Aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de cultivares de soja submetidos a déficit hídrico induzido por peg 6000

In soybean culture water deficit is one of the most limiting factors to the maximum yield obtained. Genotypes identification with drought tolerance capacity is fundamental to solve this problem. The objective in this paper was analyze the physiological quality and physiological and biochemical responses of soybeans cultivars (MG/BR 46 Conquista, UFUS Carajás, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Riqueza and UFUS Xavante) submitted to water stress with PEG 6000 solutions in different levels of osmotic potentials (0; -0,1; -0,2; -0,3 and -0,4 MPa). Physiological quality of cultivars were evaluated by seedling length test and fresh and dry biomass. The biochemical responses were evaluated by detection of indol-acetic acid (IAA), by saccharose content and seedling water transportation. UFUS Riqueza presented the best performance in physiological quality tests, saccharose content, absorption and water absorption velocity in seedling. UFUS Xavante showed the highest IAA's concentration and the greater weight of seedling in water transportation test.

Efeitos do estresse induzido por polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Dissolution Enhancement and Characterization of Nimodipine Solid Dispersions with Poloxamer 407 or PEG 6000

The solid dispersion approach is an alternative to increase drug solubility. Many carriers have been studied, but there is few information about poloxamer 407 (P407). Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate P407 as a carrier for nimodipine solid dispersions and to compare its solubility and dissolution rates with those from polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The solid dispersions were prepared by the hot melting and solvent methods and they were characterized by FTIR, DSC, solubility, and dissolution tests. The results indicated a three-fold increase in solid dispersions solubility in the presence with P407 than those prepared with PEG.

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对甜高粱幼苗丙二醛、脯氨酸含量的影响；Effects of Drought Stress Simulated by PEG on Malonaldehyde and Proline Contents of Sweet Sorghum Seedlings

以甜高粱品种KFJT-CK及经过碳离子辐照选育出的早熟突变株KFJT-1为材料,用浓度分别为5%,10%和15%的聚乙二醇(PEG)6000模拟干旱对其进行胁迫处理,测定丙二醛(MDA)及脯氨酸(Pro)的含量。随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫程度的增加,MDA含量持续升高;Pro含量在5%和10%PEG胁迫下持续升高,在15%PEG胁迫下先升高后降低。表明碳离子辐照可能使甜高粱膜脂过氧化特性发生改变,影响Pro的表达。为进一步研究碳离子束辐照对甜高粱的耐旱生理提供一定的基础,并为下一步的育种工作提供有用的参考。

Estresse hídrico induzido por soluções de peg e de nacl na germinação de sementes de nabiça e fedegoso

The plants are subject to the conditions of multiple stresses, such as water and salt stress, which limit their development and their chances of survival. Aware of the factors that control seed germination can generate support for management strategies of weed species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of water stress caused by PEG and NaCl solutions on germination of wild Raphanus raphanistrum and Senna obtusifolia seeds. The seeding was done with four repetitions of 50 seeds on moistened paper with solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and NaCl at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa. The germination test was conducted at 25 degrees C in the presence of light, evaluating the first test score to seven days after sowing, and weekly, germination (normal seedlings) until 35 days; it was also calculated the index germination rate. The results allowed the conclusion that water stress by PEG causes a greater reduction in force, speed of germination and accumulated germination of seeds of Raphanus raphanistrum and Senna obtusifolia seeds. The Senna obtusifolia was more tolerant to water stress.

Preparation and characterization of PEG-coated silica nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of PEG-Induced Water Deficit in Solanum nigrum on Zn and Ni Uptake and Translocation in Split Root Systems

Drought strongly influences root activities in crop plants and weeds. This paper is focused on the performance of the heavy metal accumulator Solanum nigrum, a plant which might be helpful for phytoremediation. The water potential in a split root system was decreased by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). Rubidium, strontium and radionuclides of heavy metals were used as markers to investigate the uptake into roots, the release to the shoot via the xylem, and finally the basipetal transport via the phloem to unlabeled roots. The uptake into the roots (total contents in the plant) was for most makers more severely decreased than the transport to the shoot or the export from the shoot to the unlabeled roots via the phloem. Regardless of the water potential in the labeling solution, 63Ni and 65Zn were selectively redistributed within the plant. From autoradiographs, it became evident that 65Zn accumulated in root tips, in the apical shoot meristem and in axillary buds, while 63Ni accumulated in young expanded leaves and roots but not in the meristems. Since both radionuclides are mobile in the phloem and are, therefore, well redistributed within the plant, the unequal transfer to shoot and root apical meristems is most likely caused by differences in the cell-to-cell transport in differentiation zones without functional phloem (immature sieve tubes).

