Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study

Background and Purpose-Few community-based studies have examined the long-term risk of recurrent stroke after an acute first-ever stroke. This study aimed to determine the absolute and relative risks of a first recurrent stroke over the first 5 years after a first-ever stroke and the predictors of such recurrence in a population-based series of people with first-ever stroke in Perth, Western Australia. Methods-Between February 1989 and August 1990, all people with a suspected acute stroke or transient ischemic attack of the brain who were resident in a geographically defined region of Perth, Western Australia, with a population of 138 708 people, were registered prospectively and assessed according to standardized diagnostic criteria. Patients were followed up prospectively at 4 months, 12 months, and 5 years after the index event. Results-Three hundred seventy patients with a first-ever stroke were registered, of whom 351 survived >2 days. Data were available for 98% of the cohort at 5 years, by which time 199 patients (58%) had died and 52 (15%) had experienced a recurrent stroke, 12 (23%) of which were fatal within 28 days. The 5-year cumulative risk of first recurrent stroke was 22.5% (95% confidence limits [CL], 16.8%, 28.1%). The risk of recurrent stroke was greatest in the first 6 months after stroke, at 8.8% (95% CL, 5.4%, 12.1%). After adjustment for age and sex, the prognostic factors for recurrent stroke were advanced, but not extreme, age (75 to 84 years) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% CL, 1.1, 6.2), hemorrhagic index stroke (HR, 2.1; 95% CL, 0.98, 4.4), and diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.1; 95% CL, 0.95, 4.4). Conclusions-Approximately 1 in 6 survivors (15%) of a first-ever stroke experience a recurrent stroke over the next 5 years, of which 25% are fatal within 28 days. The pathological subtype of the recurrent stroke is the same as that of the index stroke in 88% of cases. The predictors of first recurrent stroke in this study were advanced age, hemorrhagic index stroke, and diabetes mellitus, but numbers of recurrent events were modest. Because the risk of recurrent stroke is highest (8.8%) in the first 6 months after stroke, strategies for secondary prevention should be initiated as soon as possible after the index event.

Predictors of death and vascular events in the elderly - The Perth Community Stroke Study

Background and Purpose-The goal of the present study was to identify risk factors for vascular disease in the elderly. Methods-We conducted a prospective study of control subjects from a population-based study of stroke in Perth, Western Australia, that was completed in 1989 to 1990 and used record linkage and a survey of survivors to identify deaths and nonfatal vascular events. Data validated through reference to medical records were analyzed with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. Results-Follow-up for the 931 subjects was 88% complete. By June 24, 1994, 198 (24%) of the subjects had died (96 from vascular disease), and there had been 45 nonfatal strokes or myocardial infarctions. The hazard ratio for diabetes exceeded 2.0 for all end points, whereas the consumption of meat >4 times weekly was associated with a reduction in risk of less than or equal to 30%. In most models, female sex and consumption of alcohol were associated with reduced risks, whereas previous myocardial infarction was linked to an increase in risk. Conclusions-There are only limited associations between lifestyle and major vascular illness in old age. Effective health promotion activities in early and middle life may be the key to a longer and healthier old age.

Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study

Background and Purpose-Few community-based studies have examined the long-term survival and prognostic factors for death within 5 years after an acute first-ever stroke. This study aimed to determine the absolute and relative survival and the independent baseline prognostic Factors for death over the next 5 years among all individuals and among 30-day survivors after a first-ever stroke in a population of Perth, Western Australia. Methods-Between February 1989 and August 1990, all individuals with a suspected acute stroke or transient ischemic attack of the brain who were resident in a geographically defined region of Perth, Western Australia, with a population of 138 708 people, were registered prospectively and assessed according to standardized diagnostic criteria. Patients were followed up prospectively at 4 months, 12 months, and 5 years after the index event. Results-Three hundred seventy patients with first-ever stroke were registered, and 362 (98%) were followed up at 5 years, by which time 210 (58%) had died. In the first year after stroke the risk of death was 36.5% (95% CI, 31.5% to 41.4%), which was 10-fold (95% CI, 8.3% to 11.7%) higher than that expected among the general population of the same age and sex. The most common cause of death was the index stroke (64%). Between 1 and 5 years after stroke, the annual risk of death was approximately 10% per year, which was approximately 2-fold greater than expected, and the most common cause of death was cardiovascular disease (41%). The independent baseline factors among 30-day survivors that predicted death over 5 years were intermittent clandication (hazard ratio [WR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9), urinary incontinence (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.0), previous transient ischemic attack (HR, 2.4; 95% CT, 1.3 to 4.1), and prestroke Barthel Index <20/20 (HR, 2.0, 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.2). Conclusions-One-year survivors of first-ever stroke continue to die over the next 4 years at a rate of approximately 10% per year, which is twice the rate expected among the general population of the same age and sex. The most common cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Long-term survival after stroke may be improved by early, active, and sustained implementation of effective strategies for preventing subsequent cardiovascular events.

Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990

Background and Purpose-Few reliable estimates of the long-term functional outcome after stroke are available. This population-based study aimed to describe disability, dependency, and related independent prognostic factors at 5 years after,a first-ever stroke in patients in Perth, Western Australia. Methods-All individuals with a suspected acute stroke who were resident in a geographically defined region (population, 138 708) of Perth, Western Australia, were registered prospectively and assessed according to standardized diagnostic criteria over a period of 18 months in 1989 to 1990. Patients were followed up prospectively at 4 and 12 months and 5 years after the index event. Results-There were 370 cases of first-ever stroke, and 277 patients survived to 30 days. Of these early survivors, 152 (55%) were alive at 5 years, and among those who were neither institutionalized (n=146) nor disabled (n=129) at the time of their stroke, 21 (14%) were institutionalized in a nursing home, and 47 (36%) were disabled. The most important predictors of death or disability at 5 years were increasing age, baseline disability defined by a Barthel Index score of <20/20 (odds ratio [OR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 14), moderate hemiparesis (OR, 2.7. 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2), severe hemiparesis (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 19), and recurrent stroke (OR, 9.4; 95% CI, 3.0 to 30). A low level of activity before the stroke was a significant predictor of institutionalization, and subsequent recurrent stroke was a consistent, independent predictor of institutionalization, disability, and death or institutionalization, increasing the odds of each of these 3 adverse outcomes by 5- to 15-fold. Conclusions-Among 30-day survivors of first-ever stroke, about half survive 5 years; of survivors, one third remain disabled, and I in 7 are in permanent institutional care. The major modifiable predictors of poor long-term outcome are a low level of activity before the stroke and subsequent recurrent stroke. Efforts to increase physical activity among the elderly and to prevent recurrent stroke in survivors of a first stroke are likely to reduce the long-term burden of cerebrovascular disease.

Ten-year survival after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study

Background and Purpose-Very few studies have provided information regarding long-term prognosis after stroke. We aimed to determine the absolute and relative survival over 10 years among patients with first-ever stroke from a population-based study in Perth, Western Australia. Methods-For a 12-month period beginning February 1989, all individuals with a suspected acute stroke or transient ischemic attack who were resident in a geographically defined and representative region of Perth, Western Australia, were registered prospectively and assessed according to standardized diagnostic criteria. Patients with a definite first-ever stroke were followed up prospectively at 4 months, 12 months, 5 years, and 10 years after the index event. Results-A total of 251 patients with first-ever stroke were registered, and 244 (97%) were followed up at 10 years, by which time 197 (79%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 74 to 84) had died. The major causes of death were the direct effects of the initial stroke (27%; 95% CI, 21 to 33) and cardiovascular disease (26%; 95% CI, 20 to 32). Among 1-year survivors of stroke, the average annual case fatality was 4.8%, which was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.9 to 2.7) times greater than for the general population of the same age and sex. Conclusions-One in 5 patients with first-ever stroke survived to 10 years. The average annual case fatality was 4.8% between years 1 and 10 after stroke, which was twice that expected for the general population. Vascular disease is the major cause of death among long-term survivors of stroke.

Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study

Background and Purpose-Limited information exists on the long-term prognosis after first-ever stroke. We aimed to determine the absolute frequency of first recurrent stroke and disability and the relative frequency of recurrent stroke over 10 years after first-ever stroke in Perth, Western Australia. Methods-For a 12-month period beginning February 1989, all individuals with suspected acute stroke or transient ischemic attack who lived in a geographically defined and representative region of Perth were registered prospectively. Patients with a definite first-ever stroke were followed up 10 years after the index event. Results-Over 10 years of follow-up, the cumulative risk of a first recurrent stroke was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34 to 51). After the first year after first-ever stroke, the average annual risk of recurrent stroke was approximate to4%. Case fatality at 30 days after first recurrent stroke was 41%, which was significantly greater than the case fatality at 30 days after first-ever stroke (22%) (P=0.003). For 30-day survivors of first-ever stroke, the 10-year cumulative risk of death or new institutionalization was 79% (95% CI, 73 to 85) and of death or new disability was 87% (95% CI, 81 to 92). Conclusions-Over 10 years of follow-up, the risk of first recurrent stroke is 6 times greater than the risk of first-ever stroke in the general population of the same age and sex, almost one half of survivors remain disabled, and one seventh require institutional care. Effective strategies for prevention of stroke need to be implemented early, monitored frequently, and maintained long term after first-ever stroke.

Trends in five-year survival and risk of recurrent stroke after first-ever stroke in the Perth community stroke study

Background: Few studies provide information on trends in the long-term outcome of stroke. We aimed to determine trends in survival and recurrent stroke, over 5 years after first-ever stroke, for 2 cohorts of patients enrolled in the Perth Community Stroke Study in 1989 90 and 1995-96. Methods: For 12-month periods beginning February 1989 and February 1995, all individuals with an acute stroke who were resident in a geographically-defined and representative region of Perth, Western Australia, were registered and followed-up prospectively 5 years after the index event. Results: The 5-year cumulative risk of death was 59% (95% confidence interval (CI) 53%, 65%) and 58% (95% CI 52%, 65%) for the 1989-90 and 1995-96 cohorts, respectively (p = 0.94). The 5-year cumulative risk of first recurrent stroke was 32% (95% CI 25%, 40%) and 23% (95% CI 16%, 30%) for the 1989-90 and 1995-96 cohorts, respectively (p = 0.07). Conclusions: Although no statistically significant improvement occurred in 5-year survival after first-ever stroke in Perth between 1989-90 and 1995-96, there was a statistically nonsignificant trend towards a smaller cumulative risk of recurrent stroke over 5 years after a first-ever stroke. Serial community-based studies of the incidence and outcome of stroke are an important means of monitoring the translation of proven preventive interventions to improvements in population health. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Risk factors for post-stroke depression

Objective. To examine possible risk factors in post-stroke depression (PSD) other than site of lesion in the brain Data sources. 191 first-ever stroke patients were examined physically shortly after their stroke and examined psychiatrically and physically 4 months post-stroke. Setting. A geographically defined segment of the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, from which all strokes over a course of 18 months were examined (the Perth Community Stroke Study). Measures. Psychiatric Assessment Schedule, Mini Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Frenchay Activities Index, physical illness and sociodemographic data were collected. Post-stroke depression (PSD) included both major depression and minor depression (dysthymia without the 2-year time stipulation) according to DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association) criteria. Patients depressed at the time of the stroke were excluded. Patients. 191 first-ever stroke patients, 111M, 80F, 28% had PSD, 17% major and 11% minor depression. Results. Significant associations with PSD at 4 months were major functional impairment, living in a nursing home, being divorced and having a high pre-stroke alcohol intake (M only). There was no significant association with age, sex, social class, cognitive impairment or pre-stroke physical illness. Conclusion. Results favoured the hypothesis that depression in an unselected group of stroke patients is no more common, and of no more specific aetiology, than it is among elderly patients with other physical illness.

