Total Synthesis of (±)-Phomactin G, a Platelet Activating Factor Antagonist from the Marine Fungus Phoma sp.

A total synthesis of phomactin G (3), which is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of phomactin A (5) in Phoma sp. is described. The synthesis is based on a Cr(II)/Ni(II) macrocyclisation from the aldehyde vinyl iodide 9, leading to 16, followed by sequential conversion of 16 into the -epoxide 21 and the ketone 25 which, on deprotection, led to (±)-phomactin G. Phomactin G (3) shares an interesting structural homology with phomactin D (2), the most potent PAF-antagonist metabolite in Phoma sp. It is most likely converted into phomactin A (5), by initial allylic oxidation to the transient -alcohol phomactin structure 4, known as Sch 49028, followed by spontaneous pyran ring formation.

Bioprospecção de fungos endofílicos Camarops sp., Periconia atropurpurea e Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum e avaliação epigenética de Phoma sp

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Estudio del comportamiento de enfermedades en bosques de pino (Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl), en el municipio de San Fernando en Nueva Segovia

Este estudio, tiene importancia especial, por la limitada información que existe, acerca de las enfermedades que afectan los pinares en Nicaragua, donde recientemente se han encontrado daños, que han provocado mortalidad de árboles. La etapa de campo de la investigación se realizó en los meses de octubre 2007 a julio 2008, en la finca Las Tapias del municipio de San Fernando, Nueva Segovia, en dos bosques naturales de pino, uno de regeneración natural y otro de bosque maduro. El objetivo del presen te trabajo es evaluar el comportamiento (incidencia y severidad) de las enfermedades en pino y las condiciones que favorecen su desarrollo. Se estableció un transepto, por cada tipo de bosque con cinco sitios fijos de observación que constituyó una parcela en bosque maduro y una en regeneración natural. Cada sitio, con un área de 100 m2 y 25 m2 respectivamente. Se evaluó la severidad e incidencia de las enfermedades en acículas mensualmente así como la medición del diámetro y altura de los árboles. Se cuantificaron las enfermedades en ambos bosques de la finca Las Tapias. El reconocimiento de los patógenos asociados a las enfermedades y el análisis físico químico de suelo se realizaron en los laboratorios de la UNA. La severidad de las enfermedades en acículas se estimó visualmente, ésta alcanzó un máximo de 15.8 % en regeneración natural y 17.8 % en bosque maduro. Los principales géneros de hongos reconocidos en acículas fueron: Dothistroma sp, Lecanosticta sp, Mycosphaerella spp, Sphaeropsis sp, Phoma sp., Pestalotia sp. y Phyllosticta sp. La enfermedad conocida como chancros en ramas, se presentó en bosque de regeneración natural y alcanzó un 40% de incidencia, encentrándose asociados los géneros de hongos, Chrysoporthe sp. Nectriasp. Lasiodiplodia sp, Botryospheria sp y Phoma sp. En raíces y tallos se identificaron los géneros de hongos: Fusarium sp. Ophiostoma sp y Graphium sp. como causantes de marchitez. El daño en acículas, amarillamiento del follaje y muerte de arboles, está asociado a factores bióticos y abióticos.

Estudio del comportamiento de enfermedades en bosques de pino (Pinus caribeae Schiede ex Schltdl), en el municipio de San Fernando en Nueva Segovia

Los bosques de pino en Nicaragua, son considerados como uno de los recursos más valiosos, por la gran importancia socioeconómica y bioecológica que tienen, principalmente en la zona de Nueva Segovia y el norte del país. En lo que respecta a la sanidad forestal de Nicaragua, los bosques de pinos se han visto afectados gravemente por los insectos descortezadores durante el periodo 1999-2001 dónde se destaca Dendrocíonus spp, actualmente estas especies de pino también se han visto afectadas por otros agentes como los que causan enfermedades foliares y sistémicas. Este estudio tiene especial importancia dado que en el país no se ha llevado a cabo ninguna investigación que contribuya al esclarecimiento de la etiología de estas enfermedades, así como también por la escasa información que se tiene acerca del tema en Nicaragua y Centroamérica. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la finca San Nicolás del Municipio de San Fernando, del Departamento de Nueva Segovia, con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la problemática sanitaria en bosques de pino en la finca San Nicolás municipio de San Fernando. Para este estudio se estableció un transepto en la cual se tomaron como lugar de muéstreos y de observación, dos tipos diferentes de bosque; bosque maduro y bosque de regeneración natural, con un área de 500 m2 y 125 m2 respectivamente. En cada área por finca se establecieron cinco parcelas fijas de observación. Las variables evaluadas mensualmente fueron incidencia y la severidad de manchas y tizones en acículas. La incidencia fue de un 100 % tanto para bosque de regeneración natural como para bosque maduro. En cuanto al porcentaje de severidad promedio, en bosque maduro se presentó menor porcentaje de severidad con un 15.1 % y en bosque de regeneración natural de 17.2 % de severidad. En la finca San Nicolás Se presentaron condiciones de alta densidad poblacional, suelos arenosos, ácidos y pobres, favorables para el desarrollo de enfermedades en acículas. Las principales enfermedades diagnosticadas causando tizones en acículas fueron mancha parda, ocasionada por el género Lecanosticta y banda roja por Dothistroma Se encontraron otros géneros de hongos asociados a manchas foliares y tizones pero con menor importancia, estos son: Sphaeropsis sp., Pestalotia sp., Phoma sp. y Phyllosticta sp.

