Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of Ediacaran outer platform carbonates, Paraguay Belt, central Brazil

Após a glaciação do final do Criogeniano, a região central do Brasil foi palco de extensa deposição de carbonatos plataformais do Grupo Araras. Este grupo inclui na sua base uma seqüência de capa carbonática sucedida por depósitos transgressivos de calcilutitos betuminosos e folhelhos de plataforma profunda. Dados de fácies e estratigráficos combinados com análises isotópicas de carbono e oxigênio da seção mais completa desses depósitos transgressivos, expostos no sinclinal da Guia, foram empregados para avaliar o paleambiente deposicional e para testar a correlação desses depósitos ao longo da faixa e também com outras unidades de outros continentes. A sucessão estudada consiste de 150 m de espessura de camadas tabulares de calcilutitos e folhelhos cinza a pretos com valores de d13CPDB negativos, entre -2,5 e -1 . O perfil de d13CPDB do sinclinal da Guia mostra clara correlação com a porção superior da Formação Guia da região de Cáceres, 200 km a sudoeste. O perfil de d13CPDB do Grupo Araras é comparável aos perfis de d13CPDB de outras unidades ediacaranas da parte sul da Faixa Paraguai, oeste do Canadá, e crátons do Congo e do Kalahari. Além disso, a distribuição de fácies, estratigrafia e o perfil isotópico do Grupo Araras são equiparáveis à porção média do Subgrupo Tsumeb na Namíbia, o que reforça a atribuição de idade Ediacarana para o Grupo Araras.

G'day Gondwana - the final accretion of a supercontinent: U-Pb ages from the post-orogenic Sao Vicente Granite, northern Paraguay Belt, Brazil

The Paraguay Belt in central South America is part of a larger chain of orogenic belts, including the Araguaia Belt to the northeast and potentially the Pampean Belt to the south, which are believed to mark the suture zone of the Clymene Ocean - interpreted amongst the youngest of the Gondwana amalgamation orogens. The post-orogenic Sao Vicente Granite crops out in the northern Paraguay Belt and cuts the basal unit of the deformed and metamorphosed Cuiaba Group. The age of this granite therefore provides a long sort after minimum age for orogenesis within the belt. Dating crystallisation of this important intrusion is challenging due to the presence of considerable common-Pb. However, based on LA-ICPMS dating of more than 100 zircons from three separate samples we interpret a robust crystallisation age for the Sao Vicente batholith at 518 +/- 4 Ma. This age constrains the termination of deformation within the Paraguay Belt and the final accretion of the supercontinent Gondwana. (C) 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sedimentological and provenance response to Cambrian closure of the Clymene ocean: The upper Alto Paraguai Group, Paraguay belt, Brazil

Final Gondwana amalgamation was marked by the closure of the Neoproterozoic Clymene ocean between the Amazonia craton and central Gondwana. The events which occurred in the last stage of this closure were recorded in the upper Alto Paraguai Group in the foreland of the Paraguay orogen. Outcrop-based fades analysis of the siliciclastic rocks of upper Alto Paraguai Group, composed of the Sepotuba and Diamantino Formations, was carried out in the Diamantino region, within the eastern part of the Barra dos Bugres basin, Mato Grosso state, central-western Brazil. The Sepotuba Formation is composed of sandy shales with planar to wave lamination interbedded with fine-grained sandstone with climbing ripple cross-lamination, planar lamination, swaley cross-stratification and tangential to sigmoidal cross-bedding with mud drapes, related to marine offshore deposits. The lower Diamantino Formation is composed of a monotonous, laterally continuous for hundreds of metres, interbedded siltstone and fine-grained sandstone succession with regular parallel lamination, climbing ripple cross-lamination and ripple-bedding interpreted as distal turbidites. The upper part of this formation consists of fine to medium-grained sandstones with sigmoidal cross-bedding, planar lamination, climbing ripple cross-lamination, symmetrical to asymmetrical and linguoid ripple marks arranged in lobate sand bodies. These fades are interbedded with thick siltstone in coarsening upward large-scale cycles related to a delta system. The Sepotuba Formation characterises the last transgressive deposits of the Paraguay basin representing the final stage of a marine incursion of the Clymene ocean. The progression of orogenesis in the hinterland resulted in the confinement of the Sepotuba sea as a foredeep sub-basin against the edge of the Amazon craton. Turbidites were generated during the deepening of the basin. The successive filling of the basin was associated with progradation of deltaic lobes from the southeast, in a wide lake or a restricted sea that formed after 541 +/- 7 Ma. Southeastern to east dominant Neoproterozoic source regions were confirmed by zircon grains that yielded ages around 600 to 540 Ma, that are interpreted to be from granites in the Paraguay orogen. This overall regressive succession recorded in the Alto Paraguai Group represents the filling up of a foredeep basin after the final amalgamation of westem Gondwana in the earliest Phanerozoic. (C) 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural analysis of the Itapucumi Group in the Vallemi region, northern Paraguay: Evidence of a new Brasiliano/Pan-African mobile belt

The Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) Itapucumi Group in northern Paraguay is composed of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks, including ooid grainstones, marls, shales and sandstones, containing Cloudina fossils in the eastern region. It is almost undeformed over the Rio Apa Cratonic Block but shows a strong deformational pattern at its western edge. A detailed structural analysis of the Itapucumi Group was conducted in the Vallemi Mine, along with a regional survey in other outcrops downstream in the Paraguay River and in the San Alfredo, Cerro Paiva and Sargent Jose E. Lopez regions. In the main Vallemi quarry, the structural style is characterized by an axial-plane slaty cleavage in open to isoclinal folds, sometimes overturned, associated with N-S trending thrust faults and shear zones of E-vergence and with a low-grade chlorite zone metamorphism. The structural data presented here are compatible with the hypothesis of a newly recognized mobile belt on the western side of the Rio Apa Cratonic Block, with opposite vergence to that of the Paraguay Mobile Belt in Brazil. Both belts are related to the Late Brasiliano/Pan-African tectonic cycle with a Lower Cambrian deformation and metamorphism age. The deformation could be due to the late collision of the Amazonian Craton with the remainder of Western Gondwana or to the western active plate boundary related to the Pampean Belt. The structural and lithologic differences between the western Itapucumi Group in the Vallemi and Paraguay River region and the eastern region, near San Alfredo and Cerro Paiva, suggest that this group could be divided into two lithostratigraphic units, but more stratigraphic and geochronological analyses are required to confirm this possibility. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

THE RIO APA CRATON IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL (BRAZIL) AND NORTHERN PARAGUAY: GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, CORRELATIONS AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RODINIA AND GONDWANA

The Rio Apa cratonic fragment crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil and in northeastern Paraguay. It comprises Paleo-Mesoproterozoic medium grade metamorphic rocks, intruded by granitic rocks, and is covered by the Neoproterozoic deposits of the Corumbi and Itapocurni Groups. Eastward it is bound by the southern portion of the Paraguay belt. In this work, more than 100 isotopic determinations, including U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole-rock determinations, as well as K-Ar and Ar-Ar mineral ages, were reassessed in order to obtain a complete picture of its regional geological history. The tectonic evolution of the Rio Apa Craton starts with the formation of a series of magmatic arc complexes. The oldest U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age comes from a banded gneiss collected in the northern part of the region, with an age of 1950 +/- 23 Ma. The large granitic intrusion of the Alumiador Batholith yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1839 +/- 33 Ma, and from the southeastern part of the area two orthogneisses gave zircon U-Pb ages of 1774 +/- 26 Ma and 1721 +/- 25 Ma. These may be coeval with the Alto Terere metamorphic rocks of the northeastern corner, intruded in their turn by the Baia das Garcas granitic rocks, one of them yielding a zircon U-Pb age of 1754 +/- 49 Ma. The original magmatic protoliths of these rocks involved some crustal component, as indicated by the Sm-Nd TDm model ages, between 1.9 and 2.5 Ga. Regional Sr isotopic homogenization, associated with tectonic deformation and medium-grade metamorphism occurred at approximately 1670 Ma, as suggested by Rb-Sr whole rock reference isochrons. Finally, at 1300 Ma ago, the Ar work indicates that the Rio Apa Craton was affected by widespread regional heating, when the temperature probably exceeded 350 degrees C. Geographic distribution, age and isotopic signature of the fithotectonic units suggest the existence of a major suture separating two different tectonic domains, juxtaposed at about 1670 Ma. From that time on, the unified Rio Apa continental block behaved as one coherent and stable tectonic unit. It correlates well with the SW corner of the Amazonian Craton, where the medium-grade rocks of the Juruena-Rio Negro tectonic province, with ages between 1600 and 1780 Ma, were reworked at about 1300 Ma. Looking at the largest scale, the Rio Apa Craton is probably attached to the larger Amazonian Craton, and the actual configuration of southwestern South America is possibly due to a complex arrangement of allochthonous blocks such as the Arequipa, Antofalla and Pampia, with different sizes, that may have originated as disrupted parts of either Laurentia or Amazonia, and were trapped during later collisions of these continental masses.

