Development and Effect Analysis of the Asteri Consultative Auditing Process - Safety and Security Management in Educational Institutions

The Finnish legislation requires for a safe and secure learning environment. However, the comprehensive, risk based safety and security management (SSM) and the management commitment in the implementation and development of the SSM are not mentioned in the legislation. Multiple institutions, operators and researchers have studied and developed safety and security in educational institutions over the past decade. Typically the approach has been fragmented and without bringing up the importance of the comprehensive SSM. The development needs of the safety and security operations in universities have been studied. However, in universities of applied sciences (UASs) and in elementary schools (ESs), the performance level, strengths and weaknesses of the comprehensive SSM have not been studied. The objective of this study was to develop the comprehensive, risk based SSM of educational institutions by developing the new Asteri consultative auditing process and study its effects on auditees. Furthermore, the performance level in the comprehensive SSM in UASs and ESs were studied using Asteri and the TUTOR model developed by the Keski-Uusimaa Department for Rescue Services. In addition, strengths, development needs and differences were identified. In total, 76 educational institutions were audited between the years 2011 and 2014. The study is based on logical empiricism, and an observational applied research design was used. Auditing, observation and an electronic survey were used for data collection. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the collected information. In addition, thematic analysis was used to analyze the development areas of the organizations mentioned by the respondents in the survey. As one of the main contributions, this research presents the new Asteri consultative auditing process. Organizations with low performance levels on the audited subject benefit the most from the Asteri consultative auditing process. Asteri may be usable in many different types of audits, not only in SSM audits. As a new result, this study provides new knowledge on attitudes related to auditing. According to the research findings, auditing may generate negative attitudes and the auditor should take them into account when planning and preparing for audits. Negative attitudes can be compensated by producing added value, objectivity and positivity for the audit and, thus, improve the positive effects of auditing on knowledge and skills. Moreover, as the results of this study shows, auditing safety and security issues do not increase feelings of insecurity, but rather increase feelings of safety and security when using the new Asteri consultative auditing process with the TUTOR model. The results showed that the SSM in the audited UASs was statistically significantly more advanced than that in the audited ESs. However, there is still room for improvement in the ESs and the UASs as the approach to the SSM was fragmented. It can be assumed that the majority of Finnish UASs and ESs do not likely meet the basic level of the comprehensive, risk based the SSM.

Experimental tests in human-robot collision evaluation and characterization of a new safety index for robot operation

This paper describes an experimental procedure consisting of impact tests that simulate a collision of a human head with an industrial robot with the aim to validate a safety index named as New Index for Robots (NIR) and its outputs. The experiments in this paper are based on lab tests. It is an attempt to characterize the NIR index underlying the main parameters that are involved in crash interaction and to highlight limitations and weakness of suggested impact tests.

Development of a wet weather safety index. Final report.

Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Austin

Safety classification using GIS in decision-making process to define priority road interventions

Given the current economic situation of the Portuguese municipalities, it is necessary to identify the priority investments in order to achieve a more efficient financial management. The classification of the road network of the municipality according to the occurrence of traffic accidents is fundamental to set priorities for road interventions. This paper presents a model for road network classification based on traffic accidents integrated in a geographic information system. Its practical application was developed through a case study in the municipality of Barcelos. An equation was defined to obtain a road safety index through the combination of the following indicators: severity, property damage only and accident costs. In addition to the road network classification, the application of the model allows to analyze the spatial coverage of accidents in order to determine the centrality and dispersion of the locations with the highest incidence of road accidents. This analysis can be further refined according to the nature of the accidents namely in collision, runoff and pedestrian crashes.

Index to decisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.

Description based on: Sept. 1979.

Project Success through Effective Decisions: Case Studies on Project Goal Setting, Success Evaluation and Managerial Decision Making

