Bayesian and multivariate methods applied to favorability quantification in recôncavo Basin and Ribeira Belt, Brazil

A methodology to define favorable areas in petroleum and mineral exploration is applied, which consists in weighting the exploratory variables, in order to characterize their importance as exploration guides. The exploration data are spatially integrated in the selected area to establish the association between variables and deposits, and the relationships among distribution, topology, and indicator pattern of all variables. Two methods of statistical analysis were compared. The first one is the Weights of Evidence Modeling, a conditional probability approach (Agterberg, 1989a), and the second one is the Principal Components Analysis (Pan, 1993). In the conditional method, the favorability estimation is based on the probability of deposit and variable joint occurrence, with the weights being defined as natural logarithms of likelihood ratios. In the multivariate analysis, the cells which contain deposits are selected as control cells and the weights are determined by eigendecomposition, being represented by the coefficients of the eigenvector related to the system's largest eigenvalue. The two techniques of weighting and complementary procedures were tested on two case studies: 1. Recôncavo Basin, Northeast Brazil (for Petroleum) and 2. Itaiacoca Formation of Ribeira Belt, Southeast Brazil (for Pb-Zn Mississippi Valley Type deposits). The applied methodology proved to be easy to use and of great assistance to predict the favorability in large areas, particularly in the initial phase of exploration programs. © 1998 International Association for Mathematical Geology.

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de óleo no processo de drenagem gravitacional com injeção de CO2

The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Recôncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting gás through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil

Mapeamento do relevo do embasamento de bacias sedimentares através da inversão gravimétrica vinculada