Derivation and Validation of a Novel Prognostic Scale (Modified–Stroke Subtype, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project Classification, Age, and Prestroke Modified Rankin) to Predict Early Mortality in Acute Stroke

© 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.

Trends in the incidence, severity, and short-term outcome of stroke in Perth, Western Australia

Background and Purpose-This report describes trends in the key indices of cerebrovascular disease over 6 years from the end of the 1980s in a geographically defined segment of the city of Perth, Western Australia. Methods-Identical methods were used to find and assess all cases of suspected stroke in a population of approximately 134 000 residents in a triangular area of the northern suburbs of Perth. Case fatality was measured as vital status at 28 days after the onset of symptoms. Data for first-ever strokes and for all strokes for equivalent periods of 12 months in 1989-1990 and 1995-1996 were compared by age-standardized rates and proportions and Poisson regression. Results-There were 355 strokes in 328 patients and 251 first-ever strokes (71%) for 1989-1990 and 290 events in 281 patients and 213 first-ever strokes (73%) for 1995-1996. In Poisson models including age and period, overall trends in the incidence of both first-ever strokes (rate ratio = 0.75; 95% confidence limits, 0.63, 0.90) and all strokes (rate ratio = 0.73; 95% confidence limits, 0.62, 0.85) were obviously significant, but only the changes in men were independently significant. Case fatality did not change, and the balance between hemorrhagic and occlusive strokes in 1995-1996 was almost indistinguishable from that observed in 1989-1990. Conclusions-Our results, which are the only longitudinal population-based data available for Australia for key indices of stroke, suggest that it is a change in the frequency of stroke, rather than its outcome, that is chiefly responsible nationally for the fall in mortality from cerebrovascular disease.

The effect of admission physiological variables on 30 day outcome after stroke

Introduction. Potentially modifiable physiological variables may influence stroke prognosis but their independence from modifiable factors remains unclear. Methods. Admission physiological measures (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and blood glucose) and other unmodifiable factors were recorded from patients presenting within 48 hours of stroke. These variables were compared with the outcomes of death and death or dependency at 30 days in multivariate statistical models. Results. In the 186 patients included in the study, age, atrial fibrillation and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Score were identified as unmodifiable factors independently associated with death and death or dependency. After adjusting for these factors, none of the physiological variables were independently associated with death, while only diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >= 90 mmHg was associated with death or dependency at 30 days (p = 0.02). Conclusions. Except for elevated DBP, we found no independent associations between admission physiology and outcome at 30 days in an unselected stroke cohort. Future studies should look for associations in subgroups, or by analysing serial changes in physiology during the early post-stroke period.

Stroke severity, early recovery and outcome are each related with clinical classification of stroke: data from the 'Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST)

Introduction: Baseline severity and clinical stroke syndrome (Oxford Community Stroke Project, OCSP) classification are predictors of outcome in stroke. We used data from the ‘Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial’ (TAIST) to assess the relationship between stroke severity, early recovery, outcome and OCSP syndrome. Methods: TAIST was a randomised controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of tinzaparin versus aspirin in 1,484 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Severity was measured as the Scandinavian Neurological Stroke Scale (SNSS) at baseline and days 4, 7 and 10, and baseline OCSP clinical classification recorded: total anterior circulation infarct (TACI), partial anterior circulation infarct (PACI), lacunar infarct (LACI) and posterior circulation infarction (POCI). Recovery was calculated as change in SNSS from baseline at day 4 and 10. The relationship between stroke syndrome and SNSS at days 4 and 10, and outcome (modified Rankin scale at 90 days) were assessed. Results: Stroke severity was significantly different between TACI (most severe) and LACI (mildest) at all four time points (p<0.001), with no difference between PACI and POCI. The largest change in SNSS score occurred between baseline and day 4; improvement was least in TACI (median 2 units), compared to other groups (median 3 units) (p<0.001). If SNSS did not improve by day 4, then early recovery and late functional outcome tended to be limited irrespective of clinical syndrome (SNSS, baseline: 31, day 10: 32; mRS, day 90: 4); patients who recovered early tended to continue to improve and had better functional outcome irrespective of syndrome (SNSS, baseline: 35, day 10: 50; mRS, day 90: 2). Conclusions: Although functional outcome is related to baseline clinical syndrome (best with LACI, worst with TACI), patients who improve early have a more favourable functional outcome, irrespective of their OCSP syndrome. Hence, patients with a TACI syndrome may still achieve a reasonable outcome if early recovery occurs.