PEG-based solid dispersions enhanced the solubility and dissolution of eprosartan mesylate in-vitro

Abstract - This study investigates the effect of solid dispersions prepared from of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 and 6000 Da alone or combined with the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly soluble drug eprosartan mesylate (ESM) in attempt to improve its bioavailability following its oral administration.

INTRODUCTION

ESM is a potent anti-hypertension [1]. It has low water solubility and is classified as a Class II drug as per the Biopharmaceutical Classification Systems (BCS) leading to low and variable oral bioavailability (approximately 13%). [2]. Thus, improving ESM solubility and/or dissolution rate would eventually improve the drug bioavailability. Solid dispersion is widely used technique to improve the water solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs employing various biocompatible polymers. In this study, we aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution of EMS employing solid dispersion (SD) formulated from two grades of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) polymers (i.e. PEG 3350 & PEG 6000 Da) either individually or in combination with Tween 80.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ESM SDs were prepared by solvent evaporation method using either PEG 3350 or PEG 6000 at various (drug: polymer, w/w) ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 alone or combined with Tween 80 added at fixed percentage of 0.1 of drug by weight?. Physical mixtures (PMs) of drug and carriers were also prepared at same ratios. Drug solid dispersions and physical mixtures were characterized in terms of drug content, drug dissolution using dissolution apparatus USP II and assayed using HPLC method. Drug dissolution enhancement ratio (ER %) from SD in comparison to the plain drug was calculated. Drug-polymer interactions were evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The in vitro solubility and dissolution studies showed SDs prepared using both polymers produced a remarkable improvement (p<0.05) in comparison to the plain drug which reached around 32% (Fig. 1). The dissolution enhancement ratio was polymer type and concentration-dependent. Adding Tween 80 to the SD did not show further dissolution enhancement but reduced the required amount of the polymer to get the same dissolution enhancement. The DSC and FT-IR studies indicated that using SD resulted in transformation of drug from crystalline to amorphous form.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that SDs prepared by using both polymers i.e. PEG 3350 and PEG 6000 improved the in-vitro solubility and dissolution of ESM remarkably which may result in improving the drug bioavailability in vivo.

Acknowledgments

This work is a part of MSc thesis of O.M. Ali at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Syria.

REFERENCES

[1] Ruilope L, Jager B: Eprosartan for the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003; 4(1):107-14

[2] Tenero D, Martin D, Wilson B, Jushchyshyn J, Boike S, Lundberg, D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered Eprosartan in healthy males: absolute bioavailability and effect of food. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1998; 19(6): 351- 6.

Crystallization as a Tool for Controlling and Designing Properties of Pharmaceutical Solids

The ability to deliver the drug to the patient in a safe, efficacious and cost-effective manner depends largely on the physicochemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the solid state. In this context, crystallization is of critical importance in pharmaceutical industry, as it defines physical and powder properties of crystalline APIs. An improved knowledge of the various aspects of crystallization process is therefore needed. The overall goal of this thesis was to gain better understanding of the relationships between crystallization, solid-state form and properties of pharmaceutical solids with a focus on a crystal engineering approach to design technological properties of APIs. Specifically, solid-state properties of the crystalline forms of the model APIs, erythromycin A and baclofen, and the influence of solvent on their crystallization behavior were investigated. In addition, the physical phenomena associated with wet granulation and hot-melting processing of the model APIs were examined at the molecular level. Finally, the effect of crystal habit modification of a model API on its tabletting properties was evaluated. The thesis enabled the understanding of the relationship between the crystalline forms of the model APIs, which is of practical importance for solid-state control during processing and storage. Moreover, a new crystalline form, baclofen monohydrate, was discovered and characterized. Upon polymorph screening, erythromycin A demonstrated high solvate-forming propensity thus emphasizing the need for careful control of the solvent effects during formulation. The solvent compositions that yield the desirable crystalline form of erythromycin A were defined. Furthermore, new examples on solvent-mediated phase transformations taking place during wet granulation of baclofen and hot-melt processing of erythromycin A dihydrate with PEG 6000 are reported. Since solvent-mediated phase transformations involve the crystallization of a stable phase and hence affect the dissolution kinetics and possibly absorption of the API these transformations must be well documented. Finally, a controlled-crystallization method utilizing HPMC as a crystal habit modifier was developed for erythromycin A dihydrate. The crystals with modified habit were shown to posses improved compaction properties as compared with those of unmodified crystals. This result supports the idea of morphological crystal engineering as a tool for designing technological properties of APIs and is of utmost practical interest.

