A spectroscope study of some semiquinone radical ions

The effect of substituents on the value of the oxidation potential of quinones is reviewed and attempts to prepare substituted diphenoquinones with high oxidation potentials are reported. Attempts to characterise the mechanism of addition and substitution in diphenoquinones by identifying the products of the Thiele acetylation of diphenoquinone are reported. The reaction proved most efficient when the incoming acetylinium ion is directed by substituents in the diphenoquinone. A 1,8-addition to diphenoquinone is reported and characterised by isolating the products of the reaction between acetyl chloride and diphenoquinone, with perchloric acid as catalyst. The alternating linewidth effects observed in e.s.r.spectra are discussed and applied to account for such effects observed in the e.s.r.spectra of diphenosemiquinone anion and cation radicals. The spectra are analysed and the intramolecular processes producing these effects are discussed. A dianion diradical where intramolecular rotation about the 1 - 1' bond is restricted is produced by the oxidation of 2,2' ,4,4' -tetra hydroxybiphenyl. Previous studies of diphenosemiquinone anions are reviewed and alkylated diphenosemiquinone anion are produced by the reduction of the parent quinone with potassium hydroxide solution, the resulting radical being stabilised by the presence of pyridine. A qualitative interpretation of the solvent-ion effect in alkylated diphenosemiquinone anions is given. Diphanosemiquinone cation radicals are reviewed and previous studies are re-examined.

Dielectric relaxation of polysiloxanes and kerr effect of p-phenylene vinylene oligomers

The dielectric relaxation behaviour of a series of cyclic and linear poly(dimethylsiloxanes) with overline nn in the range 28 to 99 has been studied, as a function of temperature (142.0K-157.5K) and frequency (12-105Hz). Activation energies for the -relaxation process, Davidson-Cole empirical distribution factors, , and mean-square dipole moments per repeat unit, < 2> , have been calculated. Differences in values of H_act reflected restricted dipolar rotation for the cyclic structures, compared to the linear structures, over the range of molecular weights studied. The dielectric relaxation behaviour of a series of linear oligomers of methyl phenyl siloxane, with n in the range 4 to 10, a series of linear fractions of poly(methyl phenyl siloxane), with overline n_n in the range 31 to 1370, and a cyclic oligomer of mehyl phenyl siloxane, with n = 10, has been studied as a function of temperature (155.5K-264.0K) and frequency (12-105Hz). Activation energies for the -relaxation process, Davidson-Cole and Cole-Cole empirical distribution factors, and , respectively, and mean-square dipole moments per repeat unit have been calculated. The reduced flexibility of short methyl phenyl siloxane chains, compared to dimethyl siloxane chains, was apparent from a comparison of dipole moment ratios. The dilectric relaxation behaviour of poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) and poly(n-hexyl methyl siloxane) has been studied as a function of temperature and frequency. A polysiloxane liquid crystal has been synthesised and its dielectric relaxation behaviour has been studied, as a function of temperature and frequency, in the liquid crystalline phase and below T_g. Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and related oligomers have been synthesised and characterised by a variety of experimental techniques. The Kerr effect of two oligomeric fractions, in solution in PPG 2025, has been measured. The electrical conductivities of the undoped and I_2-doped polymer and oligomers have been measured.

Coupling of a Jahn-Teller pseudorotation with a hindered internal rotation in an isolated molecule: 9-hydroxytriptycene

The irregular vibronic structure in the S-1<--S-0 resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectrum of supersonically cooled triptycene is a result of a classic Exe Jahn-Teller effect [A. Furlan et al., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 7306 (1992)]. This is well characterized and can be used as an effective probe of intramolecular perturbations. Here we examine the S-1<--S-0 R2PI spectrum of 9-hydroxytriptycene and the fluorescence from various excited state vibronic levels. In this system the pseudorotation of the Jahn-Teller vibration is strongly coupled to the torsional motion of the bridgehead hydroxy group. This torsional motion results in a tunneling splitting in both the ground and excited states. The population of the upper level in the ground electronic state results in additional vibronic transitions becoming symmetry allowed in the R2PI spectrum that are forbidden in the bare triptycene molecule. The assignment of the R2PI and fluorescence spectra allows the potential energy surfaces of these vibrational modes to be accurately quantified. The full C-3v vibronic point group must be used to interpret the spectra. The time scale of the internal rotation of the-OH group and the butterfly flapping of the Jahn-Teller pseudorotation are of similar magnitude. The tunneling between the nine minima on the three dimensional potential energy surface is such that the Jahn-Teller pseudorotation occurs in concert with the-OH internal rotation. The Berry phase that is acquired during this motion is discussed. The simple physical picture emerges of the angle between two of the three benzene moieties opening in three equivalent ways in the S-1 electronic state. This geometry follows the position of the hydroxy group, which preferentially orients itself to point between these two rings. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(98)02348-4].