The objective of the thesis is to structure and model the factors that contribute to and can be used in evaluating project success. The purpose of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of three research topics. The goal setting process, success evaluation and decision-making process are studied in the context of a project, business unitand its business environment. To achieve the objective three research questionsare posed. These are 1) how to set measurable project goals, 2) how to evaluateproject success and 3) how to affect project success with managerial decisions.The main theoretical contribution comes from deriving a synthesis of these research topics which have mostly been discussed apart from each other in prior research. The research strategy of the study has features from at least the constructive, nomothetical, and decision-oriented research approaches. This strategy guides the theoretical and empirical part of the study. Relevant concepts and a framework are composed on the basis of the prior research contributions within the problem area. A literature review is used to derive constructs of factors withinthe framework. They are related to project goal setting, success evaluation, and decision making. On the basis of this, the case study method is applied to complement the framework. The empirical data includes one product development program, three construction projects, as well as one organization development, hardware/software, and marketing project in their contexts. In two of the case studiesthe analytic hierarchy process is used to formulate a hierarchical model that returns a numerical evaluation of the degree of project success. It has its origin in the solution idea which in turn has its foundation in the notion of projectsuccess. The achieved results are condensed in the form of a process model thatintegrates project goal setting, success evaluation and decision making. The process of project goal setting is analysed as a part of an open system that includes a project, the business unit and its competitive environment. Four main constructs of factors are suggested. First, the project characteristics and requirements are clarified. The second and the third construct comprise the components of client/market segment attractiveness and sources of competitive advantage. Together they determine the competitive position of a business unit. Fourth, the relevant goals and the situation of a business unit are clarified to stress their contribution to the project goals. Empirical evidence is gained on the exploitation of increased knowledge and on the reaction to changes in the business environment during a project to ensure project success. The relevance of a successful project to a company or a business unit tends to increase the higher the reference level of project goals is set. However, normal performance or sometimes performance below this normal level is intentionally accepted. Success measures make project success quantifiable. There are result-oriented, process-oriented and resource-oriented success measures. The study also links result measurements to enablers that portray the key processes. The success measures can be classified into success domains determining the areas on which success is assessed. Empiricalevidence is gained on six success domains: strategy, project implementation, product, stakeholder relationships, learning situation and company functions. However, some project goals, like safety, can be assessed using success measures that belong to two success domains. For example a safety index is used for assessing occupational safety during a project, which is related to project implementation. Product safety requirements, in turn, are connected to the product characteristics and thus to the product-related success domain. Strategic success measures can be used to weave the project phases together. Empirical evidence on their static nature is gained. In order-oriented projects the project phases are oftencontractually divided into different suppliers or contractors. A project from the supplier's perspective can represent only a part of the ¿whole project¿ viewed from the client's perspective. Therefore static success measures are mostly used within the contractually agreed project scope and duration. Proof is also acquired on the dynamic use of operational success measures. They help to focus on the key issues during each project phase. Furthermore, it is shown that the original success domains and success measures, their weights and target values can change dynamically. New success measures can replace the old ones to correspond better with the emphasis of the particular project phase. This adjustment concentrates on the key decision milestones. As a conclusion, the study suggests a combination of static and dynamic success measures. Their linkage to an incentive system can make the project management proactive, enable fast feedback and enhancethe motivation of the personnel. It is argued that the sequence of effective decisions is closely linked to the dynamic control of project success. According to the used definition, effective decisions aim at adequate decision quality and decision implementation. The findings support that project managers construct and use a chain of key decision milestones to evaluate and affect success during aproject. These milestones can be seen as a part of the business processes. Different managers prioritise the key decision milestones to a varying degree. Divergent managerial perspectives, power, responsibilities and involvement during a project offer some explanation for this. Finally, the study introduces the use ofHard Gate and Soft Gate decision milestones. The managers may use the former milestones to provide decision support on result measurements and ad hoc critical conditions. In the latter milestones they may make intermediate success evaluation also on the basis of other types of success measures, like process and resource measures.