Apresentamos três novos métodos estáveis de inversão gravimétrica para estimar o relevo de uma interface arbitrária separando dois meios. Para a garantia da estabilidade da solução, introduzimos informações a priori sobre a interface a ser mapeada, através da minimização de um (ou mais) funcional estabilizante. Portanto, estes três métodos se diferenciam pelos tipos de informação físico-geológica incorporados. No primeiro método, denominado suavidade global, as profundidades da interface são estimadas em pontos discretos, presumindo-se o conhecimento a priori sobre o contraste de densidade entre os meios. Para a estabilização do problema inverso introduzimos dois vínculos: (a) proximidade entre as profundidades estimadas e verdadeiras da interface em alguns pontos fornecidas por furos de sondagem; e (b) proximidade entre as profundidades estimadas em pontos adjacentes. A combinação destes dois vínculos impõe uma suavidade uniforme a toda interface estimada, minimizando, simultaneamente em alguns pontos, os desajustes entre as profundidades conhecidas pelas sondagens e as estimadas nos mesmos pontos. O segundo método, denominado suavidade ponderada, estima as profundidades da interface em pontos discretos, admitindo o conhecimento a priori do contraste de densidade. Neste método, incorpora-se a informação geológica que a interface é suave, exceto em regiões de descontinuidades produzidas por falhas, ou seja, a interface é predominantemente suave porém localmente descontínua. Para a incorporação desta informação, desenvolvemos um processo iterativo em que três tipos de vínculos são impostos aos parâmetros: (a) ponderação da proximidade entre as profundidades estimadas em pontos adjacentes; (b) limites inferior e superior para as profundidades; e (c) proximidade entre todas as profundidades estimadas e um valor numérico conhecido. Inicializando com a solução estimada pelo método da suavidade global, este segundo método, iterativamente, acentua as feições geométricas presentes na solução inicial; ou seja, regiões suaves da interface tendem a tornar-se mais suaves e regiões abruptas tendem a tornar-se mais abruptas. Para tanto, este método atribui diferentes pesos ao vínculo de proximidade entre as profundidades adjacentes. Estes pesos são automaticamente atualizados de modo a acentuar as descontinuidades sutilmente detectadas pela solução da suavidade global. Os vínculos (b) e (c) são usados para compensar a perda da estabilidade, devida à introdução de pesos próximos a zero em alguns dos vínculos de proximidade entre parâmetros adjacentes, e incorporar a informação a priori que a região mais profunda da interface apresenta-se plana e horizontal. O vínculo (b) impõe, de modo estrito, que qualquer profundidade estimada é não negativa e menor que o valor de máxima profundidade da interface conhecido a priori; o vínculo (c) impõe que todas as profundidades estimadas são próximas a um valor que deliberadamente viola a profundidade máxima da interface. O compromisso entre os vínculos conflitantes (b) e (c) resulta na tendenciosidade da solução final em acentuar descontinuidades verticais e apresentar uma estimativa suave e achatada da região mais profunda. O terceiro método, denominado mínimo momento de inércia, estima os contrastes de densidade de uma região da subsuperfície discretizada em volumes elementares prismáticos. Este método incorpora a informação geológica que a interface a ser mapeada delimita uma fonte anômala que apresenta dimensões horizontais maiores que sua maior dimensão vertical, com bordas mergulhando verticalmente ou em direção ao centro de massa e que toda a massa (ou deficiência de massa) anômala está concentrada, de modo compacto, em torno de um nível de referência. Conceitualmente, estas informações são introduzidas pela minimização do momento de inércia das fontes em relação ao nível de referência conhecido a priori. Esta minimização é efetuada em um subespaço de parâmetros consistindo de fontes compactas e apresentando bordas mergulhando verticalmente ou em direção ao centro de massa. Efetivamente, estas informações são introduzidas através de um processo iterativo inicializando com uma solução cujo momento de inércia é próximo a zero, acrescentando, em cada iteração, uma contribuição com mínimo momento de inércia em relação ao nível de referência, de modo que a nova estimativa obedeça a limites mínimo e máximo do contraste de densidade, e minimize, simultaneamente, os desajustes entre os dados gravimétricos observados e ajustados. Adicionalmente, o processo iterativo tende a "congelar" as estimativas em um dos limites (mínimo ou máximo). O resultado final é uma fonte anômala compactada em torno do nível de referência cuja distribuição de constraste de densidade tende ao limite superior (em valor absoluto) estabelecido a priori. Estes três métodos foram aplicados a dados sintéticos e reais produzidos pelo relevo do embasamento de bacias sedimentares. A suavidade global produziu uma boa reconstrução do arcabouço de bacias que violam a condição de suavidade, tanto em dados sintéticos como em dados da Bacia do Recôncavo. Este método, apresenta a menor resolução quando comparado com os outros dois métodos. A suavidade ponderada produziu uma melhoria na resolução de relevos de embasamentos que apresentam falhamentos com grandes rejeitos e altos ângulos de mergulho, indicando uma grande potencialidade na interpretação do arcabouço de bacias extensionais, como mostramos em testes com dados sintéticos e dados do Steptoe Valley, Nevada, EUA, e da Bacia do Recôncavo. No método do mínimo momento de inércia, tomou-se como nível de referência o nível médio do terreno. As aplicações a dados sintéticos e às anomalias Bouguer do Graben de San Jacinto, California, EUA, e da Bacia do Recôncavo mostraram que, em comparação com os métodos da suavidade global e ponderada, este método estima com excelente resolução falhamentos com pequenos rejeitos sem impor a restrição da interface apresentar poucas descontinuidades locais, como no método da suavidade ponderada.

Adaptação do método de Bott para contraste de densidade variando com a profundidade

Apresentamos um novo método para estimar o relevo do embasamento de bacias sedimentares através da extensão analítica da expressão da placa Bouguer para contraste de densidade entre o pacote sedimentar e o embasamento decrescendo monotonicamente com a profundidade de acordo com uma lei hiperbólica. O método requer ruído contido nos dados gravimétricos tenha desvio padrão inferior a 0,01 mGal. As estimativas do relevo do embasamento são obtidas nas posições espaciais localizadas diretamente abaixo de cada observação. A metodologia foi aplicada a dados sintéticos de bacias sedimentares simuladas apresentando relevo do embasamento suave. O método produziu relevo do embasamento estimado próximo do relevo simulado. O método foi também aplicado a três conjuntos de dados reais: Bacia do Recôncavo (Brasil), Graben do Büyük Menderes (Turquia) e Graben de San Jacinto (Estados Unidos). As soluções produzidas pelo método proposto apresentaram estimativas de profundidades máximas em acordo com as informações geológicas disponíveis: 6 km para Bacia do Recôncavo, 1,6 km para Vale do Büyük Menderes e 2,2 km para Graben de San Jacinto.

