Resposta de cultivares de trigo à infestação do pulgão Rhopalosiphum padi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de oito cultivares comerciais de trigo (BRS 194, BRS 208, BRS Camboatá, BRS Guabiju, BRS Guamirim, BRS Louro, BRS Timbaúva e BRS Umbu) à infestação do pulgão Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Trigo, em telado, em blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas principais receberam os tratamentos com e sem infestação de pulgões, e as subparcelas foram compostas pelas cultivares. A infestação com os pulgões (20 adultos ápteros por planta) foi realizada aos 12 dias após a emergência das plantas, quando se encontravam no início do afilhamento, e foi mantida durante 15 dias. As cultivares avaliadas responderam diferentemente à infestação do pulgão R. padi. A cultivar BRS Timbaúva é a mais resistente, e as cultivares BRS Umbu e BRS Guabiju são as mais suscetíveis ao pulgão, quanto ao crescimento e a capacidade produtiva de plantas.

Effects of host plant drought stress on the performance of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.): a mechanistic analysis

1. The growth (increase in height and leaf number) of four grass species was reduced by a -0.5 MPa drought stress, but the performance of an associated herbivore, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was not affected consistently. The intrinsic rate of increase of R. padi was reduced by drought stress on three grass species, including Dactylis glomerata (L.), but was unaffected on Arrhenatherum elatius (L.). Therefore, there is no general relationship in the effect of plant drought on an insect herbivore, even among closely related host plant species. 2. Drought stress increased the quality of plant phloem sap, as indicated by increased sieve element osmotic pressure and essential amino acid concentrations. Thus, diet quality could not account for the reduced performance of R. padi under drought stress. The concentration of essential amino acids in the phloem of well-watered A. elatius was, however, lower than that of well-watered D. glomerata, correlating with the decreased performance of aphids on well-watered A. elatius. 3. There were no differences in aphid feeding duration between watering treatments or plant species but sap ingestion rates were reduced significantly under drought stress. 4. Using the measure of dietary amino acid concentrations and the estimate of sap ingestion, the essential amino acid flux through aphids was calculated. Compared with the flux through aphids feeding on well-watered D. glomerata, there was a reduction in aphids feeding on drought-stressed D. glomerata and drought-stressed A. elatius due to lower sap ingestion rates. The flux through aphids on well-watered A. elatius was also reduced due to low phloem essential amino acid concentrations. Thus, the performance of an aphid is correlated with the availability and accessibility of essential amino acids.

Infestation and natural parasitism of aphids in single and mixed pastures of black oats and ryegrass

Some species of aphids are major pests on cereal crops and grass pastures. Usually these pests are not adequately controlled in pasture lands that become sources of aphid infestations to cereal crops. The dynamics of aphids and the incidence of natural enemies are less known in pasture systems than in cereal fields. The objective of this work was to assess the aphid infestation and natural aphid parasitism in different pasture composition. Three hypotheses were tested: 1- the aphid species composition in pastures may vary according to the cereal species in the field; 2- the mixture of two plant species can modify the amount and diversity of aphids; 3- the plant species composition of pasture fields influences the parasitism of aphids. Empirical data were obtained from three Poaceae fields: black oats (Avena strigosa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and a mixed field of black oats and ryegrass. The most abundant aphid species was Rhopalosiphum padi followed by Sitobion avenae. Plant species composition increases the amount and the parasitism rates of aphids. The mixture of heavily infested black oats with a poorly infested ryegrass resulted in reduction of aphid infestation in comparison with heavily-infested single plant species field. This is possible because the conditions are favorable for the development of parasitoid populations. Aphidius colemani was the main parasitoid found in these areas.