U-Pb geochronology of the southern Brasília belt (SE-Brazil): Sedimentary provenance, Neoproterozoic orogeny and assembly of West Gondwana

The Brasília belt borders the western margin of the São Francisco Craton and records the history of ocean opening and closing related to the formation of West Gondwana. This study reports new U-Pb data from the southern sector of the belt in order to provide temporal limits for the deposition and ages of provenance of sediments accumulated in passive margin successions around the south and southwestern margins of the São Francisco Craton, and date the orogenic events leading to the amalgamation of West Gondwana. Ages of detrital zircons (by ID-TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS) were obtained from metasedimentary units of the passive margin of the São Francisco Craton from the main tectonic domains of the belt: the internal allochthons (Araxá Group in the Áraxá and Passos Nappes), the external allochthons (Canastra Group, Serra da Boa Esperança Metasedimentary Sequence and Andrelândia Group) and the autochthonous or Cratonic Domain (Andrelândia Group). The patterns of provenance ages for these units are uniform and are characterised as follows: Archean- Paleoproterozoic ages (3.4-3.3, 3.1-2.7, and 2.5-2.4Ga); Paleoproterozoic ages attributed to the Transamazonian event (2.3-1.9Ga, with a peak at ca. 2.15Ga) and to the ca. 1.75Ga Espinhaço rifting of the São Francisco Craton; ages between 1.6 and 1.2Ga, with a peak at 1.3Ga, revealing an unexpected variety of Mesoproterozoic sources, still undetected in the São Francisco Craton; and ages between 0.9 and 1.0Ga related to the rifting event that led to the individualisation of the São Francisco paleo-continent and formation of its passive margins. An amphibolite intercalation in the Araxá Group yields a rutile age of ca. 0.9Ga and documents the occurrence of mafic magmatism coeval with sedimentation in the marginal basin. Detrital zircons from the autochthonous and parautochthonous Andrelândia Group, deposited on the southern margin of the São Francisco Craton, yielded a provenance pattern similar to that of the allochthonous units. This result implies that 1.6-1.2Ga source rocks must be present in the São Francisco Craton. They could be located either in the cratonic area, which is mostly covered by the Neoproterozoic epicontinental deposits of the Bambuí Group, or in the outer paleo-continental margin, buried under the allochthonous units of the Brasília belt. Crustal melting and generation of syntectonic crustal granites and migmatisation at ca. 630Ma mark the orogenic event that started with westward subduction of the São Francisco plate and ended with continental collision against the Paraná block (and Goiás terrane). Continuing collision led to the exhumation and cooling of the Araxá and Passos metamorphic nappes, as indicated by monazite ages of ca. 605Ma and mark the final stages of tectonometamorphic activity in the southern Brasília belt. Whilst continent-continent collision was proceeding on the western margin of the São Francisco Craton along the southern Brasília belt, eastward subduction in the East was generating the 634-599Ma Rio Negro magmatic arc which collided with the eastern São Francisco margin at 595-560Ma, much later than in the Brasília belt. Thus, the tectonic effects of the Ribeira belt reached the southernmost sector of the Brasília belt creating a zone of superposition. The thermal front of this event affected the proximal Andrelândia Group at ca. 588Ma, as indicated by monazite age. The participation of the Amazonian craton in the assembly of western Gondwana occurred at 545-500Ma in the Paraguay belt and ca. 500Ma in the Araguaia belt. This, together with the results presented in this work lead to the conclusion that the collision between the Paraná block and Goiás terrane with the São Francisco Craton along the Brasília belt preceded the accretion of the Amazonian craton by 50-100 million years. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemostratigraphy of the Tamengo Formation (Corumba Group, Brazil) A contribution to the calibration of the Ediacaran carbon-isotope curve