Development of Best Practices for Ship Recycling Processes

Ship recycling has been considered as the best means to dispose off an obsolete ship. The current state of art of technology combined with the demands of sustainable developments from the global maritime industrial sector has modified the status of erstwhile ‘ship breaking’ involving ship scrap business to a modern industry undertaking dismantling of ships and recycling/reusing the dismantled products in a supply chain of pre owned product market by following the principles of recycling. Industries will have to formulate a set of best practices and blend them with the engineering activities for producing better quality products, improving the productivity and for achieving improved performances related to sustainable development. Improved performance by industries in a sustainable development perspective is accomplished only by implementing the 4E principles, ie.,. ecofriendliness, engineering efficiency, energy conservation and ergonomics in their core operations. The present study has done a comprehensive investigation into various ship recycling operations for formulating a set of best practices.Being the ultimate life cycle stage of a ship, ship recycling activities incorporate certain commercial procedures well in advance to facilitate the objectives of dismantling and recycling/reusing of various parts of the vessel. Thorough knowledge regarding these background procedures in ship recycling is essential for examining and understanding the industrial business operations associated with it. As a first step, the practices followed in merchant shipping operations regarding the decision on decommissioning have been and made available in the thesis. Brief description about the positioning methods and important preparations for the most feasible ship recycling method ie.,. beach method have been provided as a part of the outline of the background information. Available sources of guidelines, codes and rules & regulations for ship recycling have been compiled and included in the discussion.Very brief summary of practices in major ship recycling destinations has been prepared and listed for providing an overview of the global ship recycling activities. The present status of ship recycling by treating it as a full fledged engineering industry has been brought out to establish the need for looking into the development of the best practices. Major engineering attributes of ship as a unique engineering product and the significant influencing factors on her life cycle stage operations have been studied and added to the information base on ship recycling. Role of ship recycling industry as an important player in global sustainable development efforts has been reviewed by analysing the benefits of ship recycling. A brief synopsis on the state of art of ship recycling in major international ship recycling centres has also been incorporated in the backdrop knowledgebase generation on ship recycling processes.Publications available in this field have been reviewed and classified into five subject categories viz., Infrastructure for recycling yards and methods of dismantling, Rules regarding ship recycling activities, Environmental and safety aspects of ship recycling, Role of naval architects and ship classification societies, Application of information technology and Demand forecasting. The inference from the literature survey have been summarised and recorded. Noticeable observations in the inference include need of creation of a comprehensive knowledgebase on ship recycling and its effective implementation in the industry and the insignificant involvement of naval architects and shipbuilding engineers in ship recycling industry. These two important inferences and the message conveyed by them have been addressed with due importance in the subsequent part of the present study.As a part of the study the importance of demand forecasting in ship recycling has been introduced and presented. A sample input for ship recycling data for implementation of computer based methods of demand forecasting has been presented in this section of the thesis.The interdisciplinary nature of engineering processes involved in ship recycling has been identified as one of the important features of this industry. The present study has identified more than a dozen major stake holders in ship recycling having their own interests and roles. It has also been observed that most of the ship recycling activities is carried out in South East Asian countries where the beach based ship recycling is done in yards without proper infrastructure support. A model of beach based ship recycling has been developed and the roles, responsibilities and the mutual interactions of the elements of the system have been documented as a part of the study Subsequently the need of a generation of a wide knowledgebase on ship recycling activities as pointed out by the literature survey has been addressed. The information base and source of expertise required to build a broad knowledgebase on ship recycling operations have been identified and tabulated. Eleven important ship recycling processes have been identified and a brief sketch of steps involved in these processes have been examined and addressed in detail. Based on these findings, a detailed sequential disassembly process plan of ship recycling has been prepared and charted. After having established the need of best practices in ship recycling initially, the present study here identifies development of a user friendly expert system for ship recycling process as one of the constituents of the proposed best practises. A user friendly expert system has been developed for beach based ship recycling processes and is named as Ship Recycling Recommender (SRR). Two important functions of SRR, first one for the ‘Administrators’, the stake holders at the helm of the ship recycling affairs and second one for the ‘Users’, the stake holders who execute the actual dismantling have been presented by highlighting the steps involved in the execution of the software. The important output generated, ie.,. recommended practices for ship dismantling processes and safe handling information on materials present onboard have been presented with the help of ship recycling reports generated by the expert system. A brief account of necessity of having a ship recycling work content estimation as part of the best practices has been presented in the study. This is supported by a detailed work estimation schedule for the same as one of the appendices.As mentioned earlier, a definite lack of involvement of naval architect has been observed in development of methodologies for improving the status of ship recycling industry. Present study has put forward a holistic approach to review the status of ship recycling not simply as end of life activity of all ‘time expired’ vessels, but as a focal point of integrating all life cycle activities. A new engineering design philosophy targeting sustainable development of marine industrial domain, named design for ship recycling has been identified, formulated and presented. A new model of ship life cycle has been proposed by adding few stages to the traditional life cycle after analysing their critical role in accomplishing clean and safe end of life and partial dismantling of ships. Two applications of design for ship recycling viz, recyclability of ships and her products and allotment of Green Safety Index for ships have been presented as a part of implementation of the philosophy in actual practice.

