El partido Comunista de Costa Rica, 1931-1935: los documentos del Archivo Ruso del Comintern

IntroducciónLa disolución de la Unión Soviética en 1989 y el subsiguiente final de la guerra fría impactaron el globo entero. Un detalle de este cambio en la política internacional incidió entre la comunidad académica, ya que sus miembros tuvieron la esperanza de tener acceso a los inexpugnables archivos rusos. Como el gobierno soviético guardaba sigilosamente toda su documentación, los universitarios estaban ansiosos. Ellos conocían las características  de la burocracia soviética y sospechaban que una voluminosa cantidad de documentos se habían producido y guardado. Mientras que algunos de los archivos quedaron cerrados por razones de seguridad nacional, y otros eran inaccesibles a pesar de que estaban abiertos, muchas de las instituciones se han abierto y cantidades sustanciales de información aparecían para confirmar que los archivos rusos serán una fuente importante de evidencia histórica en los años venideros

Contribución al estudio del Partido Comunista de Costa Rica y la Internacional Comunista

IntroducciónEl rescate de la documentación referente al Partido Comunista de Costa Rica de los archivos de la Internacional Comunista y su publicación, constituyen una contribución sustancial al conocimiento de un período histórico y de un relevante actor político, el partido comunista de Costa Rica (independientemente de sus diversos significativos hombres legales), decisivos ambos en el proceso de conformación de la Costa Rica contemporanea.

Carlos Dávila Cubrero. ¡Viva Vargas! Historia del Partido Confraternidad Guanacasteca. San José. Costa Rica. Ediciones Guayacán 1987

Introducción Guanacaste es una de esas regiones que ha quedado marginada del quehacer histórico de los investigadores nacionales que una y otra vez centran sus estudios en el Valle Intermontano  Central. Primeramente fue así, porque  a nuestros historiadores los atrajo el estudio  descriptivo de  las administraciones coloniales y, sobre todo a  partir de 1821, las  de los jefes  de Estado; algunos d e ellos fueron objeto de varias investigaciones dependiendo de las veces que estuvieron la frente del gobierno. Mas tarde en la  década del  70, la cambiar el énfasis de lo político diplomático a los económico social, Guanacaste sigue ocupado el mismo “status” de la región marginada de los estudio históricos. Por lo anterior, toda investigación que se emprenda sobre esta provincia constituye un valioso aporte par el conocimiento de esta importante región

Una contribución biográfica a la Historia del Partido Comunista Salvadoreño

ResumenEntrevista realizada a un dirigente del Partido Comunista Salvadoreño entre 1932 y la década de 1960.Abstract An interview with a leader of the Salvadorean Communist Party from 1932 to the 1960s.

Derechos humanos en Costa Rica

ResumenLa historia de los derechos humanos en Costa Rica muestra una característica muy particular,por cuanto desde mucho antes de haberse promulgado la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en 1948 ya se daban pasos en su búsqueda. Desde el siglo XlX, aunque fuera de forma clandestina o artesanal, se empezaron a hacer sentir organizaciones y distintas formas de expresión a través de las cuales denunciar las malas condiciones de vida y alcanzar algunos beneficios. En medio de circunstancias adversas y poco apropiadas los movimientos fueron aumentando de intensidad al punto de que ya para 1930 cobran más vigor, lo que se evidencia con un movimiento obrero más organizado y la conformación del Partido Comunista. La lucha por lo que hoy conocemos como derechos humanos logra alcanzar su mayor esplendor en los años de 1940 gracias a las circunstancias coyunturales que favorecieron la presencia de un gobierno reformista como el del presidente Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia y una activa participación de la Iglesia católica a través de Mons. Víctor Sanabria. De esta forma en Costa Rica se obtuvo el paquete de garantías sociales: un código de trabajo que regulara todo lo pertinenteal trabajo y la seguridad social con la creación de la CCSS. En un tiempo prudencial y con una amplia participación social los y las costarricenses alcanzaron derechos económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales.Palabras clave: derechos humanos, legislación social, código de trabajo, movimiento obrero, Partido Comunista, Iglesia católica.AbstractThe history of Human rights in Costa Rica shows a particular characteristic because long before the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, steps towards its search were taken in the country. Since the nineteenth century, although in a clandestine or rustic manner, different organizations and forms of expression through which expose the poor conditions of life and reach some benefits began to be felt. In the midst of adverse and inappropriate circumstances, the movements were increasing in intensity to the point that they got stronger by 1930, as evidenced with a more organized labor movement and the formation f the Communist Party. The fight we know today as human rights reaches its greatest prominence in the 1940’s thanks to temporary circumstances favoring the presence of a reformist government as that of President Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia’s, and an active participation of the Catholic Church by Bishop Víctor Sanabria. In this way Costa Rica obtained the social security package: a working code to regulate all matters related to labor and social security with the creation of the CCSS. In an appropriate manner and with broad social participation, costa ricans reached economic, social, political an cultural rights.Keywords: human rights, social legislation, Labor Code, labor movement, the Communist Party, Catholic Church. 