Inversão gravimétrica estável do relevo do embasamento e da variação da densidade com a profundidade em bacias sedimentares

O presente método postula uma variação hiperbólica para o contraste de densidade de uma bacia sedimentar em função da profundidade, e tem dois objetivos: (1) delinear o relevo do embasamento de uma bacia, conhecendo-se a anomalia gravimétrica, o contraste de densidade na superfície da bacia e o fator de decaimento do contraste de densidade com a profundidade; (2) estimar, além do relevo, o valor do contraste de densidade na superfície de uma bacia sedimentar e o fator de decaimento do contraste de densidade com a profundidade, sendo fornecida a anomalia gravimétrica e a profundidade do embasamento em alguns pontos da bacia. Nos dois casos o modelo interpretativo é um conjunto de prismas retangulares verticais justapostos, cujas espessuras, que são parâmetros a serem estimados, representam a profundidade da interface de separação entre os sedimentos e o embasamento. As soluções obtidas nos dois problemas acima formulados são estáveis devido à incorporação de informações adicionais sobre a suavidade do relevo estimado, e o conhecimento da profundidade do relevo do embasamento em alguns pontos, fornecido por furos de sondagem. O método foi testado em anomalias gravimétricas sintéticas produzidas pela simulação de bacias sedimentares com relevos suaves. Os resultados mostraram relevos com boa resolução e valores estimados do contraste de densidade na superfície da bacia e do fator de decaimento do contraste de densidade com a profundidade, próximos aos verdadeiros, indicando dessa maneira o potencial do método em interpretações gravimétricas de bacias sedimentares. O método foi aplicado à anomalia Bouguer da Bacia do Recôncavo, Brasil, delineando um relevo com um valor para a profundidade máxima de cerca de 6 km, semelhante ao estimado em interpretações sísmicas. As estimativas para o contraste de densidade na superfície da Bacia e o fator de decaimento com a profundidade foram -0,30 g/cm³ e 30 km, respectivamente, produzindo uma estimativa para a compactação máxima dos sedimentos da ordem de 4%.

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de óleo no processo de drenagem gravitacional com injeção de CO2

The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Recôncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting gás through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil

Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Microbial Community In Hypersaline Petroleum Produced Water From The Campos Basin.

In this work the archaea and eubacteria community of a hypersaline produced water from the Campos Basin that had been transported and discharged to an onshore storage facility was evaluated by 16S recombinant RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. The produced water had a hypersaline salt content of 10 (w/v), had a carbon oxygen demand (COD) of 4,300 mg/l and contains phenol and other aromatic compounds. The high salt and COD content and the presence of toxic phenolic compounds present a problem for conventional discharge to open seawater. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the COD and phenolic content could be largely removed under aerobic conditions, without dilution, by either addition of phenol degrading Haloarchaea or the addition of nutrients alone. In this study our goal was to characterize the microbial community to gain further insight into the persistence of reservoir community members in the produced water and the potential for bioremediation of COD and toxic contaminants. Members of the archaea community were consistent with previously identified communities from mesothermic reservoirs. All identified archaea were located within the phylum Euryarchaeota, with 98 % being identified as methanogens while 2 % could not be affiliated with any known genus. Of the identified archaea, 37 % were identified as members of the strictly carbon-dioxide-reducing genus Methanoplanus and 59 % as members of the acetoclastic genus Methanosaeta. No Haloarchaea were detected, consistent with the need to add these organisms for COD and aromatic removal. Marinobacter and Halomonas dominated the eubacterial community. The presence of these genera is consistent with the ability to stimulate COD and aromatic removal with nutrient addition. In addition, anaerobic members of the phyla Thermotogae, Firmicutes, and unclassified eubacteria were identified and may represent reservoir organisms associated with the conversion hydrocarbons to methane.

An unusual, dwarf new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray, Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., from the upper and mid Amazon basin: the second species of Plesiotrygon (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