Análise dialélica para tolerância ao vírus-do-nanismo-amarelo-da-cevada em cultivares brasileiras de trigo

Seis cultivares brasileiras de trigo com diferentes níveis de tolerância ao vírus-do-nanismo-amarelo-da-cevada (VNAC) foram cruzadas de modo dialélico para avaliar as capacidades geral e específica de combinação quanto à herança da tolerância. Um isolado do vírus transmitido por Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) foi inoculado nas cultivares e nos híbridos F1 no estádio de plântula com duas folhas. Foram atribuídas notas individuais a cada planta de acordo com a severidade de sintomas apresentados. Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo os três métodos: o de Griffing, o modelo fixo, e método 2. Ficou evidenciada a presença de heterose, provavelmente decorrente do efeito aditivo de genes complementares. As cultivares BR 34 e BR 35 se destacaram com melhores valores de capacidade geral de combinação (CGC), e é recomendado seu uso como genitores em programas de melhoramento de trigo que visem à obtenção de combinações genéticas com tolerância ao VNAC.

Protective effect and economic impact of insecticide application methods on barley

The objective of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of different forms of insecticide application on the transmission of yellow dwarf disease in barley cultivars, as well as to determine the production costs and the net profit of these managements. The experiments were carried out during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons, using the following managements at main plots: T1, seed treatment with insecticide (ST) + insecticide on shoots at 15-day interval; T2, just ST; T3, insecticide applied on shoots, when aphid control level (CL) was reached; T4, without insecticide; and T5, ST + insecticide on shoots when CL was reached. Different barley cultivars - BRS Cauê, BRS Brau and MN 6021 - were arranged in the subplots. Insecticides lambda cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid) were used. There were differences on yellow dwarf disease index in both seasons for the different treatments, while damage to grain yield was influenced by year and aphid population. Production costs and net profit were different among treatments. Seed treatment with insecticide is sufficient to reduce the transmission of yellow dwarf disease in years with low aphid population pressure, while in years with larger populations, the application of insecticide on shoots is also required.

The effects of organic and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids and their natural enemies

Aphids are important pests of spring cereals and their abundance and the impact of their natural enemies may be influenced by fertilizer regime.2We conducted a 2-year field study investigating the effects of organic slow-release and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids, hymenopteran parasitoids and syrphid predators and considered how the effects of fertilizers on barley morphology and colour might influence these species.3Barley yield was greater in conventionally fertilized pots. Barley morphology was also affected by treatment: vegetative growth was greater under conventional treatments. Barley receiving organic fertilizers or no fertilizer was visually more attractive to aphids compared with plants receiving conventional fertilizers.4Aphids were more abundant in conventionally fertilized barley but the reason for this increased abundance was species specific. Metopolophium dirhodum was responding to fertilizer effects on plant morphology, whereas Rhopalosiphum padi was sensitive to the temporal availability of nutrients.5Syrphid eggs were more numerous in conventionally fertilized pots, whereas the response of parasitoids appeared to be dependent on the abundance of aphids, although the number of parasitoid mummies was low in both years.6This research shows that the fertilizer treatment used can affect numerous characteristics of plant growth and colour, which can then influence higher trophic levels. This knowledge might be used to make more informed fertilizer application choices.

Diversidade de afídeos na cultura do algodoeiro no município de Campo Verde (MT)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a diversidade de afídeos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) no município de Campo Verde (MT). Os afídeos foram amostrados diretamente nas plantas e através de armadilhas tipo Moericke. As amostragens foram realizadas a cada dois dias, até 60 dias após a germinação das plantas. A espécie Aphis gossypii Glover prevaleceu nas amostragens realizadas sobre as plantas. Formas aladas, de ocorrência acidental na cultura, tais como Aphis spiraecola Patch e Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) também foram observadas. Com as armadilhas tipo Moericke foram capturados 2280 afídeos alados, pertencentes a 13 espécies: R. padi (52,6% do total), A. spiraecola (26,4%), A. gossypii (8,9%), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (5,3%), Geopemphigus floccosus (Moreira) (3,1%), Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (1,5%), Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki) (1,3%), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (0,4%), Sipha flava (Forbes) (0,3%), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki), Lizerius melanocallis (Quednau) e Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (0,1% cada uma). Nas amostragens diretamente sobre as plantas foram observados ápteros e alados de A. gossypii e alados de A. spiraecola e R. padi. Nas armadilhas tipo Moericke, as principais espécies capturadas foram R. padi, A. spiraecola, A. gossypii e R. maidis.

