Combining ability of Phaseolus vulgaris L. for resistance to common bacterial blight

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Analysis of combining ability in soybean cultivars

Eight soybean cultivars (Doko, Bossier, Ocepar-4, BR-15, FT-Cometa, Savana, Paraná and Cristalina) were crossed in a diallel design. Plants of the F1 generation and their parents were evaluated under short-day conditions for the determination of the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability. The estimated GCA and SCA values were significant for the evaluated traits except for the total cycle. Highest GCA effects for the traits days to flowering, plant height, insertion height, number of branches and total cycle were estimated for the cultivars Doko, Cristalina and Savana. The variability observed in the trait days to flowering can, for the most part, be explained by additive effects.

Combining ability, genetic diversity and heterosis in relation to F1 performance of tropically adapted shrunken (sh2) sweet corn lines

With 6 tables Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the importance of heterosis for agronomic and quality traits in shrunken (sh2) sweet corn, assess the usefulness of combining ability to predict the value of parents and their crosses for further genetic improvement and examine whether genetic divergence can predict heterosis or F1 performance. Ten genetically diverse shrunken (sh2) sweet corn inbred lines were used to generate 45 F1s. F1s and parents were evaluated for agronomic and quality traits across environments. Heterosis was more important for yield-related traits than it was for ear aspects and eating quality. Heterosis for most traits was mostly dependent on dominance genetic effects of parental lines. Parents and F1per se performance were highly correlated with general combining ability effects and mid-parent values, respectively, for most traits. Hybrid performance for flavour and plant height was significantly but weakly related to simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic distance (GD). Phenotypic distance (PD), estimated from phenotypic traits was correlated with heterosis for total soluble solids, ear length and flavour. © 2012 State of Queensland.

Genetic analysis of resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in wheat

The inheritance of resistance to root-lesion nematode was investigated in five synthetic hexaploid wheat lines and two bread wheat lines using a half-diallel design of F1 and F2 crosses. The combining ability of resistance genes in the synthetic hexaploid wheat lines was compared with the performance of the bread wheat line 'GS50a', the source of resistance to Pratylenchus thornei used in Australian wheat breeding programmes. Replicated glasshouse trials identified P. thornei resistance as polygenic and additive in gene action. General combining ability (GCA) of the parents was more important than specific combining ability (SCA) effects in the inheritance of P. thornei resistance in both F1 and F2 populations. The synthetic hexaploid wheat line 'CPI133872' was identified as the best general combiner, however, all five synthetic hexaploid wheat lines possessed better GCA than 'GS50a'. The synthetic hexaploid wheat lines contain novel sources of P. thornei resistance that will provide alternative and more effective sources of resistance to be utilized in wheat breeding programmes

Inheritance of resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in wheat landraces and cultivars from the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region.

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei causes substantial loss to bread wheat production in the northern grain region of Australia and other parts of the world. West Asia and North Africa (WANA) wheat accessions with partial resistance to P. thornei were analysed for mode of inheritance in a half-diallel crossing design of F1 hybrids (10 parents) and F2 populations (7 parents). General combining ability was more important than specific combining ability as indicated by components of variance ratios of 0.93 and 0.95 in diallel ANOVA of the F1 and F2 generations, respectively. General combining ability values of the 'resistant' parents were predictive of the mean nematode numbers of their progeny in crosses with the susceptible Australian cv. Janz at the F1 (R populations showed relatively continuous distributions. Heritability was 0.68 for F2 populations in the half-diallel of resistant parents and 0.82-0.92 for 5 'resistant' parent/Janz doubled-haploid populations (narrow-sense heritability on a line mean basis). The results indicate polygenic inheritance of P. thornei resistance with a minimum of from 2 to 6 genes involved in individual F populations of 5 resistant parents crossed with Janz. Morocco 426 and Iraq 43 appear to be the best of the parents tested for breeding for resistance to P. thornei. None of the P. thornei-resistant WANA accessions was resistant to Pratylenchus neglectus.