A new species of the relatively poorly known Neotropical freshwater stingray genus Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987 is described from the main channel and smaller tributaries (Ríos Itaya and Pachitea) of the upper Amazon basin in Peru. The first specimen to be collected, however, was from much farther east in Rio Solimões in 1996, just down-river from Rio Purus (specimen unavailable for this study). Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., is a very distinctive and unusually small species of freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae), described here mostly from three specimens representing different size classes and stages of sexual maturity. Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., is distinguished from its only congener, P. iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987, by numerous unique features, including: dorsal coloration composed of very fine rosettes or a combination of spots and irregular ocelli; very circular disc and snout; very small and less rhomboidal spiracles; short snout and anterior disc region; narrow mouth and nostrils; denticles on dorsal tail small, scattered, not forming row of enlarged spines; adult and preadult specimens with significantly fewer tooth rows; fewer caudal vertebrae; higher total pectoral radials; very small size, probably not surpassing 250 mm disc length or width, males maturing sexually at around 180 mm disc length and 175 mm disc width; distal coloration of tail posterior to caudal stings usually dark purplish-brown; and features of the ventral lateral-line canals (hyomandibular canal very narrow, infraorbital and supraorbital canals not undulated, supraorbital and infraorbital loops small and narrow, supraorbital loop very short, not extending posteriorly to level of mouth, jugular and posterior infraorbital canals short, not extending caudally to first gill slits, subpleural loop very narrow posteriorly; absence of anterior and posterior subpleural tubules). To provide a foundation for the description of P. nana sp. nov., morphological variation in P. iwamae was examined based on all type specimens as well as newly collected and previously unreported material. Two specimens topotypic with the male paratype of P. nana sp. nov., referred to here as Plesiotrygon cf. iwamae, are also reported. Relationships of the new species to P. iwamae are discussed; further characters indicative of Plesiotrygon monophyly are proposed, but the genus may still not be valid. Plesiotrygon nana sp. nov., is commercialized with some regularity in the international aquarium trade from Iquitos (Peru), an alarming circumstance because nothing is known of its biology or conservation requirements.

A new species of Pimelodus La Cépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, Brazil

Pimelodus multicratifer, a new species, is described from the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin. The new species differs from the other Pimelodus species by the following features: 26 to 30 gill rakers on the first branchial arch; a combination of three to six rows of dark spots regularly or irregularly scattered on the flanks and several small dark spots irregularly scattered on the dorsal surface of head, supraoccipital process, and sometimes on the dorsal and caudal fins; striated lips; maxillary barbels reaching between posterior tip of the pelvic-fin rays and posterior tip of the middle caudal-fin rays.

Ituglanis mambai, a new subterranean catfish from a karst area of Central Brazil, rio Tocantins basin (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Ituglanis mambai, new species, is described from a cave in the Mambaí karst area, State of Goiás, Central Brazil. The new species distinguishes from epigean and cave congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: posterior supraoccipital fontanel absent; pectoral-fin rays usually i,7; six pleural ribs; total vertebrae 37-38 behind Weberian apparatus; shorter predorsal length (65.1-70.8% SL); shorter caudal peduncle length (8.4-11.9% SL); shorter dorsal-fin base length (7.7-11.3% SL); wider interobital width (29.2-36.5% HL); larger mouth width (43.4-64.0% HL); intermediate between epigean and other cave Ituglanis species as regards to both eyes (diameter varying from 0.5 to1.0 mm in adults, 7.8-10.1 % HL) and pigmentation, composed by irregular light brown spots along the body. The latter indicate the troglobitic status for I. mambai. In addition, this species has the maxillae with a discrete medial-posterior projection; fronto-lacrimal one half-length of the maxillae and pointed backwards; posterior process of palatine half its length, with a tenuous medial concavity; 14 dorsal and 12 ventral procurrent rays. In the natural habitat, I. mambai displayed cryptobiotic habits, trying to hide in the graveled bottom or under boulders when disturbed, apparently showing a negative response to light. It was observed a preference to slow-moving waters. Recent flood marks were observed in the stream conduit in March/April 2007 (end of the rainy season) when less individuals were observed on 300 m of the subterranean stream compared to September 2004 (end of the dry season).

Natural history and population data of fishes in caves of the Serra do Ramalho karst area, Middle São Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil

During the exploration and mapping of new caves in Serra do Ramalho karst area, southern Bahia state, cavers from the Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas - GBPE (Belo Horizonte) noticed the presence of troglomorphic catfishes (species with reduced eyes and/or melanic pigmentation), which we intensively investigated with regards to their ecology and behavior since 2005. Non-troglomorphic fishes regularly found in the studied caves were included in this investigation. We present here data on the natural history of two troglobitic (exclusively subterranean troglomorphic species) fishes - Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005 (Heptapteridae; Gruna do Enfurnado) and Trichomycterus undescribed species (Trichomycteridae; Lapa dos Peixes and Gruna da Água Clara), and non-troglomorphic Hoplias cf. malabaricus, probably a troglophile (able to form populations both in epigean and subterranean habitats) in the Gruna do Enfurnado, and Pimelodella sp., a species with a sink population in the Lapa dos Peixes.

