Espinosa: potência natural e seus reflexos no direito e na política

Este trabalho versa sobre o conceito de potência natural em Espinosa, sua amplitude e abrangência e seus reflexos no direito natural e na política. Procura revelar a originalidade do conceito de direito natural em Espinosa, muito diferente dos pontos de vista de Grotius, de Hobbes e de todos os demais filósofos e doutrinadores, levando-o, também, a uma visão diferente sobre a formação do Estado; e, finalmente, a sua doutrina sobre o Estado e suas diversas instituições políticas, enfatizando sempre a liberdade e a dignidade humanas como a razão de ser da criação desse mesmo Estado. Procuramos também revelar neste modesto trabalho o avanço, a novidade e a contribuição de Espinosa à ciência jurídica contemporânea.

O amor no spinozismo e a política do comum

No plano de imanência de Spinoza, o amor é afeto expressivo de uma diferença que marca o trânsito a estados de maior perfeição ou realidade. A partir da compreensão do princípio de univocidade, a imanência se expressa na produção de diferenças. O amor de Deus serve como guia para a vida política conduzida pela razão. Não um Deus personalizado, mas como nome da potência (potentia). Se a multidão compreende adequadamente sua própria essência como direito ou potência natural de resistir à dominação e de se auto-organizar em liberdade, o amor surge como força vital de constituição do comum e leva à invenção de formas cada vez mais aperfeiçoadas de vida. A democracia emerge, por sua vez, como o mais natural dos regimes políticos, porque é o que mais convém com a natureza dos homens guiados pela razão. Assim, nas redes e nas ruas a multidão exercita a liberdade quando promove encontros alegres entre as singularidades que a compõem. Ao lado de um conhecimento adequado para a produção de graus maiores de liberdade, surge uma espécie de amor da multidão por sua própria essência ou potência, ou seja, a afirmação em si mesma da diferença, da abertura e da multiplicidade. Aqui, os afetos passivos que são promovidos pelas relações de dominação, como o medo, o ódio e a esperança, devem ceder lugar aos afetos ativos do amor à liberdade necessária para diferir-se. A alegria da multidão, enfim, deriva de sua potência ativa de criar formas de vida comum a partir da composição de singularidades múltiplas. No seio da produção biopolítica contemporânea, surgem novos horizontes para o combate de resistência e criação conjunta contra as formas de vida submetidas à servidão. Seguindo principalmente a linhagem spinozista de Antonio Negri e Gilles Deleuze, explora-se aqui as condições da experiência real que determinam a possibilidade de uma ética política do amor na contemporaneidade.

黄土高原地区植被生态修复策略与对策

根据近年来黄土高原地区实施植被生态修复的经验和黄土高原生态安全考察成果,论述植被生态修复的特点和功能,提出植被生态修复的核心内涵是将人为促进群落演替的人力与天然群落演替的自然力结合起来,实现区域生态系统整体恢复与局部快速恢复相结合的有效途径。黄土高原植被生态修复的目标是:区域内植物群落物种多样性平均增加10%~15%;地带性植被的代表种盖度在群落中占到20%~25%;植被总覆盖度75%~85%;水土流失强度有显著性减少。目前植被生态修复的关键问题是有关基础理论研究和技术措施积累不足,方法简单,效益不高。未来应采取正确生态修复思路,尽快解决生态修复中关键技术理论;科学规划,在典型地区黄龙森林区和安塞森林草原区建立示范点,实施综合的植被生态修复措施,建立法律保障体系,为黄土高原植被生态修复奠定基础。

Magic for the dead? The archaeology of magic in later medieval burials

THIS PAPER EXAMINES patterns in the placement of apotropaic objects and materials in high- to late-medieval burials in Britain (11th to 15th centuries). It develops an interdisciplinary classification to identify: (1) healing charms and protective amulets; (2) objects perceived to have occult natural power; (3) 'antique' items that were treated as possessing occult power; and (4) rare practices that may have been associated with the demonic magic of divination or sorcery. Making comparisons with amulets deposited in conversion-period graves of the 7th to 9th centuries it is argued that the placement of amulets with the dead was strategic to Christian belief, intended to transform or protect the corpse. The conclusion is that material traces of magic in later medieval graves have a connection to folk magic, performed by women in the care of their families, and drawing on knowledge of earlier traditions. This popular magic was integrated with Christian concerns and tolerated by local clergy, and was perhaps meant to heal or reconstitute the corpse, to ensure its reanimation on judgement day, and to protect the vulnerable dead on their journey through purgatory.