A total synthesis of (+/-)-phomactin A

A total synthesis of the PAF antagonist phomactin A (1), isolated from the marine fungus Phoma sp. is described. The synthesis is based on a Cr(II)/Ni(II) macrocyclisation from the aldehyde vinyl iodide 14, leading to the key phomactatrienol intermediate 16a, followed by elaboration of 16a to the epoxyketone 21, which undergoes spontaneous pyran and hemiacetal ring formation to 1 on deprotection with DDQ.

Relationships between Oak powdery mildew incidence and severity and commensal fungi

Oak (Quercus robur) powdery mildew is a common and damaging fungal disease. In a local survey at Reading, UK, oak powdery mildew was common on trees of all height classes but was most common on trees of 3-9m. A variety of other fungal species were commonly found growing in association with oak powdery mildew colonies. The abundance of such fungi was estimated through stratified sample surveys for 2.5 years. The taxa most commonly associated with oak powdery mildew were Acremonium sp., Trichoderma sp., Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. and Leptosphaerulina australis. Nearly 90% of mildew colonies were associated with L. australis, which is not generally considered as a mycoparasite or antagonist, in contrast with the other three fungi. Abundance varied between June and October surveys. Acremonium sp. abundance was greater in summer samplings whereas L. australis and Trichoderma sp. abundances were greater in autumn samplings. Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. was never observed in the absence of powdery mildew. Relationships between the mildew-associated fungi and oak powdery mildew appeared curved and differed significantly between sampling years. L. australis was positively correlated with the other three associated fungi studied when powdery mildew was also present. The variety and high population densities of the mildew associated fungi suggest that they may be important in determining the final density of oak mildew and the damage caused by it.

Etiologia e genética da resistência à mancha branca do milho

A Mancha Foliar de Phaeosphaeria é considerada uma das mais importantes moléstias do milho no Brasil. Atualmente, existem dúvidas quanto ao agente causal e o melhoramento genético tem dificuldade de desenvolver cultivares resistentes estáveis. Neste estudo os objetivos foram identificar os fungos causadores da moléstia, estudar a herança da resistência, sob infestação natural e artificial, e identificar marcadores moleculares ligados à resistência à moléstia. Quatro fungos foram associados às lesões de Phaeosphaeria. Phyllosticta sp., Phoma sorghina e Sporormiella sp. foram patogênicos e Phoma sp. não foi testado. Os fungos P. sorghina e Phoma sp. foram, respectivamente, o predominante e o menos freqüente na lesão para todos os quatro ambientes coletados. Phyllosticta sp. e Sporormiella sp. foram os de mais baixa freqüência e restritos a locais. Estudos sob infestação natural, com três cruzamentos, em um único ambiente e com três tipos de avaliação de severidade evidenciaram a presença de variabilidade genética para a resistência e proporcionaram estimativas de herdabilidade intermediárias (0,48-0,69). No estudo de médias de gerações o modelo aditivo-dominante explicou as bases genéticas da resistência, sendo a ação gênica de dominância a mais importante. A inoculação artificial de um cruzamento com Phyllosticta sp. e P. sorghina, confirmaram a presença de dominância. Nos estudos moleculares, a fenotipagem foi realizada sob infestação natural e para um único ambiente e a genotipagem com marcadores microssatélites. A percentagem de polimorfismo obtida foi de 36%, sendo que seis QTLs foram identificados. Estes resultados indicam que vários fungos estão envolvidos na produção dos sintomas da moléstia conhecida por Mancha Foliar de Phaeosphaeria e a composição de fungos na lesão pode variar conforme o ambiente. A estimativa de herdabilidade indica a possibilidade de êxito com a seleção em gerações segregantes, principalmente porque os efeitos gênicos preponderantes para a resistência envolvem aditividade e dominância. A análise de QTL permitiu explicar grande parte da variância fenotípica (80%) e genotípica (58%); entretanto, outros ambientes devem ser testados para a sua efetiva confirmação.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provenientes do estado de Goiás