Two new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Negro basin in Brazil

Two new species of Hypostomus are described from the middle and upper rio Negro in Brazil. They are assigned to the Hypostomus cochliodon group (sensu Armbruster, 2003) by possessing few spoon-shaped teeth, and dentary angle averaging less than 80º. Hypostomus kopeyaka is described from the rio Tiquié, a tributary of the rio Uaupés, upper rio Negro basin, presents a unique color pattern among the Hypostomus species belonging to the Hypostomus cochliodon group, consisting of conspicuously horizontally elongated, closely-set black spots over the entire dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body. Hypostomus weberi is described from the middle rio Negro and can be distinguished from all remaining Hypostomus species belonging to the Hypostomus cochliodon group by possessing a unique color pattern consisting in large, rounded, widelyspaced black spots over body and fins.

Population genetic structuring in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) across the Paraná-Paraguay basin: evidence from microsatellites

The Paraná-Paraguay basin encompasses central western Brazil, northeastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and northern Argentina. The Pantanal is a flooded plain with marked dry and rainy seasons that, due to its soil characteristics and low declivity, has a great water holding capacity supporting abundant fish fauna. Piaractus mesopotamicus, or pacu, endemic of the Paraná-Paraguay basin, is a migratory species economically important in fisheries and ecologically as a potential seed disperser. In this paper we employ eight microsatellite loci to assess the population structure of 120 pacu sampled inside and outside the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Our main objective was to test the null hypothesis of panmixia and to verify if there was a different structuring pattern between the Pantanal were there were no physical barriers to fish movement and the heavily impounded Paraná and Paranapanema rivers. All loci had moderate to high levels of polymorphism, the number of alleles varied from three to 18. The average observed heterozygosity varied from 0.068 to 0.911. After the Bonferroni correction three loci remained significant for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg, and for those the frequency of null alleles was estimated. F ST and R ST pairwise comparisons detected low divergence among sampling sites, and differentiation was significant only between Paranapanema and Cuiabá and Paranapanema and Taquari. No correlation between genetic distance and the natural logarithm of the geographic distance was detected. Results indicate that for conservation purposes and for restoration programs small genetic differences detected in the Cuiabá and Paranapanema rivers should be taken in consideration.

A new species of Hemiancistrus from the rio Araguaia basin, Goiás state, Brazil (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Hemiancistrus cerrado is described from the tributaries of rio Araguaia, rio Tocantins basin. Hemiancistrus cerrado has external similarities with H. megalopteryx and H. punctulatus from coastal streams of southern Brazil, and can be distinguished by having a larger internarial width, 15.9-21.1% of head length (vs. 11.2-14.0% in H. megalopteryx and 11.2-13.9% in H. punctulatus) and, with little overlap, by the larger adipose-fin spine length, 9.4-13.6% of standard length (vs. 7.1-8.7% in H. megalopteryx and 7.4-10.0% in H. punctulatus). Hemiancistrus cerrado further differs from H. megalopteryx by having the pectoral-fin spine reaching maximally to the middle of the pelvic-fin spine when adpressed in adult males (vs. reaching tip). Hemiancistrus cerrado differs from other members of Hemiancistrus by color and numerous morphometric and meristic data.

Quantification and source identification of atmospheric particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their dry deposition fluxes at three sites in Salvador Basin, Brazil, impacted by mobile and stationary sources

The present work has aimed to determine the 16 US EPA priority PAH atmospheric particulate matter levels present in three sites around Salvador, Bahia: (i) Lapa bus station, strongly impacted by heavy-duty diesel vehicles; (ii) Aratu harbor, impacted by an intense movement of goods, and (iii) Bananeira village on Maré Island, a non vehicle-influenced site with activities such as handcraft work and fisheries. Results indicated that BbF (0.130-6.85 ng m-3) is the PAH with highest concentration in samples from Aratu harbor and Bananeira and CRY (0.075-6.85 ng m-3) presented higher concentrations at Lapa station. PAH sources from studied sites were mainly of anthropogenic origin such as gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles and diesel-fueled heavy-duty vehicles, discharges in the port, diesel burning from ships, dust ressuspension, indoor soot from cooking, and coal and wood combustion for energy production.