Benzoxazinoid Metabolites Regulate Innate Immunity against Aphids and Fungi in Maize

Benzoxazinoids (BXs), such as 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), are secondary metabolites in grasses. The first step in BX biosynthesis converts indole-3-glycerol phosphate into indole. In maize (Zea mays), this reaction is catalyzed by either BENZOXAZINELESS1 (BX1) or INDOLE GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE LYASE (IGL). The Bx1 gene is under developmental control and is mainly responsible for BX production, whereas the Igl gene is inducible by stress signals, such as wounding, herbivory, or jasmonates. To determine the role of BXs in defense against aphids and fungi, we compared basal resistance between Bx1 wild-type and bx1 mutant lines in the igl mutant background, thereby preventing BX production from IGL. Compared to Bx1 wild-type plants, BX-deficient bx1 mutant plants allowed better development of the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, and were affected in penetration resistance against the fungus Setosphaeria turtica. At stages preceding major tissue disruption, R. padi and S. turtica elicited increased accumulation of DIMBOA-glucoside, DIMBOA, and 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside (HDMBOA-glc), which was most pronounced in apoplastic leaf extracts. Treatment with the defense elicitor chitosan similarly enhanced apoplastic accumulation of DIMBOA and HDMBOA-glc, but repressed transcription of genes controlling BX biosynthesis downstream of BX1. This repression was also obtained after treatment with the BX precursor indole and DIMBOA, but not with HDMBOA-glc. Furthermore, BX-deficient bx1 mutant lines deposited less chitosan-induced callose than Bx1 wild-type lines, whereas apoplast infiltration with DIMBOA, but not HDMBOA-glc, mimicked chitosan-induced callose. Hence, DIMBOA functions as a defense regulatory signal in maize innate immunity, which acts in addition to its well-characterized activity as a biocidal defense metabolite.

Aphid resistance in brazilian hexaploid wheat does not correlate with levels of the benzoxazinoid natural product DIMBOA.

2016

Trofobiose: uma revolução no uso de agrotóxicos.

1989

Tabela de vida de fertilidade de Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) em Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) e Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Avaliar o potencial de crescimento de Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) é importante para seu uso em programas de controle biológico de pulgões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a tabela de vida de fertilidade de L. testaceipes em Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) e Aphis gossypii Glover. Na avaliação da mortalidade de imaturos, do desenvolvimento e da razão sexual foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas do parasitóide e 480 ninfas de cada pulgão testado. Na avaliação da longevidade e da fertilidade foram utilizadas 15 fêmeas do parasitóide e uma colônia por dia de cada pulgão, até a morte da fêmea do parasitóide, sendo 300 (1º dia); 250 (2º dia); 200 (3º dia); 150 (4º dia); 100 (5º dia) e 50 ninfas nos demais dias. L. testaceipes apresentou taxas de mortalidade de imaturos de 5,6% em R. maidis e de 9,2% em A. gossypii, desenvolvimento de 10,2 e 10,1 dias e razão sexual de 0,71 e 0,66, respectivamente. L. testaceipes apresentou fecundidade de 498,2 ovos em R. maidis e de 327,8 ovos em A. gossypii. Os parâmetros de crescimento de L. testaceipes em R. maidis e A. gossypii foram, respectivamente, R O= 205,38 e 164,08 fêmeas; r m= 0,449 e 0,431 fêmeas/fêmeas/dia; lambda = 1,57 e 1,54 fêmeas/dia; T= 11,86 e 11,83 dias e TD= 10,78 e 11,27 dias. L. testaceipes apresenta alto potencial de crescimento em R. maidis e A. gossypii. R. maidis mostrou ser hospedeiro adequado aos propósitos de criação massal e utilização em sistema de criação aberta para L. testaceipes.