Calidad fitosanitaria de semilla de repollo (Brassica oleracea L.) en tres regiones de Nicaragua y respuesta de la semilla infestada con Xantomonas campestris pv. campestris a tratamientos térmico y osmotérmico

Con el objetivo de conocer si las semillas de las variedades de repollo sembradas por los productores y las que venden las casas comerciales son, portadores de la enfermedad “quema o chamusca” causada por Xanthomonas campestri pv. Campestri (Xcc) y para buscar un método de desinfección que permita obtener semillas libres del patógeno, se procedió a la recolección de mientras de semillas de las diferentes variedades que se siembran y se ofertan en las principales regiones repollaras (I, IV; y VI) y casas comerciales del país. A las 24 muestras recolectadas se les realizaron pruebas de germinación y aislamiento del patógeno; luego se procedió a la identificación de las bacterias aisladas realizándose las pruebas fisiológicas y bioquímicas recolectadas por Lelliot y Stead (1987). Los resultados de este análisis indicaron que de las 24 muestras recolectadas, 18 muestras estaban infestadas con la bacteria Xanto monas campestri Pv. campestri. Determinada la presencia de Xcc, se procedió a la desinfección de las semillas para lo cual se seleccionaron tres variedades infectadas con la bacteria sometiéndola a tratamientos térmicos con agua caliente a diferentes temperaturas (50,52 y 55 ºC), posteriormente se repitieron los mismos tratamientos pero se le agrego al agua un protector de la germinaci0n conocido como Polythylenglycol (PEG-6000) a una dosis de 314 gr. De PEG por litro de agua. Posterior a los tratamientos se les realizaron pruebas de germinación y aislamiento a la semilla para ver el efecto de los tratamientos; a los resultados obtenidos se les realizaron análisis de regresión múltiple y contraste ortogonales. Los resultados indicaron que el tratamiento juega un papel muy importante en la disminución de la cantidad del inóculo presente en la semilla pero esto tuvo en efecto negativo sobre el porcentaje de germinación de las semillas, pero cuando se adicionó PEG-6000 al agua, este ejerció un efecto protectivo de la germinación durante el tratamiento térmico. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el mayor tratamiento es el que se efectuó con agua caliente a 50ºc durante 25 minutos más adición de PEG.

Utilización de la granulación por fusión en la obtención de comprimidos matriciales de liberación modificada

221 p. : graf.

四种国产野生无髯鸢尾种子休眠与萌发的研究

玉蝉花（Iris ensata）、山鸢尾（Iris setosa）、金脉鸢尾（Iris chrysographes）和西南鸢尾（Iris bulleyana）这四种国产野生无髯鸢尾的种子均存在休眠现象，然而萌发情况各异。通过大田实验、层积处理、离体胚培养、切割胚乳、剥离种皮、切割胚乳不同部位、对种子的珠孔端胚乳进行扫描电子显微镜观察和用Instron 5848微力材料实验机测量刺穿珠孔端结构所需要力，以及把离体胚放在PEG-6000的渗透液中来测试四种鸢尾种子胚的生长势等实验，发现：玉蝉花、山鸢尾、金脉鸢尾和西南鸢尾这四种鸢尾种子存在不同程度的休眠;胚不含萌发抑制剂，已经完成了生理成熟，不是这几种鸢尾休眠的障碍;鸢尾的种皮透水性良好，虽然种皮对萌发有一定的机械抑制作用，然而相对于珠孔端胚乳而言，对胚根伸长的阻力不大，因此不是种子休眠的主要因素。根据实验结果推测，鸢尾种子的胚乳含有萌发抑制剂，然而，珠孔端胚乳的机械束缚可能是鸢尾种子萌发延迟的主要原因。通过进一步的实验发现，玉蝉花和山鸢尾这两种鸢尾胚的生长势高于后两种鸢尾种子，然而，它们的珠孔端结构（胚乳和种皮）对胚伸长的束缚还不及后两者的一半，也就是说，鸢尾种子萌发与否主要取决于珠孔端胚乳对胚根伸长的机械束缚与胚根的生长势的力量的对比，当前者大于后者时，种子不能萌发，当珠孔端胚乳细胞的细胞壁解体或者这一部分被切割之后，珠孔端机械束缚等于或者小于胚的生长势时，种子萌发。

