What (science for) adaptation to climate change in Colombian agriculture? A commentary on “A way forward on adaptation to climate change in Colombian agriculture: perspectives towards 2050” by J. Ramirez-Villegas, M. Salazar, A. Jarvis, C. E. Navarro-Valcines.

Climate change is putting Colombian agriculture under significant stress and, if no adaptation is made, the latter will be severely impacted during the next decades. Ramirez-Villegas et al. (2012) set out a government-led, top-down, techno-scientific proposal for a way forward by which Colombian agriculture could adapt to climate change. However, this proposal largely overlooks the root causes of vulnerability of Colombian agriculture, and of smallholders in particular. I discuss some of the hidden assumptions underpinning this proposal and of the arguments employed by Ramirez-Villegas et al., based on existing literature on Colombian agriculture and the wider scientific debate on adaptation to climate change. While technical measures may play an important role in the adaptation of Colombian agriculture to climate change, I question whether the actions listed in the proposal alone and specifically for smallholders, truly represent priority issues. I suggest that by i) looking at vulnerability before adaptation, ii) contextualising climate change as one of multiple exposures, and iii) truly putting smallholders at the centre of adaptation, i.e. to learn about and with them, different and perhaps more urgent priorities for action can be identified. Ultimately, I argue that what is at stake is not only a list of adaptation measures but, more importantly, the scientific approach from which priorities for action are identified. In this respect, I propose that transformative rather than technical fix adaptation represents a better approach for Colombian agriculture and smallholders in particular, in the face of climate change.

Conversación que pasó entre el tio Tomás Belmar, y su consorte Teodora Ramirez, sobre los adornos plausibles que la muy Ilustre y Leal ciudad de Valencia celebrara gozosa en la deseada venida de sus Augustos Monarcas, y Real Familia, y se verán puestos en la Carrera por donde han de transitar sus Magestades y Altezas [Texto impreso]

Hay un ejemplar encuadernado con: Discret rahonament, quiexa formal que fan contra el Micalet de la Seu, la Torre de Espioca, y la Torre de Paterna, sobre la gran visita que éste tingué en lo dia cinc de Deembre [sic] ... per veure y admirar tan magnífica obra y deliciosa vista ... Carlos Quart (que Deu guart) y el señor Don Fernando de Borbó ... : (XVIII/1105).

D. Andres Alonso de Angulo Ramirez de Arellano, Marques de Angulo del Consejo de su Magestad en la Real Audiencia... de Valencia Hago saber a las Justicias... que su Mag... se ha servido dar nuevas reglas para le mejor gobierno... [Texto impreso]

Hay un ejemplar encuadernado con: La Real Compañia formada por S.M. para llevar a efecto el canal de navegación y riego del reyno de Murcia, las... experiencias de que informa D. Domingo Aguirre... le han confirmado en los abusos y fraudes que hacen muchos... (XVIII/4279).

Letter from Rosa Ramirez de Parizo to William Tudor,

Copy of a letter, certified by Tudor, from Parizo in answer to Tudor’s inquiries relative to Madrid. In Spanish.

Bibliotheca mexicana: or, A catalogue of the library of rare books and important manuscripts relating to Mexico and other parts of Spanish America, formed by the late Señor Don José Fernando Ramirez ...days of sale ...July [7-9, 12-13, 1880] ...sold ...by Puttick and Simpson ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Deuda publica del Uruguay. Debates en el Senado. Discursos del Señor ministro de hacienda Dr. D. Carlos Maria Ramirez y réplicas del senador por la Florida Dr. D. Angel Floro Costa.

Mode of access: Internet.

R.P. Vincentii Ramirez ... Tractatus de diuina praedestinatione, sanctorum [et] impiorum reprobatione : tomus primus [-secundus]

Mode of access: Internet.

R. Patris Vincentij Ramirez ... Tractatus de scientia Dei : tomus primus [-secundus]

Mode of access: Internet.

Gacetas de literatura de Mexico: por D. José Antonio Alzate Ramirez.

First published 1788-95 under title: Gazeta de literatura.

Beneficiamento e tratamento de sementes de Capim Ramirez.

A dormência das sementes de Paspalum guenoarum é citada em vasta literatura e é dada como uma das causas para a dificuldade no estabelecimento de pastagens deste gênero. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes de P. guenoarum sobre a percentagem de germinação e o crescimento de plântulas com diferentes produtos e dosagens de ácido giberélico.

Stability analysis based on birfurcation theory of the DSTATCOM operating in current control mode

This paper presents the stability analysis for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) that operates in current control mode based on bifurcation theory. Bifurcations delimit the operating zones of nonlinear circuits and, hence, the capability to compute these bifurcations is of important interest for practical design. A control design for the DSTATCOM is proposed. Along with this control, a suitable mathematical representation of the DSTATCOM is proposed to carry out the bifurcation analysis efficiently. The stability regions in the Thevenin equivalent plane are computed for different power factors at the point of common coupling. In addition, the stability regions in the control gain space, as well as the contour lines for different Floquet multipliers are computed. It is demonstrated through bifurcation analysis that the loss of stability in the DSTATCOM is due to the emergence of a Neimark bifurcation. The observations are verified through simulation studies.

Non-linear oscillations assessment of the distribution static compensator operating in voltage control mode

This article deals with the non-linear oscillations assessment of a distribution static comensator ooperating in voltage control mode using the bifurcation theory. A mathematical model of the distribution static compensator in the voltage control mode to carry out the bifurcation analysis is derived. The stabiity regions in the Thevein equivalent plane are computed. In addition, the stability regions in the control gains space, as well as the contour lines for different Floquet multipliers are computed. The AC and DC capacitor impacts on the stability are analyzed through the bifurcation theory. The observations are verified through simulaation studies. The computation of the stability region allows the assessment of the stable operating zones for a power system that includes a distribution static compensator operating in the voltage mode.