1000 resultados para Proto-sistema


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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma proposta de reconstrução das consoantes do proto-juruna, baseando-nos na análise de 297 cognatos entre xipaya e juruna3, coletados pelas autoras com informantes das línguas, e dados coletados anteriormente por outros autores. Xipaya e juruna são as duas línguas sobreviventes da família juruna, que também contava com o manitsawá, já extinto. A primeira língua é estudada por Carmen Rodrigues desde 1988 e a segunda por Cristina Fargetti desde 1989. Os estudos feitos pelas autoras constituem primeira abordagem lingüística a respeito, pois os materiais anteriores constituíam, em sua maioria, apenas listas de palavras (com exceção da breve descrição gramatical do xipaya feita por Nimuendaju (1923) e de um esboço de fonologia juruna feito por Louro(1979)). Neste trabalho apresentamos: informações sobre os falantes de ambas as línguas nos dias de hoje; classifi cação da família lingüística juruna e o status de xipaya e juruna hoje (línguas ou dialetos?); discussão de hipótese sobre a divisão populacional xipaya-juruna; breve descrição da metodologia utilizada para análise de nossos dados, bem como de dados de outros autores; sumário fonológico, com as consoantes das duas línguas hoje; reconstrução do proto-sistema de consoantes, com os processos diacrônicos envolvidos; lista dos cognatos utilizados.

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A resistência aos antibióticos em bactérias Gram-negativas pode ser aumentada pela extrusão de antibióticos através de sistemas de efluxo. Em Escherichia coli, o principal sistema de efluxo é o AcrAB-TolC o qual tem como principal fonte energética a força proto-motriz. Este trabalho pretendeu estudar alguns aspectos essenciais da bioenergética na actividade de efluxo de E. coli usando três estirpes bem caracterizadas genotipica e fenotipicamente. Foi utilizado um método fluorimétrico semi-automático no qual a fluorescência do fluorocromo brometo de etídeo, substrato de bombas de efluxo foi seguida, permitindo a medição em tempo real da actividade de efluxo e acumulação de fluorocromo (inibição do efluxo). A utilização de brometo de etídeo é particularmente vantajosa pois emite baixa fluorescência no exterior da célula bacteriana tornando-se extremamente fluorescente no seu interior. Este método é uma nova aplicação do termociclador em tempo real RotorGeneTM 3000 que permite o cálculo da cinética de transporte reflectindo o balanço entre acumulação de substrato por difusão passiva através da membrana e a sua extrusão/efluxo, proporcionando uma detecção rápida e económica de inibidores de efluxo. Os resultados obtidos mostram, para todas as estirpes, que a GLU e o pH afectam a acumulação e o efluxo do brometo de etídeo. De todos os inibidores de vias biossintéticas testados, o ortovanadato de sódio, foi o que demonstrou maior actividade inibitória, a qual é revertida na presença de GLU. Em conclusão, este estudo mostra que a actividade de efluxo de E. coli depende não só da fosforilação oxidativa por via da força proto-motriz mas também da energia proveniente da hidrólise de ATP pelas ATPases. O ortovanadato de sódio tem potencial para ser um novo inibidor de bombas de efluxo de largo espectro. A tecnologia utilizada neste trabalho demonstrou ser apropriada para a caracterização bioenergética da actividade de bombas de efluxo e permite a selecção de novos inibidores de bombas de efluxo em bactérias.

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A resistência aos antibióticos em bactérias Gram-negativas pode ser aumentada pela extrusão de antibióticos através de sistemas de efluxo. Em Escherichia coli, o principal sistema de efluxo é o AcrAB-TolC o qual tem como principal fonte energética a força proto-motriz. Este trabalho pretendeu estudar alguns aspectos essenciais da bioenergética na actividade de efluxo de E. coli usando três estirpes bem caracterizadas genotipica e fenotipicamente. Foi utilizado um método fluorimétrico semi-automático no qual a fluorescência do fluorocromo brometo de etídeo, substrato de bombas de efluxo foi seguida, permitindo a medição em tempo real da actividade de efluxo e acumulação de fluorocromo (inibição do efluxo). A utilização de brometo de etídeo é particularmente vantajosa pois emite baixa fluorescência no exterior da célula bacteriana tornando-se extremamente fluorescente no seu interior. Este método é uma nova aplicação do termociclador em tempo real RotorGeneTM 3000 que permite o cálculo da cinética de transporte reflectindo o balanço entre acumulação de substrato por difusão passiva através da membrana e a sua extrusão/efluxo, proporcionando uma detecção rápida e económica de inibidores de efluxo. Os resultados obtidos mostram, para todas as estirpes, que a GLU e o pH afectam a acumulação e o efluxo do brometo de etídeo. De todos os inibidores de vias biossintéticas testados, o ortovanadato de sódio, foi o que demonstrou maior actividade inibitória, a qual é revertida na presença de GLU. Em conclusão, este estudo mostra que a actividade de efluxo de E. coli depende não só da fosforilação oxidativa por via da força proto-motriz mas também da energia proveniente da hidrólise de ATP pelas ATPases. O ortovanadato de sódio tem potencial para ser um novo inibidor de bombas de efluxo de largo espectro. A tecnologia utilizada neste trabalho demonstrou ser apropriada para a caracterização bioenergética da actividade de bombas de efluxo e permite a selecção de novos inibidores de bombas de efluxo em bactérias.