胡杨体细胞再生植株及耐机制的研究

胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）是干旱荒漠风沙前治地区唯一分布的乔木树种，具有极强的抗逆性，突出地表现出较强的耐盐碱能力。由于胡杨在繁殖上存在问题，种子采后极易丧失生活力和无性扦插繁殖难以生根，加之人们对胡杨耐盐抗逆机制缺乏了解，应而极大地制约了这一珍贵抗逆种质资源的开发和利用，现有资源的保存也受到严重危胁。试验首先利用植物细胞工程技术开展了胡杨体细胞再生植株的系统研究，并在分子水平上就愈伤组织的培养和器官发生过程中表达的特异蛋白开展了深入工作。其次，对胡杨耐盐机制进行了研究，分析了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，开展了盐胁迫条件下细胞对离子吸收和分配特性以及与耐盐有关的形态结构的研究。这一工作的开展对于有效地保存、开发和利用胡杨种质资源，对于荒漠化治理，以及深入认识胡杨耐盐性、丰富和发展木本植物耐盐理论，具有十分重要的意义。 研究取得的主要结果如下： 1.较好地解决了胡杨试管培养中黄萎和退化等难以克服的问题，通过全面和系统的比较研究和对培养条件的优化，首次获得了高频率的和成熟的胡杨体细胞再生植株体系。胡杨愈伤组织、离体叶片和离体茎段不定芽再生频率分别可达82.9％、100％和83％，试管苗生根为86.2％。 2.提出了以愈伤组织表达蛋白状况作为判定其器官发生能力的观点，确定了三类愈伤组织和器官发生中三个不同分化阶段的蛋白分子标记。利用SDS-PAGE和IEF－SDS－PAGE对胡杨不同类型愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化不定芽过程的蛋白进行了研究。结果表明：不同类型愈伤组织中表达的蛋白存在着一定差异。在光下和BA／NAA为1诱导产生的具有较强器官发生能力的茎基愈伤组织，其蛋白组分明显地少于其它类型的愈伤组织，表明其分化程度较低。经过黑暗和BA／NAA为0.5的继代培养，愈伤组织产生了特异的24。5KD和58.6KD的标记蛋白，并且也表达了其器官发生时表达的19KD和31KD蛋白。说明愈伤组织经过继代培养其器官发生能力下降是与细胞分化程度增加相关的。茎基愈伤组织在光下和BA／NAA为5的条件下进行器官发生诱导，随着愈伤组织形成分生细胞团块和不定芽原基明显地表达了20KD和55KD蛋白带，并且20KD蛋白中包含有特异的pI为5。5－6.5的蛋白。43KD和pI为6.5-7.5的蛋白为器官发生前期蛋白。本文不愈伤组织表达蛋白状况与器官发生能力间关系进行了讨论。 3.分离和鉴定了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，从蛋白表达上证实盐胁迫对胡杨细胞产生的影响明显地分为渗透胁迫和离子伤害胁迫两种效应。对悬浮培养的胡杨细胞进行NaCL和PEG(6000)胁迫处理，SDS－PAGE分析表明：NaCL和PEG胁迫处理的细胞均明显地表达了28KD和59KD蛋白带，表明28KD和59DK蛋白是与渗透胁迫有关的。66KD和60KD蛋白带仅在高水平盐胁迫细胞中显著表达，应而是与盐胁迫中离子伤害有关的蛋白。进一步证实胡杨细胞中28KD和66KD蛋白带表达受ABA诱导。通过IEF－SDS－PAGE证实，28KD蛋白包含有pI为8.0-9.0的蛋白，渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关的分离和鉴定为通过蛋白途径克隆与渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关基因，为深入认识胡杨耐盐机制奠定了基础。 4.通过X－射线细胞微区分析以及与毛白杨细胞比较发现，胡杨细胞对培养介质中高浓度的盐离子具有较强的拒吸作用和一定的忍耐性。胡杨细胞中液泡不具有积聚离子的功能，细胞分室性渗调节作用不明显。胡杨细胞膜对离子进入具有选择功能，表现在培养介质中Na和CL离子进入细胞和由细胞质进入液泡不以等摩尔数形式进行，进入的CL离子比Na离子约高50％，说明了二者通过质膜是由不同机制控制的，是分开进行的，也说明胡杨细胞拒Na离子强于拒CL离子。另外胡杨细胞受到盐胁迫时还表现出比较强的维持细胞内离子平衡的功能。正是由于上述特性，才赋予了胡杨细胞具有较强的耐盐性。 5.利用电子显微镜和光学显微镜中相差和微分干涉等技术，对胡杨细胞和组织结构进行了观察。与毛白杨细胞相比，胡杨细胞中具有较丰富的线粒体和质体，盐胁迫和渗透胁迫均明显地提高了细胞质中线粒体数和质体数，并使质体中内含体增多，细胞质中和液泡内缘出现明显的嗜饿物质。研究还发现，胡杨细胞膜与细胞壁之间呈齿状结合，说明了膜与壁之间结合的牢固性和稳定性，解释了胡杨细胞在胁迫中不易发生质壁分离的原因。胡杨细胞在受到盐或渗透胁迫时，细胞内出现明显的丝状结晚，细胞核变大，核仁明显。在器官和组织结构方面，胡杨根系具有发达的根冠和根内皮层，根毛较多，叶片输导组织不发达等。这些结构的存在与胡杨的抗逆性是密切相关的。文中从形态结构上阐述了胡杨的耐盐碱特性。