Modeling Of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders In Chemical Process Industry In India

In this modern complex world, stress at work is found to be increasingly a common feature in day to day life. For the same reason, job stress is one of the active areas in occupational health and safety research for over last four decades and is continuing to attract researchers in academia and industry. Job stress in process industries is of concern due to its influence on process safety, and worker‘s safety and health. Safety in process (chemical and nuclear material) industry is of paramount importance, especially in a thickly populated country like India. Stress at job is the main vector in inducing work related musculoskeletal disorders which in turn can affect the worker health and safety in process industries. In view of the above, the process industries should try to minimize the job stress in workers to ensure a safe and healthy working climate for the industry and the worker. This research is mainly aimed at assessing the influence of job stress in inducing work related musculoskeletal disorders in chemical process industries in India

Conceptual development of a harmonised method for tracking change and evaluating policy in the agri-environment: The Agri-environmental Footprint Index

An aggregated farm-level index, the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI), based on multiple criteria methods and representing a harmonised approach to evaluation of EU agri-environmental schemes is described. The index uses a common framework for the design and evaluation of policy that can be customised to locally relevant agri-environmental issues and circumstances. Evaluation can be strictly policy-focused, or broader and more holistic in that context-relevant assessment criteria that are not necessarily considered in the evaluated policy can nevertheless be incorporated. The Index structure is flexible, and can respond to diverse local needs. The process of Index construction is interactive, engaging farmers and other relevant stakeholders in a transparent decision-making process that can ensure acceptance of the outcome, help to forge an improved understanding of local agri-environmental priorities and potentially increase awareness of the critical role of farmers in environmental management. The structure of the AFI facilitates post-evaluation analysis of relative performance in different dimensions of the agri-environment, permitting identification of current strengths and weaknesses, and enabling future improvement in policy design. Quantification of the environmental impact of agriculture beyond the stated aims of policy using an 'unweighted' form of the AFI has potential as the basis of an ongoing system of environmental audit within a specified agricultural context. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The asymptotic behavior of densities related to the supremum of a stable process

If X is a stable process of index α∈(0, 2) whose Lévy measure has density cx−α−1 on (0, ∞), and S1=sup0x)∽Aα−1x−α as x→∞ and P(S1≤x)∽Bα−1ρ−1xαρ as x↓0. [Here ρ=P(X1>0) and A and B are known constants.] It is also known that S1 has a continuous density, m say. The main point of this note is to show that m(x)∽Ax−(α+1) as x→∞ and m(x)∽Bxαρ−1 as x↓0. Similar results are obtained for related densities.

Modellazione strutturale di edifici storici in muratura e misti: valutazioni comparate e criteri operativi

L’obiettivo della presente tesi è evidenziare l’importanza dell’approccio critico alla valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica di edifici in muratura e misti Il contributo della tesi sottolinea i diversi risultati ottenuti nella modellazione di tre edifici esistenti ed uno ipotetico usando due diversi programmi basati sul modello del telaio equivalente. La modellazione delle diverse ipotesi di vincolamento ed estensione delle zone rigide ha richiesto la formulazione di quattro modelli di calcolo in Aedes PCM ed un modello in 3muri. I dati ottenuti sono stati confrontati, inoltre, con l’analisi semplificata speditiva per la valutazione della vulnerabilità a scala territoriale prevista nelle “Linee Guida per la valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del Patrimonio Culturale”. Si può notare che i valori ottenuti sono piuttosto diversi e che la variabilità aumenta nel caso di edifici non regolari, inoltre le evidenze legate ai danni realmente rilevati sugli edifici mostrano un profondo iato tra la previsione di danno ottenuta tramite calcolatore e le lesioni rilevate; questo costituisce un campanello d’allarme nei confronti di un approccio acritico nei confronti del mero dato numerico ed un richiamo all’importanza del processo conoscitivo. I casi di studio analizzati sono stati scelti in funzione delle caratteristiche seguenti: il primo è una struttura semplice e simmetrica nelle due direzioni che ha avuto la funzione di permettere di testare in modo controllato le ipotesi di base. Gli altri sono edifici reali: il Padiglione Morselli è un edificio in muratura a pianta a forma di C, regolare in pianta ed in elevazione solamente per quanto concerne la direzione y: questo ha permesso di raffrontare il diverso comportamento dei modelli di calcolo nelle sue direzioni; il liceo Marconi è un edificio misto in cui elementi in conglomerato cementizio armato affiancano le pareti portanti in muratura, che presenta un piano di copertura piuttosto irregolare; il Corpo 4 dell’Ospedale di Castelfranco Emilia è un edificio in muratura, a pianta regolare che presenta le medesime irregolarità nel piano sommitale del precedente. I dati ottenuti hanno dimostrato un buon accordo per la quantificazione dell’indice di sicurezza per i modelli regolari e semplici con uno scarto di circa il 30% mentre il delta si incrementa per le strutture irregolari, in particolare quando le pareti portanti in muratura vengono sostituite da elementi puntuali nei piani di copertura arrivando a valori massimi del 60%. I confronti sono stati estesi per le tre strutture anche alla modellazione proposta dalle Linee Guida per la valutazione dell’indice di sicurezza sismica a scala territoriale LV1 mostrando differenze nell’ordine del 30% per il Padiglione Morselli e del 50% per il Liceo Marconi; il metodo semplificato risulta correttamente cautelativo. È, quindi, possibile affermare che tanto più gli edifici si mostrano regolari in riferimento a masse e rigidezze, tanto più la modellazione a telaio equivalente restituisce valori in accordo tra i programmi e di più immediata comprensione. Questa evidenza può essere estesa ad altri casi reali divenendo un vero e proprio criterio operativo che consiglia la suddivisione degli edifici esistenti in muratura, solitamente molto complessi poiché frutto di successive stratificazioni, in parti più semplici, ricorrendo alle informazioni acquisite attraverso il percorso della conoscenza che diviene in questo modo uno strumento utile e vitale. La complessità dell’edificato storico deve necessariamente essere approcciata in una maniera più semplice identificando sub unità regolari per percorso dei carichi, epoca e tecnologia costruttiva e comportamento strutturale dimostrato nel corso del tempo che siano più semplici da studiare. Una chiara comprensione del comportamento delle strutture permette di agire mediante interventi puntuali e meno invasivi, rispettosi dell’esistente riconducendo, ancora una volta, l’intervento di consolidamento ai principi propri del restauro che includono i principi di minimo intervento, di riconoscibilità dello stesso, di rispetto dei materiali esistenti e l’uso di nuovi compatibili con i precedenti. Il percorso della conoscenza diviene in questo modo la chiave per liberare la complessità degli edifici storici esistenti trasformando un mero tecnicismo in una concreta operazione culturale . Il presente percorso di dottorato è stato svolto in collaborazione tra l’Università di Parma, DICATeA e lo Studio di Ingegneria Melegari mediante un percorso di Apprendistato in Alta Formazione e Ricerca.