The common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a fabacea sufficiently spread out in all domestic territory. However, the quality of its seeds represents one of the main causes of low productivity in the beans farmings in Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate physiological and sanitary seed qualities of eleven bean cultivars. The physiological seed quality was evaluated trough standard germination and vigor tests. The sanitary seed quality was evaluated through two tests: blotter test was employed to evaluate fungi incidence and Koch & Menten method was employed to observe Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary occurrence. Xamego, BRS Valente, Bambu and Pérola had the best results of physiological tests. Jalo Precoce, Roxo 90, Corrente and Aporé had no good results of vigor and germination, besides presenting the lowest indices of died seeds. Fusarium sp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp. and Botrytis sp. were the fungi detected in the sanity tests.

Sementes de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp), tratadas com extrato de folhas de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) avaliação da germinação e da incidência de fungos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of neem on germination and fungi incidence on seeds of three cultivars (Serrinha, BR 17 and Maranhão) of cowpea. Neem leaves were dryed, crushed and prepared dilutions of 0.5; 1.0; 2.0, 4.0 g dm -3and control. The fungi incidence was evaluated by the test filter paper and germination according to the Rules for Seeds Testing (Regras para Análise de Sementes). In the three cultivars analyzed, reduction in the incidence of Aspergillus sp and Fusarium sp was observed. In relation to the influence of extracts of neem leaves on seed germination, significant effect of extract in Maranhão cultivar was observed, where all concentrations differed from the control, and propovided a considerable increase in the percentage of normal seedlings. It was concluded that the leaf extract of neem was effective in controlling Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp , Phoma sp and Macrophomina phaseolina at different concentrations in different cultivars and seed germination was stimulated for the Maranhão cultivar.

Fungos e nematoides associados a sementes de forrageiras tropicais

This study aimed to assess the incidence of fungi and nematodes in Brachiaria sp. and Panicum maximum seeds produced in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) and São Paulo (SP). The main fungi found in the seeds were Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp. and Phoma sp.. The lowest incidence of these fungi was found for seeds of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars BRS Piatã and Xaraés, and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, from the states of GO, MG and MS, respectively. The cultivars Marandu and BRS Piatã, from several regions, exhibited high occurrence of Aphelenchoides sp. and Ditylenchus sp.. Seeds of B. humidicola cultivar Humidicola, produced in MS and SP, did not show association with nematodes. The seeds of Panicum maximum cv. Massai and cv. Mombaça showed higher incidence of Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp., as well as Aphelenchoides sp. and Ditylenchus sp., especially for seeds produced in MT. Some of the detected pathogens are causative agents of diseases of major importance in forage plants, such as Bipolaris sp., causing leaf spot in Panicum, of high severity in Tanzânia, which provides serious compromising of the pasture sustainability.

Incidência de fungos e germinação de sementes de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp) tratadas com óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electronic states of trans-polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and sp-hybridised carbon species in amorphous hydrogenated carbon probed by resonant Raman scattering

Inclusions of sp-hybridised, trans-polyacetylene [trans-(CH)x] and poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) chains are revealed using resonant Raman scattering (RRS) investigation of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films in the near IR – UV range. The RRS spectra of trans-(CH)x core Ag modes and the PPV CC-H phenylene mode are found to transform and disperse as the laser excitation energy ћωL is increased from near IR through visible to UV, whereas sp-bonded inclusions only become evident in UV. This is attributed to ћωL probing of trans-(CH)x chain inhomogeneity and the distribution of chains with varying conjugation length; for PPV to the resonant probing of phelynene ring disorder; and for sp segments, to ћωL probing of a local band gap of end-terminated polyynes. The IR spectra analysis confirmed the presence of sp, trans-(CH)x and PPV inclusions. The obtained RRS results for a-C:H denote differentiation between the core Ag trans-(CH)x modes and the PPV phenylene mode. Furthermore, it was found that at various laser excitation energies the changes in Raman spectra features for trans-(CH)x segments included in an amorphous carbon matrix are the same as in bulk trans-polyacetylene. The latter finding can be used to facilitate identification of trans-(CH)x in the spectra of complex carbonaceous materials.