Bounding right-arm rotation distances

Rotation distance quantifies the difference in shape between two rooted binary trees of the same size by counting the minimum number of elementary changes needed to transform one tree to the other. We describe several types of rotation distance, and provide upper bounds on distances between trees with a fixed number of nodes with respect to each type. These bounds are obtained by relating each restricted rotation distance to the word length of elements of Thompson's group F with respect to different generating sets, including both finite and infinite generating sets.

Effect of fertilizer treatment on the biomass production and nutrient uptake of short-rotation willow on cut-away peatlands

Summary

Biomass production and nutrient uptake of short-rotation plantations

Summary

Effects of rotation period on biomass production and atmospheric CO‚́‚ emissions from broadleaved stands growing on abandoned farmland

Abstract

Les différences sexuelles dans l’activation cérébrale durant l’accomplissement de la tâche de rotation mentale chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie

Dans la population générale plusieurs études ont démontré que les hommes ont, par comparaison aux femmes, de meilleures performances dans les tâches de rotation mentale à trois dimensions. A l’aide de l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle, on a pu observer que l’exécution de cette tâche de rotation mentale s’accompagnait d’une activation du cortex pariétal chez l’homme mais du cortex prefrontal chez la femme. Ces différences entre les deux sexes suggèrent un fonctionnement neuronal différent dans l’appréhension des habiletés cognitives et comportementales. De fait, de nombreuses études ont signalé des différences notables entre les deux sexes quant à leur fonctionnement cérébral tant sur le plan émotionnel que de leurs habiletés visuo spatiales. La schizophrénie est un trouble grave et persistant de la santé mentale dont l’origine est certes multifactorielle et dont les facteurs de protection sont partiellement biologiques, psychologiques et sociales. Cette maladie requiert une approche thérapeutique à la fois clinique médicamenteuse, psychologique et sociale visant à une réintégration des malades dans leur communauté. Le pronostic de cette maladie varie en fonction du sexe ainsi que les atteintes neurologiques, neuropsychologiques et socioculturelles. Il est donc surprenant que l’exploration des mécanismes neuronaux sous-tendant les anomalies fonctionnelles cognitivo-comportementales n’ait point, en schizophrénie, adressé à date la fonctionnalité différente de l’homme et de la femme. Une étude pilote, réalisée dans mon laboratoire d’accueil, ayant suggéré chez le schizophrène, lors du traitement cognitif de stimuli émotionnels, une altération du dimorphisme sexuel observé dans la population normale, il devenait impératif de confirmer ces observations. Ce mémoire vise à vérifier par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle l’activité neuronale cérébrale témoignant de la performance neuropsychologique de schizophrènes des deux sexes et de la comparer à celle de sujets témoins sains appareillés pour l’âge, la dominance hémisphérique et le statut familial socio-économique. A cette fin, nous avons enregistré, lors d’une tâche de rotation mentale à trois dimensions, les variables neurocognitives traduisant la validité des réponses ainsi que leur rapidité d’exécution. Simultanément, nous avons enregistré, par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle, les sites d’activation cérébrale ainsi que leur degré d’activation corticale. Les données expérimentales, neurocognitives et cérébro-fonctionnelles, furent analysées en comparant les deux sexes d’une part et les deux états de santé d’autre part. Les résultats de ce mémoire ont fait l’objet de deux articles qui sont inclus. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’hypothèse d’un dimorphisme homme/femme dans la population générale ainsi que chez le schizophrène. Ces résultats appuient aussi l’hypothèse de l’altération, chez le schizophrène, du dimorphisme observé dans la population générale.

Perturbations in the infrared spectrum of monofluoroacetylene, and their relationship to intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution

Several high-order vibration-rotation perturbations in the high-resolution infrared spectrum of monofluoroacetylene, HCCF, are assigned and analyzed in detail. They result in avoided crossings in the rotational structure of several bands, and precise values for the effective high-order terms in the Hamiltonian have been determined. The significance of these results for intramolecular vibrational redistribution is discussed.

Synthesis of oxepane ring containing monocyclic, conformationally restricted bicyclic and spirocyclic nucleosides from d-glucose: a cycloaddition approach

Carbohydrate-derived substrates having (i) C-5 nitrone and C-3-O-allyl, (ii) C-4 vinyl and a C-3-O-tethered nitrone, and (iii) C-5 nitrone and C-4-allyloxymethyl generated tetracyclic isoxazolidinooxepane/-pyrart ring systems upon intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition reactions. Deprotection of the 1,2acetonides of these derivatives followed by introduction of uracil base via Vorbruggen reaction condition and cleavage of the isooxazolidine rings as well as of benzyl groups by transfer hydrogenolysis yielded an oxepane ring containing blicyclic and spirocyclic nucleosides. The corresponding oxepane based nucleoside analogues were prepared by cleavage of isoxazolidine and furanose rings, coupling of the generated amino functiontalities with 5-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, cyclization to purine rings, and finally aminolysis.