Genetic dissection of heterosis using epistatic association mapping in a partial NCII mating design

Heterosis refers to the phenomenon in which an F1 hybrid exhibits enhanced growth or agronomic performance. However, previous theoretical studies on heterosis have been based on bi-parental segregating populations instead of F1 hybrids. To understand the genetic basis of heterosis, here we used a subset of F1 hybrids, named a partial North Carolina II design, to perform association mapping for dependent variables: original trait value, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and mid-parental heterosis (MPH). Our models jointly fitted all the additive, dominance and epistatic effects. The analyses resulted in several important findings: 1) Main components are additive and additive-by-additive effects for GCA and dominance-related effects for SCA and MPH, and additive-by-dominant effect for MPH was partly identified as additive effect; 2) the ranking of factors affecting heterosis was dominance > dominance-by-dominance > over-dominance > complete dominance; and 3) increasing the proportion of F1 hybrids in the population could significantly increase the power to detect dominance-related effects, and slightly reduce the power to detect additive and additive-by-additive effects. Analyses of cotton and rapeseed datasets showed that more additive-by-additive QTL were detected from GCA than from trait phenotype, and fewer QTL were from MPH than from other dependent variables.

Avaliação de sete famílias S2 prolíficas de minimilho para a produção de híbridos

Sete famílias S2 de minimilho foram cruzadas entre si em esquema dialélico completo. Os híbridos simples obtidos foram avaliados na Estação Experimental de São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de São Paulo (UNESP-Botucatu). O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados com três repetições. As parcelas consistiram de fileiras de 5 m espaçadas entre si por 0,90 m, com 50 plantas cada uma. Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: número de espigas por parcela (NE), massa de espigas com palha (MECP) e sem palha (MESP), comprimento de espigas com palha (CECP) e sem palha (CESP), diâmetro de espigas com palha (DECP) e sem palha (DESP), altura da planta (AP) e da espiga (AE). Estimaram-se os efeitos da capacidade geral e específica de combinação das famílias pelo método 4, modelo estatístico 1, proposto por Griffing. Houve predominância dos efeitos gênicos aditivos para a massa de espigas com palha e sem palha. Entretanto, para o comprimento de espigas sem palha, diâmetro de espigas com palha e sem palha, altura de planta e altura de espigas, os efeitos gênicos aditivos e não aditivos foram equivalentes. Pelas estimativas das capacidades combinatórias para o número de espigas por parcela, massa de espigas com palha e sem palha, a família 27 é a indicada para obter genótipos superiores.

Dialelo entre linhagens de uma população de pepino do tipo 'Caipira'

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Capacidade combinatória e heterose de linhagens de pepino do grupo japonês para caracteres de produção

O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o efeito da capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação e a heterose de linhagens e populações de pepino japonês, empregando-se um topcross. Foram obtidos 16 híbridos experimentais a partir de duas populações testadoras (geração F2 de Yoshinari, T Y, e de Natsusuzumi, T N) e oito linhagens S5 obtidas a partir do híbrido comercial Hokuho. Também foi avaliado o híbrido F1 Hokuho, totalizando 27 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cada parcela foi constituída de quatro plantas. Foram avaliadas as massas totais e comerciais, número de frutos total e comercial, porcentagem de frutos comerciais e massa média de frutos comerciais. A população de Yoshinari (T Y) apresentou, em média, melhor capacidade de se combinar com as linhagens de Hokuho. A linhagem L7 apresentou os maiores valores positivos da estimativa da CGC para a maioria das características avaliadas. Os híbridos H1Y e H1N, que apresentavam a linhagem L1 como parental, foram os que apresentaram maiores valores para a estimativa da CEC com as populações testadoras para a maioria das características avaliadas, enquanto os que tinham a linhagem L5 como parental (H5Y e H5N) apresentaram os menores valores. A população F2 proveniente do híbrido Yoshinari apresentou, em geral, maior potencial de originar linhagens superiores para cruzamentos com linhagens de Hokuho, a fim de se obter híbridos com maior potencial produtivo. A heterose foi positiva para a grande maioria das características avaliadas.