Discourses concerning government /

Includes index.

Non-Newtonian natural convection flow along an isothermal horizontal circular cylinder using modified power-law model

Laminar two-dimensional natural convection boundary-layer flow of non-Newtonian fluids along an isothermal horizontal circular cylinder has been studied using a modified power-law viscosity model. In this model, there are no unrealistic limits of zero or infinite viscosity. Therefore, the boundary-layer equations can be solved numerically by using marching order implicit finite difference method with double sweep technique. Numerical results are presented for the case of shear-thinning as well as shear thickening fluids in terms of the fluid velocity and temperature distributions, shear stresses and rate of heat transfer in terms of the local skin-friction and local Nusselt number respectively.

Steady natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluid in a trapezoidal enclosure

Numerically investigation of free convection heat transfer in a differentially heated trapezoidal cavity filled with non-Newtonian Power-law fluid has been performed in this study. The left inclined surface is uniformly heated whereas the right inclined surface is maintained as uniformly cooled. The top and bottom surfaces are kept adiabatic with initially quiescent fluid inside the enclosure. Finite volume based commercial software FLUENT 14.5 is used to solve the governing equations. Dependency of various flow parameters of fluid flow and heat transfer is analyzed including Rayleigh number, Ra ranging from 10^5 to 10^7, Prandtl number, Pr of 100 to 10,000 and power index, n of 0.6 to 1.4. Outcomes have been reported in terms of isotherms, streamline, and local Nusselt number for various Ra, Pr, n and inclined angles. Grid sensitivity analysis is performed and numerically obtained results have been compared with those results available in the literature and found good agreement.

Analysis of Natural Half-Wave-Length Power Transmission Lines

This paper provides additional theoretical information on half-wave-length power transmission. The analysis is rendered more general by consideration of a natural half-wave line instead of a short line tuned to half-wave. The effects of line loading and its power factor on the voltage and current profiles of the line and ganerator excitation have been included. Some of the operating problems such as charging of the line and synchronization of the half-wave system are also discussed. The inevitability of power-frequency overvoltages during faults is established. Stability studies have indicated that the use of switching stations is not beneficial. Typical swing curves are also presented.

ADAPTATION OF MW LEVEL NATURAL GAS LEAN BURN ENGINE FOR PRODUCER GAS OPERATION A GRID CONNECTED POWER PLANT

Availability of producer gas engines at MW being limited necessitates to adapt engine from natural gas operation. The present work focus on the development of necessary kit for adapting a 12 cylinder lean burn turbo-charged natural gas engine rated at 900 kWe (Waukesha make VHP5904LTD) to operate on producer and set up an appropriate capacity biomass gasification system for grid linked power generation in Thailand. The overall plant configuration had fuel processing, drying, reactor, cooling and cleaning system, water treatment, engine generator and power evacuation. The overall project is designed for evacuation of 1.5 MWe power to the state grid and had 2 gasification system with the above configuration and 3 engines. Two gasification system each designed for about 1100 kg/hr of woody biomass was connected to the engine using a producer gas carburetor for the necessary Air to fuel ratio control. In the use of PG to fuel IC engines, it has been recognized that the engine response will differ as compared to the response with conventional fueled operation due to the differences in the thermo-physical properties of PG. On fuelling a conventional engine with PG, power de-rating can be expected due to the lower calorific value (LCV), lower adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) and the lower than unity product to reactant more ratio. Further the A/F ratio for producer gas is about 1/10th that of natural gas and requires a different carburetor for engine operation. The research involved in developing a carburetor for varying load conditions. The patented carburetor is based on area ratio control, consisting of a zero pressure regulator and a separate gas and air line along with a mixing zone. The 95 litre engine at 1000 rpm has an electrical efficiency of 33.5 % with a heat input of 2.62 MW. Each engine had two carburetors designed for producer gas flow each capable of handling about 1200 m3/hr in order to provide similar engine heat input at a lower conversion efficiency. Cold flow studies simulating the engine carburetion system results showed that the A/F was maintained in the range of 1.3 +/- 0.1 over the entire flow range. Initially, the gasification system was tested using woody biomass and the gas composition was found to be CO 15 +/- 1.5 % H-2 22 +/- 2% CH4 2.2 +/- 0.5 CO2 11.25 +/- 1.4 % and rest N-2, with the calorific value in the range of 5.0 MJ/kg. After initial trials on the engine to fine tune the control system and adjust various engine operating parameter a peak load of 800 kWe was achieved, while a stable operating conditions was found to be at 750 kWe which is nearly 85 % of the natural gas rating. The specific fuel consumption was found to be 0.9 kg of biomass per kWh.