盐角草（Salicornia europaea L.）SePSY和SeLCY基因克隆及功能分析

盐角草（Salicornia europaea L.）是一种叶片退化而茎肉质化，不具有盐腺和盐囊泡的真盐生植物，可以在1020 mM NaCl下生存。其特殊的形态适应特点使其成为研究植物抗盐性的良好实验材料。但目前与盐角草抗盐机理相关的生理和分子方面的研究还非常有限。本文以盐角草为材料，首先探讨了盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡的影响，在此基础上进一步克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶，八氢番茄红素合成酶（SePSY）和番茄红素β-环化酶（SeLCY）基因，并进行了功能分析。该研究对于了解类胡萝卜素在植物抗盐性中所起的作用具有重要意义。 盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡影响的实验结果表明：200 mM NaCl是盐生植物盐角草生长的最适盐浓度，在该盐度下盐角草中叶绿素a/b的比值和光饱和点升高，植株的光合作用表现出增强的效应，植株生长最佳。而27％ PEG-6000所模拟的渗透胁迫显著降低了盐角草中叶绿色a/b的比值，抑制其光合作用和生长。200 mM NaCl下，Na+的含量显著增加，但脯氨酸含量保持不变，说明Na+对盐角草渗透平衡的作用要强于脯氨酸。同时盐角草中液泡H+-ATPase（V-H+-ATPase）活性增强，而盐角草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因（SeNHX1）在盐分和渗透胁迫下却表现为组成型表达;我们因此推断在盐分胁迫下，Na+的吸收是由于液泡H+-ATPase活性的增强，而不是诱导SeNHX1基因的表达。同时Na+的吸收可能进一步诱导了与光合作用相关基因的表达。 盐分对植物的影响涉及植物体内包括光合作用和活性氧代谢在内的多个代谢过程。在植物中，类胡萝卜素是植物捕光天线复合体（LHC）和光系统反应中心叶绿素结合蛋白的重要组成部分。植物体内类胡萝卜素能够清除植物叶绿体，线粒体和过氧化物体在电子传递过程中产生的活性氧。同时类胡萝卜素是植物激素ABA的前体。200 mM NaCl虽然增加了盐角草细胞的渗透势，但并没有对其造成氧化胁迫和离子毒害，相反提高了其光合能力。类胡萝卜素作为植物活性氧的淬灭剂和光系统的组成成分，可能在盐角草抗盐机理中发挥着比较重要的作用。在过去的十年中，类胡萝卜素研究大多集中在其生物合成和提高作物中类胡萝卜素含量方面，可是，在植物对非生物逆境（如氧化和盐分胁迫）的适应机制中，类胡萝卜素合成途径究竟发挥什么作用目前还不是很清楚。为了了解盐角草中类胡萝卜素合成途径在植物逆境的适应机制中所发挥的作用，本文采用RACE的方法克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶基因 SePSY和SeLCY，将它们构建到植物表达载体SN1301中，转化拟南芥，并对它们进行了初步的功能分析。 研究发现盐角草SePSY基因全长1655 bp，编码419个氨基酸，推测分子量为47.2 kDa，等电点为8.92。其蛋白在1-65个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在1-19和242-264氨基酸处有2个跨膜区。盐角草SeLCY基因全长1937 bp，编码498个氨基酸，推测分子量为56.1 kDa，等电点为8.41。其蛋白在1-37个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在79-96，367-385和454-474氨基酸处有3个跨膜区。SePSY和SeLCY基因过量表达均促进转基因拟南芥的生长，转SePSY基因拟南芥次生根数目比野生型拟南芥明显增多。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还使转基因拟南芥对百草枯的抗性得到提高;SePSY基 因的过量表达增强了植株体内抗氧化保护酶过氧化物酶（POD），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，但过氧化氢酶 （CAT）的变化不显著;转SeLCY基因株系POD，SOD，CAT的活性都有所增强，但转SePSY基因株系中POD活性明显高于 转SeLCY基因株系。转SePSY和SeLCY基因拟南芥叶片中丙二醛（MDA）和H2O2含量均降低，但转SePSY基因株系中MDA和H2O2含量明显低于转SeLCY基因株系。说明转基因拟南芥对氧化胁迫的抗性得到了提高，同时使得光系统II（PSII）和细胞膜的结构和功能不被破坏。而转SePSY基因株系对盐分和氧化胁迫的抗性明显高于转SeLCY基因株系。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还提高了转基因拟南芥的光合效率，气孔导度和Fv/Fm比值。 SePSY和SeLCY基因转化拟南芥及其功能分析的初步结果表明，SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达提高了转基因拟南芥对体内活性氧（ROS）的清除能力，增强了拟南芥的光合能力，进而提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。