The Corumba Group cropping out in the southern Paraguay Belt in Brazil is one of the most complete Ediacaran sedimentary archives of palaeogeographic climatic biogeochemical and biotic evolution in southwestern Gondwana The unit hosts a rich fossil record including acritarchs vendotaenids (Vendo taenia Eoholynia) soft-bodied metazoans (Corumbella) and skeletal fossils (Cloudina Titanotheca) The Tamengo Formation made up mainly of limestones and marls provides a rich bio- and chemostratigraphic record Several outcrops formerly assigned to the Cuiaba Group are here included in the Tamengo Formation on the basis of lithological and chemostratigraphical criteria High-resolution carbon isotopic analyses are reported for the Tamengo Formation showing (from base to top) (1) a positive delta(13)C excursion to +4 parts per thousand PDB above post-glacial negative values (2) a negative excursion to -3 5 parts per thousand associated with a marked regression and subsequent transgression (3) a positive excursion to +5 5 parts per thousand and (4) a plateau characterized by delta(13)C around +3 parts per thousand A U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age of an ash bed Interbedded in the upper part of the delta(13)C positive plateau yielded 543 +/- 3 Ma which is considered as the depositional age (Babinski et al 2008a) The positive plateau in the upper Tamengo Formation and the preceding positive excursion are ubiquitous features in several successions worldwide including the Nama Group (Namibia) the Dengying Formation (South China) and the Nafun and Ara groups (Oman) This plateau is constrained between 542 and 551 Ma thus consistent with the age of the upper Tamengo Formation The negative excursion of the lower Tamengo Formation may be correlated to the Shuram-Wonoka negative anomaly although delta(13)C values do not fall beyond -3 5 parts per thousand in the Brazilian sections Sedimentary breccias occur just beneath this negative excursion in the lower Tamengo Formation One possible interpretation of the origin of these breccias is a glacioeustatic sea-level fall but a tectonic interpretation cannot be completely ruled out Published by Elsevier B V

Isotopic evidence for the late Brasiliano (500-550 Ma) ore-forming mineralization of the Araes gold deposit, Brazil

The Araes gold deposit, located in eastern Mato Grosso State, central Brazil, is hosted in Neoproterozoic volcanosedimentary rocks of the Paraguay belt, which formed during collision of the Amazonian craton and the Rio Apa block. Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and Pb and S isotopic analyses constrain the timing and sources of mineralization. Three biotite flakes from two samples of metavolcanic host rock yield Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages between 5941 and 531 Ma, interpreted as cooling ages following regional metamorphism. Clay minerals from a hydrothermal alteration zone yield an Ar-40/Ar-39 integrated age of 503 +/- 3 Ma. Galena grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/(204)pb from 17.952 to 18.383, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.156 to 15.811, and Pb-208/Pb-204 from 38.072 to 39.681. Pyrite grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/Pb-204 from 18.037 to 18.202, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.744 to 15.901., and Pb-208/(204)pb from 38.338 to 38.800. Pb isotope variations may be explained in terms of mixing a less radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 8.4) from mafic and ultramafic basement host-rocks (Nova Xavantina metavolcanosedimentary rocks) and a more radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 9.2) probably derived from supracrustal rocks (Cuiaba sedimentary groups). Sulfur isotope compositions are homogeneous, with delta S-34 values ranging from -1.1 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (galena) and -0.7 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (pyrite), suggesting a mantle-derived reservoir for the mineralizing solutions. Based on the Ar, Pb, and S isotope data, we suggest that the precious metals were remobilized from metavolcanic host rocks by hydrothermal solutions during Brasilide-Panafrican regional metamorphism. The Arabs gold deposit probably formed during a late stage of the orogeny, coeval with other mineralization events in the Paraguay Belt.

Isotopic evidence for the late Brasiliano (500-550 Ma) ore-forming mineralization of the Araes gold deposit, Brazil

The Araes gold deposit, located in eastern Mato Grosso State, central Brazil, is hosted in Neoproterozoic volcanosedimentary rocks of the Paraguay belt, which formed during collision of the Amazonian craton and the Rio Apa block. Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and Pb and S isotopic analyses constrain the timing and sources of mineralization. Three biotite flakes from two samples of metavolcanic host rock yield Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages between 5941 and 531 Ma, interpreted as cooling ages following regional metamorphism. Clay minerals from a hydrothermal alteration zone yield an Ar-40/Ar-39 integrated age of 503 +/- 3 Ma. Galena grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/(204)pb from 17.952 to 18.383, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.156 to 15.811, and Pb-208/Pb-204 from 38.072 to 39.681. Pyrite grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/Pb-204 from 18.037 to 18.202, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.744 to 15.901., and Pb-208/(204)pb from 38.338 to 38.800. Pb isotope variations may be explained in terms of mixing a less radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 8.4) from mafic and ultramafic basement host-rocks (Nova Xavantina metavolcanosedimentary rocks) and a more radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 9.2) probably derived from supracrustal rocks (Cuiaba sedimentary groups). Sulfur isotope compositions are homogeneous, with delta S-34 values ranging from -1.1 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (galena) and -0.7 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (pyrite), suggesting a mantle-derived reservoir for the mineralizing solutions. Based on the Ar, Pb, and S isotope data, we suggest that the precious metals were remobilized from metavolcanic host rocks by hydrothermal solutions during Brasilide-Panafrican regional metamorphism. The Arabs gold deposit probably formed during a late stage of the orogeny, coeval with other mineralization events in the Paraguay Belt.

Os granitóides brasilianos da faixa de dobramentos paraguai, MS e MT

The Brazilian Granitic Province from southeastern Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso region, central western Brazil, can be divided into two major groups and/or magmatic events related to the evolution of the Paraguay Fold Belt. The southern portion crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State and is constituted by the Taboco, Rio Negro, Coxim and Sonora massifs forming NE-SW oriented, elongated small intrusions. The north portion crops out in Mato Grosso State and is constituted by the São Vicente, Araguaiana and Lajinha batholiths. Lithogeochemical aspects of the northern granites point to Type-I granites ranging from K calc-alkaline to high-K, peraluminous to metaluminous in composition, generated in an environment of continental collision and/or post- collision decompression. The southern granites are Type-I, from K calc-alkaline to high-K, peraluminous to subordinate metalummous, in a syn-collision continental arc environment with the exception of some pre-collisional facies from the Rio Negro Massif. The southern granites have less SiO 2 and K 2O, and are less differentiated and evolved than granites from the northern region. The four southern granites can be grouped into two subordinate sets with the degree of differentiation increasing from South (Taboco and Rio Negro) to North (Coxim and Sonora). The granitic rocks are characterized by a magmatism generated by melting of material from the lower crust which suggests that in this province the formation from non-cogenetic magmas with diversified compositions and distinct degrees of fractioning reaching more steady consolidated environments at the end of the collisional event in the southeastern Amazonian Craton.

Contexto tectônico dos granitóides neoproterozóicos da faixa de dobramentos paraguai, MS e MT

The Neoproterozoic Granitic Province from the southeast of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul region is constituted by seven distinctive granitic bodies, emplaced in the epimetamorphic rocks of the Cuiabá Group and related to the evolution of Paraguai Folded Belt. The Northern portion crops out in Mato Grosso State and is constituted by São Vicente, Araguaiana and Lajinha batholiths; the Southern portion crops out in the Mato Grosso do Sul State and is represented the Sonora, Coxim Rio Negro and Taboco massifs. The structural evolution is evidenced by the presence of three deformational phases, the first one is characterized by axial planar foliation (S 1), parallel or sub parallel to S 0, with attitude N60E/70NW; the second constitutes the most important phase for the tectonic arrangement and is defined by a slaty and/or crenulation cleavages (S 2), with attitude N10W/30SW and contact metamorphism associated to the emplacement of granitic bodies, the third phase is characterized by a weak retrometamorphic cleavage (S 3) with attitude N10E/ 80NW, that evolves local and gradually to strike-slip shear zones. The geological data suggest that this province was formed syn- to post tectonic to the D2 deformational set associated to the end of the collisional event in the Southeastern of the Amazonian Craton.

Fácies e proveniência de depósitos costeiros da Formação Raizama: evidências do registro Ediacarano-cambriano na faixa Paraguai, região de Nobres, Mato Grosso

Rochas siliciclásticas da Formação Raizama, unidade basal do Grupo Alto Paraguai de idade ediacarana-cambriana (635 – 541 Ma), ocorrem distribuídas descontinuamente ao longo da margem sul do Cráton Amazônico e segmento norte da Faixa Paraguai, centro-oeste do Brasil, estado do Mato Grosso. Estas recobrem discordantemente os depósitos de plataforma carbonática do Grupo Araras, onde foram registrados evidências do evento glacial Marinoano (635 Ma). O Grupo Alto Paraguai representa os estágios finais da colisão entre os blocos Amazônico e Paranapanema que culminaram no fechamento do Oceano Clymene (540-520 Ma). A Formação Raizama com espessura de aproximadamente 570 m é constituída por pelitos, arenitos finos a grossos, e arenitos com cimento dolomítico previamente interpretados como depósitos flúvio-costeiros distribuídos nos membros inferior (270 m) e superior (300 m). O estudo faciológico e estratigráfico desta unidade na região de Nobres, Estado do Mato Grosso, foi focado principalmente na seção aflorante de 600 m no leito do rio Serragem, que inclui a Cachoeira da Serra do Tombador. Foram definidas 17 fácies sedimentares, agrupadas em cinco associações de fácies (AF) representativas de uma sucessão costeira progradante iniciando por depósitos de shoreface inferior, os quais recobrem em conformidade correlativa os depósitos de plataforma carbonática da Formação Serra do Quilombo (Grupo Araras). A AF1 consiste em arenitos com laminação plano-paralela e laminação truncada por onda (microhummocky), individualizada por camadas de pelito laminado interpretadas como depósitos de shoreface inferior. Destaca-se na AF1 a primeira ocorrência de níveis centimétricos bioturbados por Skolithos em depósitos neoproterozoicos – cambrianos na Faixa Paraguai. A AF2 é formada por arenitos com estratificação cruzada swaley e estratificação plano-paralela interpretada como depósitos de shoreface superior. A AF3 é composta por arenitos com estratificações cruzadas tangenciais e acanaladas com recobrimentos de siltito/arenito muito fino representativos de depósitos de canal e barras de submaré. A AF4 é caracterizada por arenitos com estratificações cruzadas tangencial e sigmoidal, laminação plano-paralela a cruzadas de baixo-ângulo, ritmito arenito muito fino/siltito com acamamento flaser e gretas de contração, organizados em ciclos métricos de raseamento ascendente de planície de maré. A AF5 é constituída por arenito com estratificação cruzada acanalada marcada por lags residuais na base da associação, arenito com estratificações plano-paralela e cruzada de baixo-ângulo, interpretados como depósitos fluviais distais de rios entrelaçados, parcialmente retrabalhados por ondas. Grãos detríticos de zircão foram obtidos da AF3 e datados pelo método U-Pb, sendo a idade de 1001±9 Ma interpretada como a idade de máxima deposição da Formação Raizama. Aliado a tal análise, as paleocorrentes NE-SE mostram que estes grãos teriam como áreas fontes principais a Faixa Sunsás, SW do Cráton Amazônico, não sendo descartada contribuições oriundas da parte NW desse Cráton. A idade mesoproterozóica obtida serviu principalmente para desvendar a proveniência da Formação Raizama, enquanto que as datações da base do Grupo Araras, em torno de 627-622 Ma, associada à presença inequívoca do icnogênero Skolithos, tornam esta unidade muito mais próxima do limite com o Cambriano Inferior. Traços fósseis do Proterozoico são caracterizados quase que exclusivamente por traços horizontais, sendo que bioturbações verticais praticamente são ausentes ao longo do Neoproterozoico. Esta inferência vem de encontro com a idade máxima de 541 Ma obtida para a Formação Diamantino, a qual recobre a unidade estudada. Os dados radiométricos aliados com as interpretações paleoambientais, que incluem o registro das primeiras atividades de organismos perfurantes na Faixa Paraguai, abrem perspectivas de entender com maiores detalhes a sequência de eventos que tipificam os estratos do limite Ediacarano-Cambriano do Brasil, ainda pouco conhecidos.

A seção-tipo da Formação Serra do Quilombo, Grupo Araras, Neoproterozoico da Faixa Paraguai Norte, Mato Grosso

Após a última glaciação criogeniana (ca. 635 Ma), extensas plataformas carbonáticas desenvolveram-se sobre diversas regiões cratônicas da Terra e, apesar da intensa dolomitização desses depósitos, muitas informações paleoambientais e paleoceanográficas estão preservadas. Um dos exemplos mais importantes deste período no Brasil são os dolomitos da Formação Serra do Quilombo, pertencente à porção superior do Grupo Araras, no segmento norte da Faixa Paraguai, sul do Cráton Amazônico. A reavaliação estratigráfica da seção-tipo da formação e de uma seção de referência na região de Nobres, com base na análise de fácies e estratigráfica, permitiu ampliar as interpretações paleoambientais e elaborar um modelo deposicional. A sucessão estudada, de 140 m de espessura, inclui a Formação Serra do Quilombo em contato basal brusco com os calcários da Formação Guia e a passagem gradual para os dolomitos arenosos da Formação Nobres, no topo. A Formação Serra do Quilombo representa um megaciclo de raseamento ascendente, constituído por duas associações de fácies: 1) plataforma carbonática profunda à moderadamente rasa, composta por um dolomito fino laminado rico em matéria orgânica e outro maciço a laminado; e 2) face litorânea influenciada por tempestades, constituída por dolomito arenoso com estratificação cruzada hummocky/swaley associada com estratificação plano-paralela, dolomito arenoso/oolítico com laminações produzidas por ondas e brecha dolomítica com matriz. A Formação Serra do Quilombo representa o registro progradante de um trato do sistema de mar alto, em um contexto de rampa carbonática homoclinal instalada no sul do Cráton Amazônico durante o Ediacarano.