Acesso aos recursos genéticos e partilha dos benefícios - as experiências do Brasil, da Costa Rica e de Portugal

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ambiente

CRISIS POLíTICA Y BIPARTIDISMO EN COSTA RICA APUNTES SOBRE HECHOS RECIENTES

El presente artículo ofrece algunos apuntes sobre el impacto que está teniendo la crisis política actual en los partidos políticos mayoritarios en Costa Rica, a saber, el Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN) y el Partido Unidad Social Cristiana (PUSC). Este bipartidismo es concebido hoy, por buena parte de la ciudadanía, como un único poder bicéfalo: PLUSC. Se plantea que estamos asistiendo a una reconfiguración del escenario políticopartidista de cara a una nueva ciudadanía política costarricense más crítica y decidida a demandar del liderazgo político, coherencia, voluntad y transparencia, para enfrentar los grandes retos de una sociedad cada vez más polarizada social y económicamente. En concreto se recoge, en apretada síntesis, el itinerario seguido por el bipartidismo desde su conformación hasta sus transformaciones recientes, que constituyen una expresión fundamental de la crisis política en la coyuntura actual. No se pretende mostrar un diagnóstico riguroso de la crisis política, sino más bien ofrecer una valoración de algunos hechos significativos que ponen en evidencia dicha crisis y su relación con el bipartidismo.

Novas espécies de Desmiphorini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) da Costa Rica e do Equador

Novas espécies são descritas: Eupogonius lateralis sp. nov., Estola nigrodorsalis sp. nov., Pseudestoloides rubiginosa sp. nov de Heredia (Costa Rica); Pseudestoloides affinis sp. nov. de Guanacaste and Puntarenas (Costa Rica); Mimopogonius hovorei sp. nov. de Azuay (Equador).

Novos táxons de Desmiphorini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) da Costa Rica e do Brasil

Novos táxons descritos: Estola acrensis sp. nov. do Acre (Brasil), Eupogonius brevifascia sp. nov. de Guanacaste (Costa Rica) e Disgregus gen. nov., espécie-tipo, D. bezarki sp. nov. de Guanacaste (Costa Rica).

Variation in the wood anatomical structure of Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae) trees at different ecological conditions in Costa Rica

The tree Gmelina arborea has been widely introduced in Costa Rica for commercial purposes. This new conditions for melina cause variations on anatomy in secondary xylem of the trees growing in plantations. The objective of the present research was to determine the variation in the anatomy of xylem caused by the ecological conduction variation. Dimensions of fiber, axial parenchyma percentage of cross sections, parameters of vessels and the ray were measured. The results showed that some anatomical characteristics remained stable despite variations of ecological conditions, especially radial parenchyma and anatomical features which were less affected by the altitude. On the other hand, the vessels, axial parenchyma and fiber were less stable because they were affected significantly by the longitude, latitude, altitude and precipitation. Latitude significantly affected vessel percentage, length and diameter of the fiber and lumen. Longitude affected vessel percentage and fiber diameter. Altitude had a significant correlation with the amount of cells at my height. Annual average precipitation affected vessel percentage and diameter, not only of the fiber, but also of the lumen. These results suggest that the new growth conditions of G. arborea trees in Costa Rica have produced an anatomic adaptation.

Radial variation of anatomical features, wood density and decay resistance in teak (Tectona grandis) from two qualities of growing sites and two climatic regions of Costa Rica

The objective of this study was to show the radial variation of some anatomic characteristics, wood density and natural durability of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) growing in Costa Rica. Samples of trees 13 years old were obtained from two growing sites (high and low growing) of plantations established in a humid tropical climate (CHT) and dry tropical climate (CST). The variables measured of the fibers as well as for the rays were not affected by the climate or the type of growing site, except for the length of the fibers. The fibers of teak wood from the best growing site were significantly larger. Vessels were found with a greater frequency for the CST but mostly solitary in comparison with the CBT. Average density, maximum density and the variation within the ring presented a light higher magnitude for the CST. The quality of the growing site did not affect these variables. The resistance of fungus attack was similar in the area of heartwood near the pith compared to the heartwood near the sapwood for all the conditions evaluated. Nevertheless, it was observed in some trees a similar resistance of fungus attack for areas of sapwood compared to similar areas of heartwood.

Radial variation of the wood anatomical structure of Gmelina arborea trees from different climatic and management conditions in Costa Rica

The evaluations of the effect of the climatic conditions and of the intensity of forest management in the trunk of the Gmelina arborea Linn. Roxb. trees are restricted to its physical-mechanical properties and use. The present work has as objective to study the radial variations of the wood anatomy of the gmelina trees sampled in plantations of 30 sites in Costa Rica, characterized by two climatic conditions (tropical dry and humid) and three intensities of forest management (intensive, moderate and without management). The results of the analyses demonstrated the existence of radial variation of the different anatomical parameters, except for the fiber lumen diameter and multiple vessels in the wood of the gmelina trees. For the wood anatomical elements, fibers (width, lumen diameter, and length), vessels (multiple vessels, diameter and frequency) and radial parenchyma (height) relationships were observed with the climate (tropical humid and dry). The radial variations of the wood anatomical elements were, also, influenced by the management regimes of the gmelina trees.

NEW PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA) FROM COSTA RICA, WITH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON OTHER SPECIES

This paper reports on a study of phytoseiids collected from the La Selva Biological Field Station, the ALAS (Arthropods of La Selva) Project, made available to us by the Canadian National Collection via Dr. E. E. Lindquist. This material includes two new species, Proprioseiopsis versus n. sp. and Transeius costarricensis n. sp., three new records for Central America, and additional information for nine species previously reported from La Selva.

A new species of Abacarus (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) damaging sugarcane, Sacharrum officinarum L., from Costa Rica-the first eriophyoid mite described with a tibial seta on leg II

A new species of eriophyoid mite, belonging in the genus Abacarus Keifer (Eriophyidae), causing damage to sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae), in Costa Rica is illustrated and described. Abacarus doctus n. sp. is the only eriophyoid species recorded so far with a tibial seta (l`) on the second pair of legs, an unexpected characteristic observed for the first time in the superfamily Eriophyoidea. Remarks on the phylogenetic and taxonomical aspects related to the presence of this seta are presented. Damage symptoms caused by this mite are presented as well as a key for Abacarus species described from sugarcane. In addition, the need to apply biosecurity procedures during sugarcane germplasm exchange to avoid dissemination of the new mite species is discussed.

Population demography and spatial distribution of the mantis shrimp Squilla biformis (Stomatopoda, Squillidae) from Pacific Costa Rica

The mantis shrimp Squilla biformis is the most conspicuous and abundant stomatopod captured during benthic trawling operations off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Due to its abundance, this species is considered a potential fisheries resource for the region. Nevertheless, its life history is practically unknown. The present study describes the population demography, spatial distribution and behaviour of S. biformis from Pacific Costa Rica. The population was principally composed of individuals between 20 and 32 mm carapace length (CL), forming 2 age groups. Individuals of 35 to 45 mm CL and > 45 mm CL were poorly represented. We assume that larger individuals are more frequent at greater depths (probably on the continental slope), thus out of the reach of the fishing vessels used in our study. Males outnumbered females, as observed in other stomatopods. Visual evidence of their behaviour demonstrates that the adults in this species possess a benthic and pelagic life style. Largest numbers of individuals (50% of the total) were found between 240 to 260 m, the same bathymetric range that was historically occupied by commercial shrimps. This shift may be related to intense fishing activities. We observed a synchronized moulting of females and males during less luminous (third and fourth) lunar phases. The evolutionary development of a group moulting system could confer advantages to S. biformis in comparison to other stomatopods whose moulting process is individual and asynchronous.