Photorefractive keratectomy and butterfly laser epithelial keratomileusis: A prospective, contralateral study

PURPOSE: To evaluate results of two surface excimer laser refractive surgery techniques-photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser epithelial keratomileusis (butterfly LASEK). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-masked study of 51 patients (102 eyes) who underwent laser refractive surgery. One eye of each patient was randomized to be operated with PRK and the fellow eye with butterfly LASEK Patients were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: No significant difference between groups for distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (P=.559) was noted. At 1 year, 98% (50 eyes) in the PRK group and 96.1% (49 eyes) in the butterfly LASEK group reached UCVA of 20/20. Predictability, efficacy, safety, and stability were not statistically significant between groups. Safety index was 1.0 for PRK and 0.996 for butterfly LASEK, One eye in the butterfly LASEK group lost one line of best-spectacle corrected visual acuity. At 12 months, 94.1% (48 eyes) and 86.3% (44 eyes) in the PRK and butterfly LASEK groups (P=.188), respectively, had a spherical equivalent refraction of +/- 0.50 diopters. Slight haze was observed in both groups. A statistical difference in haze between the groups was observed only in the first postoperative month, with higher intensity in the butterfly LASEK group (0.18 +/- 0.39) compared to the PRK group (0.08 +/- 0.21) (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Butterfly LASEK had similar predictability, efficacy, safety, stability, and haze incidence to PRK for the treatment of low to moderate myopia. However, on the second postoperative day, PRK showed better UCVA than butterfly LASEK.

Estudo e melhoria da capacidade de um processo industrial de panificação

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da capacidade do processo inserido uma empresa de panificação. Antes de iniciar o estudo propriamente dito, foi realizada uma calibração à balança na qual este estudo seria realizado. Os índices de capacidade do processo têm como principal finalidade verificar se a média e a variabilidade do processo estão em concordância com o alvo e os limites de especificação. Esta verificação permite o ajustamento do processo de maneira a reduzir a produção de produtos defeituosos. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os índices de capacidade considerando que as condições são ideais, isto é, quando existe normalidade nas amostras. Quando as condições não são ideais, como foi verificado, foram utilizadas técnicas para o cálculo dos índices de capacidade para este tipo de situações. A aplicação da metodologia de análise da capacidade do processo foi realizada com sucesso com recurso a amostras retiradas numa balança calibrada para o efeito.