Social and scientific issues in the acceptibility of radiation risks

Ionising radiation hazards are perhaps the most documented and regulated occupational and environmental hazard. In the radiological protection field a single expert advisory organisation has had an unusually large influence on the international standard setting process. This is the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Two common, and opposing views, exist over the formulation of protection recommendations by the ICRP. The first, and most widely accepted, is that its recommendations are scientifically determined. The second view, is that its recommendations are politically or socially determined. Neither of these analyses adequately accounts for the complex process in which protection recommendations are formulated. A third view, provided by studies of the origins of scientific controversy, suggests that both science and social factors are important in the assessment and limitation of risk. The aim of this thesis is not simply to examine the origin of controversy. Issues of equal, if not more, importance are the resolution of controversy, the formation of consensus and the maintenance of expert authority and influence. These issues form the central focus of this thesis. The aim is to assess the process through which the ICRP formulates its radiological protection recommendations and comment on the extent that these are influenced by the affiliations of its members. This thesis concludes that the ICRP's recommendations have been shaped by a complex relationship of scientific and social considerations, in which a socio-technical commitment to nuclear energy has played a key role. The Commission has responded to new scientific data by making complex changes to its philosophy and methods of describing risk. Where reductions in numerical limits have been applied they have been accompanied by practical measures designed to limit the impact of the change and provide continuity with the old limits and flexibility in the application of the new recommendations.

Socio-Economic Issues and Sustainable Fishery Management .A Case Study of Kerala

Department of Applied Economics, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

The GCM–Reality Intercomparison Project for SPARC (GRIPS): scientific issues and initial results

To investigate the effects of the middle atmosphere on climate, the World Climate Research Programme is supporting the project "Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate" (SPARC). A central theme of SPARC, to examine model simulations of the coupled troposphere—middle atmosphere system, is being performed through the initiative called GRIPS (GCM—Reality Intercomparison Project for SPARC). In this paper, an overview of the objectives of GRIPS is given. Initial activities include an assessment of the performance of middle atmosphere climate models, and preliminary results from this evaluation are presented here. It is shown that although all 13 models evaluated represent most major features of the mean atmospheric state, there are deficiencies in the magnitude and location of the features, which cannot easily be traced to the formulation (resolution or the parameterizations included) of the models. Most models show a cold bias in all locations, apart from the tropical tropopause region where they can be either too warm or too cold. The strengths and locations of the major jets are often misrepresented in the models. Looking at three—dimensional fields reveals, for some models, more severe deficiencies in the magnitude and positioning of the dominant structures (such as the Aleutian high in the stratosphere), although undersampling might explain some of these differences from observations. All the models have shortcomings in their simulations of the present—day climate, which might limit the accuracy of predictions of the climate response to ozone change and other anomalous forcing.

The modernized end-to-end forecast process for quantitative precipitation information : hydrometeorological requirements, scientific issues, and service concepts /

"January 1999."

Qualified intervention/qualifying formation

An education promoting scientific literacy (SL) that prepares the citizens to a responsible citizenship has persisted as an argument across discussions on curricula design. The ubiquity of science and technology on contemporary societies and the ideological requirement of informed democratic participation led to the identification of relevant categories that drive curriculum reforms towards a humanistic approach of school science. The category ‘Science as culture’ acquires in the current work a major importance: it enlightens the meaning of scientific literacy. Looking closely to the French term, culture scientifique et tecnologique, turns science simultaneously into a cultural object and product that can be both received and worked at different levels and within several approaches by the individuals and the communities. On the other hand, nonformal and informal education spaces gain greater importance. Together with the formal school environment these spaces allow for an enrichment and diversification of learning experiences. Examples of nonformal spaces where animators can develop their work may be science museums or botanical gardens; television and internet can be regarded as informal education spaces. Due to the above mentioned impossibility of setting apart the individual or community-based experiences from Science and Technology (S&T), the work in nonformal and informal spaces sets an additional challenge to the preparation of socio-cultural animators. Socio-scientific issues take, at times, heavily relevance within the communities. Pollution, high tension lines, spreading of diseases, food contamination or natural resources conservation are among the socio-scientific issues that often call upon arguments and emotions. In the context of qualifying programmes on socio-cultural animation (social education and community development) within European Higher Education Area (EHEA) the present study describes the Portuguese framework. The comparison of programmes within Portugal aims to contribute to the discussion on the curriculum design for a socio-cultural animator degree (1st cycle of Bologna process). In particular, this study intends to assess how the formation given complies with enabling animators to work, within multiple scenarios, with communities in situations of socio-scientific relevance. A set of themes, issues and both current and potential fields of action, not described or insufficiently described in literature, is identified and analysed in the perspective of a qualified intervention of animators. One of these examples is thoroughly discussed. Finally, suggestions are made about curriculum reforms in order, if possible, to strongly link the desired qualified intervention with a qualifying formation.

Débattre sur une question en rapport avec les nanotechnologies et la société au lycée: pour une approche didactique

Les nanotechnologies sont devenues l’un des domaines de la recherche qui a connu une des plus fortes croissances au cours de ces dernières années. Partout dans le monde, des tentatives sont menées afin de proposer des scénarios didactiques d’enseignement des nanotechnologies dès l’école primaire. Compte tenu de l’avancée rapide des nanotechnologies et de leurs controverses de nombreuses questions vont pourtant émerger dans tous les domaines : technologiques, économiques, environnementaux, santé, éducation, éthique, morale et philosophique (Bensaude- Vincent, 2009). Il apparaît essentiel d’étudier les conditions d’enseignement des nanotechnologies auprès de lycéens en intégrant deux dimensions : l’une scientifique, l’autre sociale et éthique. Nos travaux se situent dans le courant de recherche en didactique des sciences qui prend en compte les interactions Sciences – Technologies - Société et plus particulièrement les SSI, (Socio Scientific Issues). Il s’agit d’étudier des dilemmes sociaux inhérents à certains champs scientifiques face aux avancées des sciences et technologies. Les sciences et les technologies sont des artéfacts et sont ainsi sujets à critiques parmi lesquelles les questions de pouvoir et d’inégalités potentielles doivent être étudiées. La mise en débat d’une question est envisagée comme une solution adaptée pour aborder les SSI (Sadler, 2004). Le débat argumenté dans le cadre de l’enseignement des sciences semble être un outil pédagogique adapté pour aborder avec les élèves les rapports entre recherche scientifiques et questions sociétales. Cependant, cette activité est complexe et difficile à mettre en oeuvre

O significado atribuído por licenciandos ao currículo de Biologia numa perspectiva CTSA

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O tratamento de questões sociocientíficas em um grupo de professores e a natureza do processo formativo fundamentado em uma perspectiva crítica

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

A constituição de associações livres e o trabalho com as questões sociocientíficas na formação de professores

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

Formação continuada de professores: a experiência de uma temática sociocienfítica na perspectiva do Agir Comunicativo

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

O processo de aprendizagem em práticas de ensino por investigação: interpretações a partir da abordagem fenomenológica e semiótica social

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC