Report of the SocMon capacity development workshop for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem countries in South Asia, Vidathaltivu, Northern Province, Sri Lanka, 3-11 March, 2015

This Socioeconomic Monitoring (SocMon) training workshop was coordinated by the Small Fisher Federation of Lanka (SFFL). Planned outputs included: participants from Mannar trained in SocMon methodologies; draft SocMon reports fro Vidathaltivu; a workplan for Mannar; a communication strategy for Vidathaltivu/ Mannar; and key inputs to a regional SocMon strategy

Socioeconomic monitoring for Vidathaltivu village in Mannar Region, Northern Province, Sri Lanka, 3-11 March, 2015

This report was based on fieldwork conducted by trainees at the Socio-economic Monitoring (SocMon) workshop held at Vidathaltivu, Mannar Region. Topics included: community infrastructure; coastal and marine activities; and governance of marine and coastal areas

Factors affecting choice of financial services among rural consumers: Emerging experiences from Gicumbi District, northern Province in Rwanda

Enhancement of financial inclusivity of rural communities is often recognised as a key strategy for achieving economic development in third world countries. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that influence consumers’ choice of a rural bank in Gicumbi district of Rwanda. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using a binary probit regression model and non-parametric procedures. Most consumers were aware of Popular Bank of Rwanda (BPR) and Umurenge SACCO through radio advertisements, social networks and community meetings. Accessibility, interest rates and quality of services influenced choice of a given financial intermediary. Moreover, the decision to open a rural bank account was significantly influenced by education and farm size (p<0.1). These results indicate the need for financial managers to consider these findings for successful marketing campaigns.

A social and gender analysis of Northern Province, Zambia: Qualitative evidence that supports the use of a gender transformative approach

A qualitative social and gender analysis was carried out in June 2015 in Luwingu and Mbala Districts in Northern Province, Zambia. The research explored the norms and power relations at various institutional levels that constrain certain social groups from benefiting from programmatic investments aimed at improving livelihoods, health status, and food and nutrition security within the Irish Aid Local Development Programme (IALDP). This technical paper provides a summary of the research findings, lessons learned and suggests options for action the IALDP could consider to help bring about gender transformative change in the lives and livelihoods of poor and vulnerable people.

A manual for improving fish production in Northern Zambia through integrated farming systems

This manual was written as part of the Integrated Research in Development for Improved Livelihoods Programme in Northern Province, Zambia (IRDLP) and is primarily intended for extension agents to use with smallholder farmers engaged in semi-intensive fish farming in Northern Zambia. The IRDLP is an Irish Aid-funded project implemented by WorldFish, Harvest Plus and the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). The goal of the IRDLP is to help improve the livelihoods, health status, and food and nutrition security of resource-poor households in the Mbala and Luwingu districts in Northern Zambia, especially women and vulnerable groups. This is achieved through generating and providing evidence-based information, scientific technologies and livelihood solutions to trigger community and farmer innovations for positive change. This manual provides information on how smallholder fish farmers can improve fish production in Northern Zambia, particularly in the Luwingu and Mbala districts, through integrated farming practices.

Topography and substratum of the Jaffna Lagoon

Little is known of the topography and substratum of the lagoon and estuarine waters of Ceylon. This knowledge is important in understanding the fisheries and its effective management. Bottom topography of the sea is usually given in the British Admiralty charts and other navigational charts. Some indications of the different types of bottom of the continental shelf are also given. The information given in these charts is inadequate to understand the fisheries of lagoons and estuarine waters. Jaffna lagoon is such a body of water situated in Northern Province of Ceylon. Knowledge of the bottom topography of this lagoon was found to be necessary in revising the fishing regulations in force in the Northern Province of Ceylon, with special reference to the use of the fishing gear, Sirahu Valai. As such a preliminary survey of the topography and type of the bottom of Jaffna lagoon was undertaken.

Cooperação e conflito entre britânicos e portugueses na Ásia. Dos primeiros contactos em Bombaim (c.1600-1740)

A aquisição da ilha de Bombaim pela coroa inglesa e a consequente convivência fronteiriça com o Estado da Índia constituiu uma novidade relacional e diplomática entre os poderes português e britânico, não só no Índico como em todo o espaço ultramarino. Esta nova situação projectou a recentemente forjada e renovada aliança anglo-portuguesa para um diferente plano, até então não experienciado. De facto, o acordo de 1661 estipulou que o Estado da Índia entregasse parte do seu território a uma coroa europeia, o que significava uma mudança no seu paradigma de actuação e a partilha de fronteiras comuns com um vizinho europeu, “consentido” e aliado. A isto adicionava-se o facto da população residente em Bombaim, constituída por uma forte comunidade de grandes foreiros portugueses e jesuítas, passar a estar sujeita aos dictames da coroa inglesa. Todos estes pressupostos constituíram uma novidade para o Estado da Índia e para os seus súbditos e exigiram, necessariamente, uma adaptação no modo de interacção com tão próximo vizinho. O mesmo se terá passado com os oficiais britânicos, numa primeira fase da coroa (1665-1668) e doravante da East India Company, para quem o domínio territorial no espaço asiático constituía uma experiência nova. Esta realidade tão próxima entre as duas potências europeias originou, necessariamente, a eclosão de problemas e tensões entre as duas estruturas de poder. Será a partir desta conjuntura sugestiva que procuraremos compreender como o entendimento anglo-português na Europa foi transposto e gerido na esfera ultramarina, através da análise do caso paradigmático de Bombaim. A gestão da aliança naquele espaço assumiu contornos específicos e de difícil administração, pois a distância ditava uma maior autonomia decisória das autoridades de Goa e Bombaim, nem sempre em consonância com as directrizes europeias. A interacção na região de Bombaim e espaços adjacentes foi pautada pela flexibilidade e, por isso, caracterizou-se por momentos de antagonismo, cooperação e conflito aberto. Nestes “encontros de (in)conveniência”, ambos os lados procuraram tirar partido das dinâmicas conjunturais da política indiana, o mesmo aplicando-se no sentido inverso, adaptando-se alinhamentos e rupturas consoante os interesses imediatos. Bombaim foi, assim, singular no relacionamento anglo-português na Ásia, o que não implica que não se procure compreender as ressonâncias da interação entre portugueses e britânicos noutros espaços do subcontinente indiano (como Madrasta) ou contrapor os modos de actuação da EIC noutros locais (como Cochim). Na dissertação em curso, propomos efectuar um estudo de longo tempo, que analise de forma sistemática a transversal as dinâmicas relacionais entre britânicos e portugueses desde a introdução britânica na Ásia até à perda portuguesa da Província

Um patrimônio em contendas: os bens jesuíticos e a magna questão dos dízimos no estado do Maranhão e Grão Pará (1650-1750)

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a ponderação do patrimônio material jesuítico no Estado do Maranhão, durante a segunda metade do século XVII e primeira do XVIII. De modo específico, analisaremos três aspectos: os modos de conquista das propriedades inacianas; a maximização dessas fazendas a partir do gerenciamento direto dos padres (caso do comércio) e a relação entre a administração colonial e reinol com a Companhia no tocante ao pagamento dos dízimos dos gêneros que a Ordem cultivava em suas terras. Nesse sentido, veremos que os três pontos, sobretudo os dois últimos, foram motivos de grandes oposições por parte dos moradores da Amazônia colonial portuguesa.

Frequency of Malaria and Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Tajikistan

Background During the Soviet era, malaria was close to eradication in Tajikistan. Since the early 1990s, the disease has been on the rise and has become endemic in large areas of southern and western Tajikistan. The standard national treatment for Plasmodium vivax is based on primaquine. This entails the risk of severe haemolysis for patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Seasonal and geographical distribution patterns as well as G6PD deficiency frequency were analysed with a view to improve understanding of the current malaria situation in Tajikistan. Methods Spatial and seasonal distribution was analysed, applying a risk model that included key environmental factors such as temperature and the availability of mosquito breeding sites. The frequency of G6PD deficiency was studied at the health service level, including a cross-sectional sample of 382 adult men. Results Analysis revealed high rates of malaria transmission in most districts of the southern province of Khatlon, as well as in some zones in the northern province of Sughd. Three categories of risk areas were identified: (i) zones at relatively high malaria risk with high current incidence rates, where malaria control and prevention measures should be taken at all stages of the transmission cycle; (ii) zones at relatively high malaria risk with low current incidence rates, where malaria prevention measures are recommended; and (iii) zones at intermediate or low malaria risk with low current incidence rates where no particular measures appear necessary. The average prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 2.1% with apparent differences between ethnic groups and geographical regions. Conclusion The study clearly indicates that malaria is a serious health issue in specific regions of Tajikistan. Transmission is mainly determined by temperature. Consequently, locations at lower altitude are more malaria-prone. G6PD deficiency frequency is too moderate to require fundamental changes in standard national treatment of cases of P. vivax.

(Table 2) Chemical composition of quenched glasses from the Mohns and Knipovich Ridges

The aim of this project was a petrogeochemical study of igneous rocks in the areas of the Mohns and Knipovich Ridges, both being the northern extensions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), using data available for quenching glass samples collected during Cruises 36 and 38 of R/V Akademic Mstislav Keldysh and during Cruise 15 of R/V Professor Logachev. Results of igneous rock studying from the Mohns and Knipovich Ridges at the background of evolution of the total North Atlantic Province, which had been identified earlier from tectonic and geophysical data, showed that igneous rocks of the Knipovich Ridge can be ranked as shallow tholeiites, primary melts of which were relatively rich in Na and Si and poor in Fe. This type of magma is characteristic of colder regions of the oceanic lithosphere. Its occurrence in the Knipovich Ridge and its potential propagation up to the Gakkel Ridge suggest that igneous rocks of this region originated under conditions of passive spreading in contrast to the MAR region in vicinity of Iceland and Azores, where substantial contribution of hotter material of a rising plume contributed to formation of the oceanic crust. The North Atlantic Ocean is the youngest province in terms of ocean-floor opening. Geologically and geophysically it is one of well studied regions of the World Ocean. Nevertheless some basic key items of its origin still remain to be clarified. In 1975 Scatler et al. proved specifics of this region manifested in growth of the gravity field, and also in relative height of the ocean floor in the region of 33-70°N, which was associated by them with rise of the hotter mantle, as compared with common regions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Later this view was confirmed by character of magmatism, which differed in depth of generation and by melting degree of the resulting primary magma. Uniqueness of the North Atlantic region was also proved by the fact that this region was marked by extensive geochemical anomalies associated with Azores, Iceland, and Jan Mayen. All of these data allow to consider the northern part of the MAR (north of 33°N) as an united global geotectonic province. The Mohns and Knipovich Ridges located north of Iceland locate at the northern end of this province. This is the least known region. Therefore, new data for ridge areas of 73-77°N are needed for more complete geologic history of the Arctic Basin. The aim of this study was to carry out a complex comparison of magmatism at the Mohns and Knipovich Ridges with magmatism at large segments of the MAR northern province and to reconstruct mechanisms of primary magma formation, as well as conditions of their fractionation. This paper was based on results of studying quenched glasses, which reflect evolution of melt in the course of its formation.

Representaciones del conflicto y medios masivos : la pueblada de Salta en noviembre de 2000 a través de Clarín y El Tribuno

En el presente artículo pretendemos indagar sobre las diversas maneras en que fue mencionado e interpretado el episodio de protesta mediante corte de rutas acontecido en noviembre de 2000 en el norte de la provincia de Salta, en el marco de un extenso proceso de luchas que comienzan a mediados de la década de 1990. El estudio se basa en las representaciones que fueron divulgadas por dos medios masivos de información (Clarín y El Tribuno). Reconstruiremos, mediante la lectura crítica de las noticias, las caracterizaciones sobre los protagonistas de la protesta, quiénes fueron sus emisores, los momentos en que fueron realizadas, etc. En tal sentido, el objetivo será elucidar el modo en que enfrentamientos físicos y simbólicos, lejos de estar divorciados, se condicionan mutuamente.

Mineralogy and petrology of Black Sea Basin sediments

The origin and modes of transportation and deposition of inorganic sedimentary material of the Black Sea were studied in approximately 60 piston, gravity, and Kasten cores. The investigation showed that the sediment derived from the north and northwest (especially from the Danube) has a low calcite-dolomite ratio and a high quartz-feldspar ratio. Rock fragments are generally not abundant; garnet is the principal heavy mineral and illite is the predominant clay mineral. This sedimentary material differs markedly from that carried by Anatolian rivers, which is characterized by a high calcite-dolomite ratio and a low quartz-feldspar ratio. Rock fragments are abundant; pyroxene is the principal heavy mineral and montmorillonite is the predominant clay mineral. In generel, the clay fraction is large in all sediments (27.6-86.9 percent), and the lateral distributian indicates an increase in clay consent from the coasts toward two centers in the western and eastern Black Sea basin. Illite is the most common clay mineral in the Black Sea sediments. The lateral changes in composition of the clay mineral can easily be traced to the petrologic character of northern (rich in illite) and southern (rich in montmorillonite) source areas. In almost all cores, a rhythmic change of the montmorillonite-illite ratio with depth was observed. These changes may be related to the changing influence of the two provinces during the Holocene and late Pleistocene. Higher montmorillonite content seems to indicate climctic changes, probably stages of glaciation end permafrost in the northern area, at which time the illite supply was diminished to a large extent. The composition of the sand fraction is relatad to the different petrologic and morphologic characteristics of two major source provimces: (1) a northern province (rich in quartz, feldspars, and garnet) characterized by a low elevation, comprising the Danube basin area and the rivers draining the Russian platform; and (2) a southern province (rich in pyroxene and volcanic and metamorphic rocks) in the mountainous region of Anatolia and the Caucasus, characterized by small but extremely erosive rivers. The textural properties (graded bedding) of the deep-sea send layers clearly suggest deposition from turbidity currents. The carbonate content of the contemporary sediments ranges from 5 to 65 percent. It increases from the coast to a maximum in two centers in the western and eastern basin. This pattern reflects the distribution of the <2-µm fraction. The contemporary mud sedimentation is governed by two important factors: (1) the deposition of terrigenous allochthonous material of low carbonate content originating from the surrounding hinterland (northern and southern source areas), and (2) the autochthonous production of large quantities of biogenic calcite by coccolithophores during the last period of about 3,000-4,000 years.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONALLY FERMENTED MILK SOLD IN KINIGI SECTOR OF MUSANZE DISTRICT IN RWANDA

A research work entitled: “Microbiological analysis of traditionally fermented milk (Ikivuguto) sold in Kinigi Sector of Musanze District,” was carried out at Higher Learning Institution of Applied Sciences (INES-Ruhengeri) Laboratory of Microbiology located near Volcanoes in the Northern Province of Rwanda. The main objective of this work was to determine the microbiological quality of traditionally fermented milk, which is consumed by Kinigi Center local people. The hypothesis was to analyze if traditionally fermented milk commercialized in Kinigi restaurants contained pathogenic bacteria such as fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli , in addition to staphylococci and yeasts. Milk samples were collected from Kinigi sector and examined in the microbiology laboratory in order to assess the microbiological quality and safety of traditionally fermented milk in rural areas. The samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for the microbes found in fermented milk sold in Kinigi Center, and the results were as follows: 7.21x107 CFU/ml for total counts; 3.89x107 CFU/ml for Lactobacillus ; 2.77x107 CFU/ml for yeasts; 1.196x105 CFU/ml for total coliforms; 9.63x104 CFU/ml for fecal coliforms and 8.92x103 CFU/ml for staphylococci. Biochemical tests were carried out and the results showed that identified pathogens were E. coli, Providencia alcalifaciens , and the staphylococci group. It was found that fermented milk contained genera and species of Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus intermedius , Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus . Findings showed that the commercial milk samples were cross-contaminated by different pathogens from environment. These contaminations could have been due to improper handling, presence of flies, soil erosion, dust from atmosphere, as well as contaminated milk vessels or pots, stirrers and unpasteurized water. It was concluded that local farmers and milk retailers did not adhere to required hygienic conditions for milk safety. In this regard, the sold traditional fermented milk does not meet health and safety standards because people did not respect good manufacturing practices. The hypothesis and main objective were confirmed, because traditionally fermented milk of Kinigi was cross-contaminated before consumption. Thus, it would be better to train farmers in the areas of product hygiene, sanitation and safety during milking, processing and marketing.