Depósitos flúvio-costeiros da Formação Raizama, Ediacarano-Cambriano da faixa Paraguai Norte, região de Nobres, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Depósitos siliciclásticos da Formação Raizama de idade ediacarana-cambriana são expostos descontinuamente ao longo da margem sul do Cráton Amazônico e Faixa Paraguai Norte, centro-oeste do Brasil. Estes depósitos são interpretados por sucessões costeiras progradacionais, sobrepondo em conformidade os depósitos carbonáticos do Grupo Araras. A análise faciológica e estratigráfica da seção aflorante na região de Nobres, Estado do Mato Grosso, permitiu a individualização de dezessete fácies sedimentares agrupadas em cinco associações de fácies (AF): AF1) shoreface inferior consiste de arenitos com laminação plano-paralela e truncada por onda (microhummocky), intercalados por pelitos laminados, e com níveis bioturbados por tubos verticais perfurantes; AF2) shoreface superior, formada por arenitos com estratificação plano-paralela e cruzada swaley; AF3) submaré, composta por arenitos com estratificações cruzadas tangenciais e acanaladas com recobrimentos de siltito/arenito muito fino interpretados como depósitos de canal e barras; AF4) planície de maré é caracterizada por arenitos com estratificação cruzada tangencial e sigmoidal, laminação plano-paralela a cruzada de baixo ângulo, gretas de contração, intercalados por siltititos/arenito muito finos com acamamento flaser, organizados em ciclos de raseamento ascendente; e AF5) fluvial entrelaçado distal é constituída por arenitos com estratificação cruzada acanalada com lags lateralmente descontínuos, estratificações plano-paralelas e cruzadas de baixo-ângulo, parcialmente retrabalhadas por onda. A sedimentação da Formação Raizama indica que o fornecimento de sedimentos siliciclásticos estariam relacionado a soerguimentos no Cráton à noroeste da área estudada, sucedendo os depósitos carbonáticos do Grupo Araras. Traços fósseis tubulares descritos na AF1 indicam, pela primeira vez, a presença de traços fósseis perfurantes sugerindo uma idade deposicional para Formação Raizama mais próxima ao limite Ediacarano-Cambriano.

Reavaliação paleoambiental e estratigráfica da Formação Nobres do Grupo Araras, Neoproterozóico da Faixa Paraguai, região de Cáceres (MT)

A Formação Nobres representa a última deposição carbonática neoproterozoica do Grupo Araras, na porção sudoeste da Faixa Paraguai Norte. Estudos faciológicos e estratigráficos em afloramentos na região de Cáceres, no estado do Mato Grosso, subdividiram a Formação Nobres em: membro inferior, composto de dolomitos finos, dolopackstones intraclásticos, dolomitos arenosos, estromatólitos estratiformes e moldes evaporíticos, interpretados como depósitos de planície de maré/sabkha; e membro superior, composto por dolomitos finos, arenitos dolomíticos, estromatólitos estratiformes a dômicos e rugosos e moldes evaporíticos, além de arenitos e pelitos interpretados como depósitos de planície de maré mista. O empilhamento destes depósitos de até 200 m de espessura é composto por ciclos métricos de raseamento/salinidade ascendente relacionado a um clima árido. Os ciclos de perimaré também sugerem geração contínua e recorrente de espaço de acomodação provavelmente ligado à subsidência tectônica. O influxo de sedimentos siliciclásticos no final da deposição da Formação Nobres inibiu a sedimentação carbonática e é atribuída ao soerguimento de áreas-fontes ligado ao início do fechamento do Oceano Clymene, durante a colisão Pampeana-Araguaia, no limite Neoproterozoico-Cambriano.