Enfarte cerebral e incapacidade em idosos

RESUMO Introdução O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é a segunda causa de morte a nível mundial e a terceira nos países industrializados. A idade é o factor de risco não modificável mais importante para AVC, verificando-se um aumento da incidência de AVC até ao limite mais extremo da idade avançada. Presentemente, mais de metade de todos os AVCs ocorrem em doentes com mais de 75 anos, e, dado que a esperança de vida está a aumentar, sendo os muito idosos o segmento de crescimento mais rápido da população, é de esperar que este segmento da população venha a contribuir com uma proporção cada vez maior do número total de AVCs. O AVC no doente idoso apresenta características particulares, sendo diferente do AVC no doente mais jovem relativamente a factores de risco, a subtipos clínicos e etiológicos de AVC, e a prognóstico. O factor de risco ardiovascular mais importante para AVC em doentes idosos é a fibrilhação auricular. O enfarte cerebral em doentes idosos é clinicamente mais grave do que nos restantes doentes, associando-se esta maior gravidade a uma maior incidência de enfartes cardioembólicos. As taxas de letalidade são mais elevadas nos doentes mais idosos, e o estado funcional dos sobreviventes é, igualmente, pior, a curto e a longo prazo. Contudo, uma proporção importante de doentes idosos com AVC sobrevive em bom estado funcional. Até agora, muito poucos estudos procuraram identificar factores preditivos independentes de resultado em doentes idosos com AVC em geral, de qualquer subtipo patológico, e menos ainda em doentes idosos apenas com AVC isquémico. Objectivos: O objectivo principal deste estudo consistiu em descrever a contribuição do AVC para a passagem de um estado independente para um estado de dependência ou morte numa coorte de doentes idosos que sofreram o seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida, e em identificar os factores que a determinam. Paralelamente, como objectivo secundário, foi analisada a demografia, factores de risco, aracterísticas clínicas e de resultado da coorte de doentes idosos, estratificada em dois grupos de idade. Métodos: No período entre 1 de Julho de 2003 e 31 de Dezembro de 2005, foram recrutados todos os doentes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos, internados consecutivamente no Serviço de Medicina I do Hospital Egas Moniz, pelo seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida. Foi adoptada a definição de AVC da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Os doentes foram avaliados na fase aguda, à data da alta hospitalar e em consultas de seguimento aos 1, 3 e 6 meses. Foi elaborado um protocolo padronizado para a avaliação na fase aguda, e outro para as consultas de seguimento. O protocolo destinado à fase aguda incluía informação sobre: (1) dados sociodemográficos; (2) factores de risco vascular e outras comorbilidades; (3) avaliação cognitiva pré-AVC; (4) avaliação de incapacidade pré-AVC; (5) dados de avaliação médica geral na fase aguda; (6) índice de comorbilidade médica geral de Charlson; (7) dados de avaliação neurológica do doente, quer de uma forma especificada, quer sintetizados numa escala de gravidade dos défices neurológicos, a “National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale” (NIHSS) e na classificação clínica do “Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project” (OCSP); (8) resultados laboratoriais de rotina primeiros valores após o início do AVC); (9) resultados dos principais exames complementares de diagnóstico: TC crâneo-encefálica sem contraste, lectrocardiograma, ecocardiograma trans-torácico, doppler das artérias cervicais extracraneanas; e outros exames, em doentes seleccionados; (10) a classificação etiológica dos AVCs segundo os critérios do “Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment” (TOAST); (11) principais complicações neurológicas e médicas, ocorridas durante o internamento; (12) principais intervenções terapêuticas; (13) estado vital (morte à data da alta ou até aos 28 dias; data e causa de morte); (14) gravidade dos défices neurológicos e estado funcional à data da alta; (15) destino após a alta.O protocolo elaborado para as avaliações de seguimento incluía informação sobre:(1) estado vital (morte; data de morte; causa de morte); (2) local de residência; (3)terapêutica efectuada; (4) ocorrência de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes ou cardiovasculares; (5) presença de sintomas e/ou sinais de insufuciência cardíaca; (6) avaliação da gravidade dos defices neurológicos residuais; (7) avaliação funcional; (8) nova avaliação cognitiva (realizada apenas na consulta dos 6 meses).A análise estatística consistiu, em primeiro lugar, numa análise descritiva da coorte global de doentes seguida de uma análise comparativa dos doentes estratificados em dois grupos de idade (< 80 versus @ 80 anos), relativamente ao conjunto de todas as variáveis independentes e de resultado; em segundo lugar, no subgrupo de doentes sem incapacidade pré-AVC, após um processo de selecção de variáveis, foram desenvolvidos, pelo método de regressão logística múltipla backward stepwise, modelos preditivos para o resultado “morte ou dependência” versus “estar vivo e independente” aos 6 meses. Para a selecção das variáveis, procedeu-se em primeiro lugar a análise bivariada, tendo sido removidas as variáveis que não apresentavam associação significativa com o resultado. Em segundo lugar, as restantes variáveis foram classificadas em cinco grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído pelas variáveis demográficas (género e idade), o segundo, por uma variável do exame clínico geral, o terceiro, pelas variáveis da avaliação neurológica inicial, o quarto, por uma variável imagiológica, e o quinto por uma variável de comorbilidade médica geral. Resultados: População geral de doentes Durante o período de 30 meses em que se procedeu ao recrutamento prospectivo de doentes, foram internados consecutivamente 145 doentes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, dos quais 142 aceitaram participar no estudo. A idade média dos doentes era de 79,5±6,0 anos e 69,7% eram do sexo feminino. O factor de risco vascular mais frequente no conjunto da população foi a hipertensão arterial, atingindo 73,2% dos doentes. A diabetes mellitus e o consumo de tabaco, passado ou corrente, foram presentes em igual proporção de doentes (27,5%, cada). A fibrilhação auricular, antes ou durante o internamento hospitalar, foi detectada em 39,3% dos doentes. A proporção de doentes com incapacidade prévia ao AVC (score de Rankin modificado pré-AVC > 2) foi de 19%, traduzindo, pelo menos em parte, a presença de numerosas comorbilidades (insuficiência cardíaca em 39,4% dos doentes; doença osteo-articular em 38,7%; incontinência de esfincteres em 31,0%; défice cognitivo em 18,4%; défice visual em 18,3%; e défice auditivo em 15,6%). O índice de comorbilidade de Charlson foi superior a 1 em 54,9% dos doentes. Na avaliação neurológica inicial, através da escala de NIHSS,aproximadamente metade dos doentes (50,7%) tinha um score igual ou superior a 7, sendo este o valor mediano deste score para o conjunto dos doentes. Aos 28 dias e seis meses, as taxas de letalidade foram de 5,6% e 22,5%, respectivamente. Dos sobreviventes, aos seis meses, 44,5% apresentava incapacidade moderada ou grave (score de Rankin modificado > 2). No conjunto de toda a população, a proporção de doentes com score de Rankin modificado > 2 aumentou de 19% antes do AVC para 57% aos seis meses, sendo de 34,5% a proporção de doentes com incapacidade moderada ou grave. Nos 115 doentes sem incapacidade antes do