Plantas hospedantes de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) y su papel en el ciclo biológico del pulgón en Cataluña

Se evaluó el papel de las distintas plantas hospedantes de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) en el ciclo biológico anual de los dos cariotipos más comunes en Cataluña (2n = 8 y 2n = 10 cromosomas) mediante el seguimiento de poblaciones de pulgones en cereales de invierno y verano y en gramíneas espontáneas. Asimismo se registró la densidad de R. maidis en parcelas comerciales de maíz y se determinó el periodo de colonización mediante la instalación de una trampa de succión. Las gramíneas espontáneas juegan un papel fundamental en el ciclo biológico anual de ambos cariotipos. Los pulgones de cariotipo 2n = 10 pueden vivir sobre cebada durante el otoño, invierno y primavera, y sobre gramíneas adventicias, como Setaria sp. y Echinochloa crus-galli ((L.) P. Beauv.), en verano e inicios de otoño; la superposición del ciclo de estas gramíneas permite a los pulgones con este cariotipo cerrar su ciclo anual en ellas. En el caso de los pulgones de cariotipo 2n = 8, el sorgo es el principal hospedante de verano; la cañota constituye un hospedante básico en primavera y otoño, pudiendo actuar como hospedante en inviernos extremadamente cálidos. El periodo primaveral de colonización del maíz por R. maidis se produjo principalmente en mayo y duró hasta mediados de junio. El número de alados capturados en la trampa de succión, así como el de individuos hallados sobre plantas, fue muy bajo tanto en mayo como en junio. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el maíz no juega un papel relevante en el ciclo de R. maidis. Se analizan algunas de las posibles causas de este fenómeno.

Ensayo de preferencia de individuos alados de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) sobre siete gramíneas cultivadas

Se evaluó en laboratorio la preferencia de dos poblaciones leridanas de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) en la colonización de siete gramíneas cultivadas. Una de las poblaciones fue recogida sobre cañota (Sorghum halepense C. (L.) Pers.) y su cariotipo era 2n = 8. Los individuos de la otra población presentaban un cariotipo 2n = 10 y procedían de cebada. Las gramíneas testadas fueron: sorgo, maíz, trigo, trigo duro, cebada, triticale y avena. Los individuos alados de ambas poblaciones colonizaron los siete cereales aunque de distinta manera. El sorgo fue preferentemente colonizado por los pulgones con cariotipo 2n = 8 y el número de ninfas producidas en 48 horas fue mayor que en el resto de las gramíneas testadas. Los pulgones con cariotipo 2n = 10 mostraron preferencia por la cebada. Los alados de ambas poblaciones fueron incapaces de reproducirse sobre las plantas de maíz.

Effects of ester fractions from leaf epicuticular waxes of Bauhinia rufa (Steud.) Bong. and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville from cerrado on the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.)

(Effects of ester fractions from leaf epicuticular waxes of Bauhinia rufa (Steud.) Bong. and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville from the cerrado on the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.)). Ester fractions were isolated from the leaf epicuticular waxes of Bauhinia rufa (Steud.) Bong. and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville collected in the Cerrado de Emas (Pirassununga, SP, Brazil). The bioassays of toxicity and reproductive index were carried out with esters from these species and the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.). It was observed that the ester fractions from Bauhinia rufa and Stryphnodendron adstringens had a negative effect on the survival of Rhopalosiphum maidis. The ester fraction from Stryphnodendron adstringens also had a negative effect on the reproductive index of the aphid. These parameters decreased with the increase of ester concentration of artificial diets.

Aphids in Corn Research

Corn, Zea mays L., is the most abundant field crop in Iowa, and there are many insect pests associated with this field crop. Although aphids are not typically economically important in corn, recent observations have indicated several aphid species developing heavy populations in northwest Iowa and southwest Minnesota. Historically, the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has been the most abundant aphid species in corn; however, the bird cherry oat aphid, R. padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and several other species have also been detected. Recent observations show a shift to populations peaking later in the summer. Damage potential and management guidelines for aphids in corn are not well defined and this research is aimed at developing economic threshold and sampling protocols.