Legacy of mutiny on the Bounty : founder effect and admixture on Norfolk Island

The population of Norfolk Island, located off the eastern coast of Australia, possesses an unusual and fascinating history. Most present-day islanders are related to a small number of the 'Bounty' mutineer founders. These founders consisted of Caucasian males and Polynesian females and led to an admixed present-day population. By examining a single large pedigree of 5742 individuals, spanning >200 years, we analyzed the influence of admixture and founder effect on various cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related traits. On account of the relative isolation of the population, on average one-third of the genomes of present-day islanders (single large pedigree individuals) is derived from 17 initial founders. The proportion of Polynesian ancestry in the present-day individuals was found to significantly influence total triglycerides, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. For various cholesterol traits, the influence of ancestry was less marked but overall the direction of effect for all CVD-related traits was consistent with Polynesian ancestry conferring greater CVD risk. Marker-derived homozygosity was computed and agreed with measures of inbreeding derived from pedigree information. Founder effect (inbreeding and marker-derived homozygosity) significantly influenced height. In conclusion, both founder effect and extreme admixture have substantially influenced the genetic architecture of a variety of CVD-related traits in this population.

'Mutiny on the Bounty': The genetic history of Norfolk Island reveals extreme gender-biased admixture

Background The Pacific Oceania region was one of the last regions of the world to be settled via human migration. Here we outline a settlement of this region that has given rise to a uniquely admixed population. The current Norfolk Island population has arisen from a small number of founders with mixed Caucasian and Polynesian ancestry, descendants of a famous historical event. The ‘Mutiny on the Bounty’ has been told in history books, songs and the big screen, but recently this story can be portrayed through comprehensive molecular genetics. Written history details betrayal and murder leading to the founding of Pitcairn Island by European mutineers and the Polynesian women who left Tahiti with them. Investigation of detailed genealogical records supports historical accounts. Findings Using genetics, we show distinct maternal Polynesian mitochondrial lineages in the present day population, as well as a European centric Y-chromosome phylogeny. These results comprehensively characterise the unique gender-biased admixture of this genetic isolate and further support the historical records relating to Norfolk Island. Conclusions Our results significantly refine previous population genetic studies investigating Polynesian versus Caucasian diversity in the Norfolk Island population and add information that is beneficial to future disease and gene mapping studies.

Breaking Points: Mutiny in the Continental Army

The mutinies of the Continental Army during the American Revolution threatened both the integrity of the army and the viability of the Revolution itself. They were complex phenomena, stemming from numerous underlying physical and psychological causes. Having slowly developed over the course of the war, the problems confronting the Continental Army eventually brought it to the breaking point. No less than four major mutinies, involving soldiers or officers, occurred between 1780-1783. This essay focuses on the reasons for the mutinies and how the participants justified their actions. It also examines responses from General Washington and other senior officers, and what effects these actions had on the army. Finally, this essay addresses the question of why so few major mutinies occurred given the miserable state of the Continental Army.

Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian mutiny of 1857-8 /

Vols. 3-6, by Malleson, first appeared under title: History of the Indian mutiny, 1857-1858, commencing from the close of the second volume of Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War.

The captain called it mutiny.

Mode of access: Internet.

A memorial of the Futtehgurh mission and her martyred missionaries : with some remarks on the mutiny in India.

Cover title: The martyred missionaries.

Begumbagh : a tale of the Indian mutiny and other stories /

Mode of access: Internet.

An Act for limiting the time of service in the Army... : an act for punishing mutiny and desertion... together with rules and articles of war.

Mode of access: Internet.

The wreck of the "Grosvenor" : an account of the mutiny of the crew and the loss of the ship when trying to make the Bermudas /

Mode of access: Internet.

A description of Pitcairn's Island and its inhabitants. With an authentic account of the mutiny of the ship Bounty, and of the subsequent fortunes of the mutineers.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mutiny of the Bounty and story of Pitcairn Island, 1790-1894,

Mode of access: Internet.

The mutiny of the Elsinore,

Mode of access: Internet.

Reminiscences of the great mutiny, 1857-59 : including the relief, siege, and capture of Lucknow, and the campaigns in Rohilcund and Oude /

Pages [1]-50 at end are advertisement ; p. [51]-54 is an index.

Lucknow and Oude in the mutiny, a narrative and a study,

Mode of access: Internet.

My three years in Manipur and escape from the recent mutiny.

Mode of access: Internet.