AVC, a taxa de letalidade, aos seis meses, foi de 19,1%, e dos sobreviventes, 34,5% ficaram com incapacidade moderada a grave (score de Rankin modificado > 2). Comparação dos doentes estratificados em dois grupos de idade Dos 142 doentes que aceitaram participar no estudo, 75 (52,8%) tinham idade igual ou superior a 80 anos. Neste grupo de doentes, em comparação com o grupo mais jovem, havia mais doentes do sexo feminino (77,3% versus 61,2%; p=0,037), mais viúvos (54,7% versus 37,3%; p=0,038), menos doentes a viver em suas casas com esposa/companheiro (34,7% versus 56,7%; p = 0,008), mais doentes a viver com familiares ou cuidador (34,7% versus 17,9%; p = 0,024), e mais doentes a viver em instituição (8,0% versus 0,0%; p=0,029). Relativamente aos factores de risco vascular, o grupo mais idoso apresentou uma frequência mais elevada de fibrilhação auricular pré ou intra-hospitalar (48,6% versus 28,8%; p = 0,016) e de insuficiência cardíaca (49,3% versus 28,4%; p = 0,011), e uma frequência mais baixa de antecedentes de tabagismo (20,0% versus 35,8%; p=0,035), consumo de álcool (6,7% versus 22,4%; p=0,007) e doença arterial periférica (2,7% versus 13,4%; p=0,017). A incapacidade prévia ao AVC, definida pelo Índice de Barthel (score <100), ou pela escala de Rankin modificada (score >2), foi mais frequente no grupo mais idoso (56,0% versus 31,3%, com p = 0,003 e 29,3% versus 7,5%, com p = 0,001, respectivamente). A proporção de doentes com pressão arterial (PA) sistólica inicial elevada é menor no grupo de doentes mais idoso (57,3% versus 76,1%; p=0,018). Na avaliação neurológica inicial, este grupo apresentou uma maior proporção de doentes com afundamento do estado de consciência (62,7% versus 31,3%; p<0,001), afasia (42,7% versus 17,9%; p = 0,001), alteração da motilidade ocular (36,0% versus 20,9%; p = 0,047), e com um score de NIHSS inicial @ 7 (65,3% versus 34,3%; p<0,001). A distribuição dos subtipos clínicos do OCSP foi diferente entre os dois grupos de doentes (p=0,001). Os enfartes total e parcial da circulação anterior (TACI e PACI, respectivamente) foram mais frequentes no grupo de doentes com idade mais avançada (18,7% versus 6,0%, para o TACI; 48,0% versus 28,4%, para o PACI). Os enfartes lacunares e da circulação posterior (LACI e POCI, respectivamente) foram mais frequentes no grupo de doentes mais novo (52,2% versus 29,3%, para o LACI; 13,4% versus 4,0%, para o POCI). Na classificação etiológica, apenas o AVC por oclusão de pequenos vasos foi mais frequente no grupo de doentes menos idoso (22,4% versus 2,7%; p < 0,001). No final do período de seguimento, o grupo de doentes mais idoso tinha uma maior proporção de casos fatais (33,3% versus 10,4%; p=0,001), e, nos sobreviventes, uma maior proporção de doentes incapacitados, quer com a incapacidade definida pelo índice de Barthel (score < 100) ou pela escala escala de Rankin modificada (score > 2) (78,0% versus 51,7% com p=0,004 e 56,0% versus 35,0% com p=0,027, respectivamente). Modelos preditivos Na análise multivariável foi incluído apenas o grupo de doentes que não tinha incapacidade prévia ao AVC, constituído pelos 115 doentes que tinham um score de Rankin pré-AVC igual ou inferior a 2. No desenvolvimento dos modelos, as variáveis idade e género, a PA sistólica inicial codificada (@140 mmHg), a variável de imagem “cortical extenso” e o índice de comorbilidade de Charlson, são comuns a todos eles. As variáveis neurológicas, diferentes de modelo para modelo, são: o score de NIHSS, no modelo1; o score de coma de Glasgow (15 versus <15), no modelo 2; o subtipo clínico TACI, no modelo 3; e as variáveis neurológicas clínicas, afasia, extinção, parésia de mais do que um membro, campos visuais e motilidade ocular, no modelo 4. O modelo 1, em que o score de NIHSS constituiu a forma de avaliação do défice neurológico inicial, foi o que