence of ferromagnetism as for t > 0 the energy cost of polarizing the system is much smaller than for t < 0. Our observation of Nagaoka ferromagnetism is consistent with the A-type antiferromagnetism (i.e., ferromagnetic layers stacked antiferromagnetically) observed in neutron scattering experiments on NaxCoO2. The transport and magnetic properties measured in NaxCoO2 are consistent with DMFT predictions of a metal close to the Mott insulator and we discuss the role of Na ordering in driving the system towards the Mott transition. We propose that the Curie-Weiss metal phase observed in NaxCoO2 is a consequence of the crossover from a bad metal with incoherent quasiparticles at temperatures T > T-* and Fermi liquid behavior with enhanced parameters below T-*, where T-* is a low energy coherence scale induced by strong local Coulomb electron correlations. Our analysis also shows that the one band Hubbard model on a triangular lattice is not enough to describe the unusual properties of NaxCoO2 and is used to identify the simplest relevant model that captures the essential physics in NaxCoO2. We propose a model which allows for the Na ordering phenomena observed in the system which, we propose, drives the system close to the Mott insulating phase even at large dopings.