Natural versus artificial scene classification by ordering discrete fourier power spectra

Holistic representations of natural scenes is an effective and powerful source of information for semantic classification and analysis of arbitrary images. Recently, the frequency domain has been successfully exploited to holistically encode the content of natural scenes in order to obtain a robust representation for scene classification. In this paper, we present a new approach to naturalness classification of scenes using frequency domain. The proposed method is based on the ordering of the Discrete Fourier Power Spectra. Features extracted from this ordering are shown sufficient to build a robust holistic representation for Natural vs. Artificial scene classification. Experiments show that the proposed frequency domain method matches the accuracy of other state-of-the-art solutions. © 2008 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Dispersion Modelling of Natural Radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K Released from Coal-fired Power Plants Operations

The aim of this work was to simulate the radionuclides dispersion in the surrounding area of a coal-fired power plant, operational during the last 25 years. The dispersion of natural radionuclides (236Ra, 232Th and 40K) was simulated by a Gaussian plume dispersion model with three different stability classes estimating the radionuclides concentration at ground level. Measurements of the environmen-tal activity concentrations were carried out by γ-spectrometry and compared with results from the air dispersion and deposition model which showed that the stabil-ity class D causes the dispersion to longer distances up to 20 km from the stacks.

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a Brazilian natural gas thermal power plant

In this work, thermodynamic and economic analyses are applied to a Brazilian thermal power plant operating with natural gas. The analyses are performed in two cases: the current configuration and the future configuration. The current configuration is constituted by four gas turbines which operate in open cycle. The future configuration is obtained by a plant repowering by addition of four recovery boilers, two steam turbines and others equipment and accessories necessary to operate in combined cycle. In order to obtain the performance parameters, energetic and exergetic analyses for each case considered are carried out. on the other hand, thermoeconomic analysis provides means to evaluate the influences of the capital and fuel costs in the composition of the electricity costs. Techniques of investment analysis are also applied to the new configuration and from the results obtained it is possible to verify the advantages of the modifications.

Power-law distribution in a learning process: competition, learning and natural selection

In the present work, we propose a model for the statistical distribution of people versus number of steps acquired by them in a learning process, based on competition, learning and natural selection. We consider that learning ability is normally distributed. We found that the number of people versus step acquired by them in a learning process is given through a power law. As competition, learning and selection is also at the core of all economical and social systems, we consider that power-law scaling is a quantitative description of this process in social systems. This gives an alternative thinking in holistic properties of complex systems. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Natural infection by Paramphistomoidea Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 trematodes in wild Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus Illiger, 1815) from Sérgio Mottas's hydroelectric power station flooding area.

Studies on helminthfauna of marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus Illiger, 1815 are rare, although helminthic diseases are an important cause of mortality in these animals. Fifteen male and female adult marsh deer from Sergio Motta's hydroelectric power station flooding area at Paraná River which died during the capture and quarantine procedures, between 1998 and 1999, were necropsied. Three trematodes species, Paramphistomum cervi, Balanorchis anastrofus and Zygocotyle lunatum, all belonging to superfamily Paramphistomoidea, were identified. The obtained trematodes were identified, counted and their respectives descriptors of infection were determined. All necropsied animals were infected by helminths. Paramphistomum cervi was the most prevalent species, while Zygocotyle lunatum was found in only one animal.