teve melhor exactidão preditiva, classificando correctamente 85,2% dos doentes e explicando 60% da variância no resultado (R2 de Nagelkerke). A capacidade discriminativa deste modelo, medida através da area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), foi a mais elevada (0,893), embora não sendo estatisticamente diferente da AUC dos outros modelos. Os preditores independentes de mau resultado neste modelo foram o género feminino, a PA sistólica inicial @ 140 mmHg e o score de NIHSS inicial. Em todos os restantes modelos, as variáveis da avaliação neurológica inicial foram igualmente preditores independentes de resultado, em conjunto com o género feminino e o índice de comorbilidade de Charlson. A idade e a PA sistólica inicial foram também preditores independentes de resultado nos modelos 3 e 4, e a variável “cortical extenso” no modelo 2. Conclusões No presente estudo, considerando a totalidade dos doentes, aos 6 meses após o AVC, as proporções dos doentes que morrem ou ficam incapacitados, em particular a dos doentes incapacitados, são mais altas do que as encontradas em estudos incluíndo doentes de todas as idades com o seu primeiro AVC isquémico, reflectindo o pior prognóstico dos doentes mais idosos com AVC isquémico, em que uma proporção importante apresenta incapacidade já antes do AVC. No entanto, considerando apenas os doentes sem incapacidade prévia ao AVC, as proporções encontradas para morte ou incapacidade aos 6 meses foram próximas das de estudos de base populacional incluíndo doentes de todas as idades com o seu primeiro AVC isquémico. O presente estudo demonstrou que em doentes idosos que sofrem o seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida, e que não tinham incapacidade prévia ao AVC, a gravidade do défice neurológico inicial é, do mesmo modo que nos doentes com AVC isquémico de todas as idades, o principal preditor independente de resultado. O score de NIHSS demonstrou ser um importante preditor independente de resultado em doentes idosos com AVC isquémico, eliminando a contribuição independente para o resultado de vários outros preditores potenciais, o que não aconteceu quando a gravidade do AVC foi medida através de outras variáveis de validade e fiabilidade mais incerta. O presente estudo demonstra como o resultado de uma análise multivariável é fortemente afectado pelas variáveis independentes utilizadas. Os vários modelos apenas diferiam na forma como foi avaliada a gravidade neurológica do AVC, originando, mesmo assim, resultados bastante diferentes. Este facto reforça a necessidade de utilizar para o desenvolvimento dos modelos variáveis clinicamente relevantes, com elevada fiabilidade e validade comprovadas. Uma das características dos doentes muito idosos é a presença de múltiplas comorbilidades simultaneamente. O presente estudo sugere que o efeito da comorbilidade sobre o resultado pode ocorrer por intermédio da maior gravidade neurológica do AVC,embora estes resultados necessitem de ser confirmados em estudos com maior número de doentes. Este achado, a confirmar-se, é da maior importância, levando a que a prevenção e tratamento da patologia cardiovascular e cerebrovascular deva ser encarada como um todo. O presente estudo mostra que os doentes muito idosos com AVC isquémico apresentam características epidemiológicas e clínicas específicas, mesmo quando a comparação é feita entre dois diferentes estratos de doentes idosos. Em particular, a maior frequência,neste grupo de doentes, de fibrilhação auricular, associada à maior frequência dos enfartes TACI e PACI da classificação clínica do OCSP, que são os subtipos clínicos mais frequentemente de etiologia cardioembólica, têm importantes implicações relativamente a prevenção e tratamento, reforçando a importância da anticoagulação terapêutica tanto para prevenção primária como secundária.