[3 lettres de Pauline Metternich-Sándor à Jules Massenet, [entre 1860 et 1912]]

f.1-2, 5 : cartes sur papier de deuill, f. 3-4: lettre ; datées d'après le contenu et la période d'activité de Jules Massenet

Cellules souches cancéreuses et futures modalités thérapeutiques du cancer. [Cancer stem cells and future therapeutic implications].

A growing body of evidence indicates that a subpopulation of tumor cells, the so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), drive tumor growth and metastasis and preclude therapy efficiency. CSCs have been isolated in virtually all type of tumors. These findings may have important consequences for clinical prognostic. Current cancer research aims to unravel the CSCs' unique biological mechanisms. The development of new CSCs-targeted treatments shed therefore new hopes in improving cancer therapy.

Étude préclinique de nouveaux médicaments inhibiteurs de PARP et Bcl-2 dans le neuroblastome

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente chez le jeune enfant. En dépit de plusieurs avancements thérapeutiques, seulement 60% survivront à long terme. Cette résistance aux traitements est possiblement due, en partie, à la présence des cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC). PARP-1 joue un rôle important dans la chimiorésistance de certaines tumeurs et son inhibition a montré une potentialisation des agents anticancéreux conventionnels. De plus, Bcl-2 est surexprimé dans le NB et son expression accrue contribuerait à la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Le but de notre travail était de déterminer les effets in vitro d’un PARP inhibiteur, AG-014699 (AG), et d’un inhibiteur de Bcl-2, Obatoclax (Obx), in vitro et in vivo, en monothérapie ou en combinaison avec de la Doxorubicine (Doxo) ou du Cisplatin (Cis), deux agents anticancéreux classiquement utilisés dans le traitement du NB. Afin de déterminer l’expression de PARP-1 dans les tumeurs de NB, nous avons analysé une cohorte de 132 tumeurs. Nous avons utilisé le test MTT afin d’évaluer la sensibilité de 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et des CSC à un traitement avec AG seul ou en combinaison avec de la Doxo ou du Cis. Nous avons déterminé l’étendue de la mort cellulaire par Annexin-V et caractérisé les dommages à l’ADN à l’aide d’un marquage γH2aX. De plus, les modulations des voies de signalisation intracellulaire ont été analysées par Western Blot. La sensibilité des cellules à l’Obx a été analysée par MTT sur 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et sa combinaison avec le Cis a également été déterminée dans 2 lignées cellulaires. Le marquage Annexin-V et des combinaisons avec ZVAD-FMK ont aussi été utilisés pour caractériser les effets d’Obx sur l’apoptose. Des expériences in vivo ont également été faites. Nos résultats démontrent que l’expression de PARP-1 est associée aux tumeurs moins agressives. AG n’a peu ou pas effet sur la croissance tumorale et ne potentialise pas significativement les effets de la Doxo ou de Cis. AG combiné à la Doxo semble sensibiliser les CSC dans une lignée cellulaire. L’Annexin-V et le marquage γH2aX ne révèlent pas d’effets synergiques de cette combinaison et les dommages à l’ADN et la mort cellulaire observés sont attribués à la Doxo. Cependant, on observe une augmentation d’apoptose et de bris d’ADN dans une lignée cellulaire (SK-N-FI) lorsqu’AG est utilisé en monothérapie. On observe une surexpression de pAKT et pERK suite à la combinaison Doxo et AG. Les cellules de NB sont sensibles à l’Obx à des concentrations à l’échelle nanomolaire. De plus, Obx active la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Aussi, Obx a un effet synergique avec le Cis in vitro. In vivo, l’Obx diminue significativement la taille tumorale. Nous concluons que l’Obx présente une avenue thérapeutique prometteuse dans le traitement du NB alors que l’utilisation d’AG ne semble pas être aussi encourageante.

A környezethez való jog és a Kiotói Jegyzőkönyv (Right to environment and Kyoto Protocol)

A Kiotói Jegyzőkönyv az 1992-ben Rio de Janeiro-ban megrendezésre került Környezet és Fejlődés Világkonferenciáján elfogadott nyilatkozatának 1997-ben aláírt kiegészítő jegyzőkönyve. A Kiotói Jegyzőkönyvben minden aláíró ország vállalta, hogy egy bizonyos százalékos arányban csökkenti országában a kibocsátott üvegházhatást okozó gázok mennyiségét, ezáltal mérsékelve a globális felmelegedés előrehaladtát. A Jegyzőkönyvhöz az Egyesült Államok és több fejlő ország, mint Kína vagy India gazdasági megfontolásból másrészt politikai szűklátókörűségből nem csatlakozott. Ez azonban a komoly aggályokat vet fel azzal kapcsolatban, hogy a környezetvédelmi szabályokat betartó államok erőfeszítései önmagában elegendőek lesznek-e a globális felmelegedés megállítására, de legalábbis csökkentésére. _____________ The Kyoto Protocol signed in the Japanese city in Kyoto in 1997 is a supplemental document to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development organized in Rio de Janeiro. In the Kyoto Protocol individual countries have mandatory emissions targets for the greenhouse gases they must meet to slow down global warming. The United States of America, and several developing countries, as China and India did not yet joined the Protocol partly because of economic reasons and other ways because of narrow-minded political interests. This brings up serious doubt weather the efforts of the parties of the Protocol can make any change in the recent global processes.