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Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is defined by the absence of intramural ganglia of Meissner and Auerbach along variable lengths of the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) type B is characterized by the malformation of the parasympathetic submucous plexus of the gut. A connection appears to exist between these two enteric nervous system abnormalities. Due to the major role played by the RET proto-oncogene in HSCR, we sought to determine whether this gene was also related to INDB. dHPLC techniques were employed to screen the RET coding region in 23 patients presenting with INDB and 30 patients with a combined HSCR+INDB phenotype. In addition, eight RET single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were strategically selected and genotyped by TaqMan technology. The distribution of SNPs and haplotypes was compared among the different groups of patients (INDB, HSCR+INDB, HSCR) and the controls. We found several RET mutations in our patients and some differences in the distribution of the RET SNPs among the groups of study. Our results suggest an involvement of RET in the pathogenesis of intestinal INDB, although by different molecular mechanisms than those leading to HSCR. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate these precise mechanisms and to clarify the genetic nature of INDB.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma análise preliminar do sistema fonológico do Suyá, considerando-se basicamente os segmentos vocálicos e consonantais. Faz-se, também, uma apreciação, ainda que breve, das análises sugeridas anteriormente por outros pesquisadores, principalmente Steinen e Davis. O primeiro faz uma abordagem da fonologia da língua e o segundo oferece uma análise diacrónico, propondo que a língua tenha uma derivação direta do Proto-Jê.

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Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

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A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

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The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

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In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

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One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

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The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.

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Problems identified in the study and analysis of the phonology of Brazilian Indian languages belonging to the Macro-Jê branch such as Kaingang, Maxakali, and Mebengokre led the author to confirm the accuracy of some intuitions on the part of Piggott (1992) and Rice (1993) on dealing with relations between nasality and sonorancy (D'Angelis 1998). The applicability of the approach to the distinct processes of nasality and nasalization in Portuguese was verified with surprising results that recover some intuitions of Trubetzkoy (1939) and contribute to reconfirm the Mattoso Câmara's (1953; 1970) considerations, but at the same time go beyond them. This article presents the result of this investigation and its conclusions that suggest the validity and the necessity of reexamining even the phonemic inventory of the Portuguese language, an issue not at all questioned in the teaching of phonology, to take into account the linguistic changes in the phonological system of that language in the last fifty years.

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This text which discusses the central theme of the National Conference on Education (CONAE), held in Brasília from 28th March to 1st April 2010, deals with the concept of a National System of Education in articulation with the National Plan of Education. To that end, after pointing to the basic uses of the concept of system, it discusses the question of the National System of Education exploring the federative question in order to reveal the complete compatibility of the organization of the National System of Education with the federative regime. Thereafter, it deals with the historical meaning of the National Plan of Education demonstrating that the plan is a demand of the system, since planned action is implicit in systematized education. Thus the National Plan of Education is fulfilling those goals and objectives for which it is responsible.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the positive predictive value for BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) categories 3, 4 and 5, correlating mammographic and histological diagnosis in non-palpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical-descriptive study of 169 women submitted to stereotactic localization for surgical biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions. Mammographic and histological findings were correlated, analyzing the predictive positive value for each category. RESULTS: Forty-two (24.8%) cases were diagnosed with breast cancer - only one in category 3, 19 in category 4, and 22 in category 5. The positive predictive value for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C and 5 were, respectively, 3.4%, 10.3%, 11.3%, 36% and 91.7%. Microcalcifications were the most frequent finding related to malignancy, present in 61.5% of these cases. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that BI-RADS allows a safe prediction of high suspicion of malignancy in lesions category 5 and low suspicion for category 3. As regards the category 4, the positive predictive value has shown a progressive increase in subcategories A, B and C, demonstrating that this subclassification represents an invaluable contribution for a more detailed and accurate assessment of lesions suspicious for malignancy.

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física