根茎在羊草响应短期盐胁迫和干旱胁迫过程中的作用

羊草 (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.) 又称碱草，隶属禾本科，赖草属，因其营养价值高，富含蛋白质，适口性好，抗旱，耐盐碱，耐贫瘠，抗逆性强，适应广等优点，对我国发展草原畜牧业和退化草地、荒漠化治理方面具有举足轻重的作用。近年来，由于自然环境变劣，荒漠化加剧，以及过渡放牧等不利影响，已对我国草地构成了严重威胁，严重制约了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良和沙化治理的步伐。目前, 国内外关于羊草的报道大多集中在草原生态等宏观领域，在羊草根茎生理学方面的研究却十分匮乏。作为一种典型的根状茎型克隆植物，羊草根茎在无性繁殖和克隆基株间的克隆整合、形态可塑性和分工合作等方面具有重要的作用,但羊草根茎在羊草感应环境胁迫中的作用却研究甚少。为了探讨根茎在植物感应环境胁迫中的作用, 本文以羊草为实验材料，通过分别处理羊草根茎和根，研究和比较了短期NaCl、PEG胁迫根、根茎、根和根茎三种处理方式下羊草对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的生理响应。主要研究结果如下： 1、200 mmol• L-1 NaCl处理羊草根、根茎、根和根茎24小时显著降低羊草叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率，增加叶片渗透浓度与脯氨酸含量;其中同时处理根和根茎，叶片蒸腾速率和净光合速率的降低程度显著高于分别处理根和根茎。在分别处理根与根茎的情况下，叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率均无显著性差异。不论单独胁迫根、根茎还是同时胁迫根和根茎，羊草根、根茎和叶片内钠离子（Na+）含量增加，而钾离子（K+）含量和K+/Na+ 比降低。 这些结果表明：（1）羊草根茎在感应和响应盐胁迫的生理过程中与根系具有类似的功能;（2）羊草根茎在盐胁迫条件下参与Na+ 吸收和向地上部的转运;（3）鉴于根茎的生物量和表面积都明显的低于根系，在盐胁迫下羊草根茎吸收Na+ 的效率高于根系。 2、15％ 聚已二醇（PEG－6000）处理羊草根、根茎、根和根茎24 小时显著降低羊草叶片含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率，增加叶片脯氨酸含量。在分别胁迫根与根茎两种处理下，处理根茎对叶片的净光合速率影响程度更大，表明根茎对干旱胁迫反应更敏感。