Cytogenetic And Morphologic Approaches Of Hybrids From Experimental Crosses Between Triatoma Lenti Sherlock & Serafim, 1967 And T. Sherlocki Papa Et Al., 2002 (hemiptera: Reduviidae).

The reproductive capacity between Triatoma lenti and Triatoma sherlocki was observed in order to verify the fertility and viability of the offspring. Cytogenetic, morphological and morphometric approaches were used to analyze the differences that were inherited. Experimental crosses were performed in both directions. The fertility rate of the eggs in crosses involving T. sherlocki females was 65% and 90% in F1 and F2 offspring, respectively. In reciprocal crosses, it was 7% and 25% in F1 and F2 offspring, respectively. The cytogenetic analyses of the male meiotic process of the hybrids were performed using lacto-acetic orcein, C-banding and Feulgen techniques. The male F1 offspring presented normal chromosome behavior, a finding that was similar to those reported in parental species. However, cytogenetic analysis of F2 offspring showed errors in chromosome pairing. This post-zygotic isolation, which prevents hybrids in nature, may represent the collapse of the hybrid. This phenomenon is due to a genetic dysregulation that occurs in the chromosomes of F1. The results were similar in the hybrids from both crosses. Morphological features, such as color and size of connexive and the presence of red-orange rings on the femora, were similar to T. sherlocki, while wins size was similar to T. lenti in F1 offspring. The eggshells showed characteristics that were similar to species of origin, whereas the median process of the pygophore resulted in intermediate characteristics in the F1 and a segregating pattern in F2 offspring. Geometric morphometric techniques used on the wings showed that both F1 and F2 offspring were similar to T. lenti. These studies on the reproductive capacity between T. lenti and T. sherlocki confirm that both species are evolutionarily closed; hence, they are included in the brasiliensis subcomplex. The extremely reduced fertility observed in the F2 hybrids confirmed the specific status of the species that were analyzed.

Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare (Bernardet et al. 2002) from four tropical fish species in Brazil

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare in tropical fish in Brazil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) were examined for external lesions showing signs of colunmaris disease such as greyish white spots, especially on the head, dorsal part and caudal fin of the fish. The sampling comprised 50 samples representing four different fish species selected for study. Samples for culture were obtained by skin and kidney scrapes with a sterile cotton swabs of columnaris disease fish and streaked onto Carlson and Pacha (1968) artificial culture medium (broth and solid) which were used for isolation. The strains in the liquid medium were Gram negative, long, filamentous, exhibited flexing movements (gliding motility), contained a large number of long slender bacteria and gathered into ‘columns'. Strains on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, rather small, flat that had rhizoid edges. A total of four Flavobacterium columnare were isolated: 01 Brycon orbignyanus strain, 01 Piaractus mesopotamicus strain, 01 Colossoma macropomum strain, and 01 Hypostomus plecostomus strain. Biochemical characterization, with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexirubin-type pigments, H2S production and reduction of nitrates proved that the isolate could be classified as Flavobacterium columnare.

Spatial-temporal variation in coiled and straight morphotypes of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolsz) Seenayya et Subba Raju (Cyanobacteria)

(Spatial-temporal variation in coiled and straight morphotypes of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolsz) Seenayya et Subba Raju (Cyanobacteria)). This study reports the spatial and temporal behavior of straight and coiled morphotypes of C. raciborskii in a reservoir in Brazil`s semiarid region as well as the main factors responsible for the variability. Two set of samples were collected from the subsurface and bottom in the central region of a reservoir in two seasonal periods (dry January 2005; rainy June 2005) over 20-hour sampling periods during daylight (8 am, 12 pm and 4 pm) and dark (8 pm, 12 am and 4 am) hours. Measurements of abiotic parameters were determined concurrently to the sampling of biotic variables. Two C. raciborskii morphotypes were found in the reservoir: straight and coiled. There was no difference in density of the straight and coiled C. raciborskii morphotypes between the different sampling times for either season. Vertical differences were found in the distribution of both morphotypes in both seasons, with greater densities recorded at the subsurface. Densities of the two C. raciborskii morphotypes were greater in the dry season, with the density of the coiled morphotype at the surface two-fold greater than that of the straight morphotype and that found in the rainy season. The ecological success of the coiled morphotype was due to thermal stratification, whereas a mixed condition was determinant in the success of the straight morphotype.

Characterization of tree-rings of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. et Golf. trees by X ray densitometry

This work aimed to determining the anatomical structure of wood, through methodology of histology and X-ray densitometry, of resin-tapped and not resin-tapped Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis trees samples, of three diameter classes. Pine trees, in forest plantation established in 1969, in the Ecological Experimental Station of Itirapina, from the Forestry Institute of Sao Paulo State, were measured and stratified into three classes of trunk diameter. The pine trees were resin-tapped since 2004, with the opening of two simultaneous and opposing panels. Sixty samples of pine wood trees were extracted from the tree trunk through a non-destructive method and in the laboratory. Tree rings were determined in the laboratory and wood apparent density by X-ray densitometry. The test results showed that: (i) false tree rings occur in the early wood and late wood of the tree rings due to climate change; (ii) the X-ray densitometry allowed the demarcation of the tree rings limits; (iii) the wood apparent density average was significantly different between the trees in high class diameter and in the medium-low class; (iv) the wood characteristics from the resin-tapped and non resin-tapped faces did not show significant differences.