Diallel analysis of maize resistance to Phaeosphaeria maydis

Em programas de melhoramento visando resistência genética a doenças, a estimativa de parâmetros genéticos que governam a resistência permite direcionar a introdução de resistência em germoplasmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os efeitos heteróticos, a capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação, utilizando-se de dois métodos de avaliação da resistência, à Phaeosphaeria maydis através da análise dialélica de 36 híbridos F1 e de suas nove linhagens genitoras, em experimentos conduzidos em três ambientes. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com três repetições e a parcela experimental foi representada por uma fileira de 5 m. As diferenças entre as estimativas da capacidade de combinação, em diferentes ambientes e para os dois métodos de avaliação, apresentaram efeitos significativos (P < 0.01) para ambientes (E), CGC e CGC x E. O efeito de CEC e a interação CEC x E não foi significativa para os dois métodos de avaliação. Os efeitos de CGC foram mais importantes que CEC nesse conjunto de linhagens, sugerindo que efeitos genéticos aditivos são mais importantes como fonte de variação para resistência a esta doença. Efeitos heteróticos para resistência foram estimados, sendo possível identificar combinações híbridas específicas entre linhagens com alto potencial para o controle genético deste patógeno. Resultados para os dois métodos de avaliação foram praticamente idênticos, embora o método PI seja de maior praticidade de uso.

Capacidade combinatória para frutificação em cultivares de nogueira macadâmia

A 5 × 5 diallel experiment was conducted at Experimental Station of Tietê, SP, aiming to evaluate the combining ability amongst macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) cultivars IAC Campinas A, IAC 2-23 A, IAC 4-12 B, IAC 4-20 e IAC 5-10. The initial fruit set was evaluated 14 days after manual pollination and showed that every cultivar presented self incompatibility. There were significant general and specific combining ability amongst cultivars and reciprocal effects. The cultivar IAC Campinas A reduced the initial fruit set at all crossing in which was used as female progenitor. The best results for initial fruit set were showed by crossings between following cultivars: IAC 4-20 × IAC Campinas A, IAC 4-12 B × IAC 2-23 A, IAC 4-20 x× IAC 4-12 B, IAC 5-10 × IAC 2-23 A, IAC 5-10 × IAC 4-20, IAC 4-20 × IAC 2-23 A e IAC 5-10 × IAC 4-12 B.

Estimation of variances of the effects of incomplete diallels using a matrix approach

A matrix approach is described for assessing the variance of effects in incomplete diallels designs. The method is illustrated by reference to simulated complete and incomplete diallels using different combinations of constraints, average degree of dominance and, for the incomplete diallel, number of hybrids. Our results showed that caution should be taken in working with incomplete diallels under conditions of overdominance because there were changes in the rank of the genotypes when the excluded hybrid had parents with a low frequency of the favorable allele (i.e. the allele which increases expression of a character). The expression described in this paper is a rapid and safe approach to estimate variances and covariances of the effects of contrasts of incomplete diallels. Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics.

Top crosses de linhagens S2 de milho shrunken-2 em função da endogamia do testador

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Capacidade combinatória de linhagens e seleção de híbridos de sorgo sacarino

Sweet sorghum figure as an alternative feedstock for ethanol production. The establishment of this culture in Brazilian production chain depends on the development of more productive and adapted cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) of sweet sorghum lines and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrid combinations as the agronomic and technological traits, and additionally to identify promising hybrid combinations for evaluation in advanced trials. Five restorer lines (R) and four male-sterile lines (A) were used in a partial cross diallel yielding 20 hybrids. The parental lines, hybrids and one check were evaluated in experiments carried out in a rectangular lattice design 5x6 with three replicates in two locations. The following traits were measured: flowering time, plant height, green mass yield, dry matter percentage, dry matter yield, juice extraction, total soluble solids content, sucrose content, purity, reducing sugars content, fiber content, sugars reducing total content, total recoverable sugars, hydrous ethanol, tons of per hectare, and ethanol production. There were differences between locations and genotypes for the traits. There was a significant effect of the genotype by environment interaction for most characters, except juice extraction, purity and reducing sugars content. There were a significant effect of GCA and SCA for most traits, indicating that additive and non-additive effects affect the phenotypic expression. Considering the effects of the GCA, the A line 201402B022-A, and R lines BRS 511, CMSXS643, and CMSXS646 were considered promising for exploration as parents in breeding programs of sweet sorghum in order to increase the ethanol production and the quality of the feedstock.The hybrids 201402B010-A x BRS 511, 201402B010-A x BRS 508, 201402B010-A x CMSXS646, 201402B022-A x BRS 511, 201402B022-A x CMSXS643, 201402B022-A x CMSXS646, 201402B022-A x CMSXS647 were the most promising for ethanol yield.