The Multidirectional Memory of Charlie Hebdo

This article will discuss notions and concepts of remembering in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attacks. Much has been written about the immediate response to the attacks, both commending the collective spirit of unity that defined the ‘marche républicaine’ of 11 January 2015, and criticising the alleged hypocrisy and cynicism of, most notably, the political figures that took to the streets that day, hand in hand. I will consider a selection of the memory practices that have emerged since then, notably on the anniversary of the event. This demonstration of memory provides key insights into the form and manner of remembering within a particular cultural group, but also reflects how the present moment is integral to our understanding of memory. The purpose of this article is to consider how official and non-official remembering of Charlie Hebdo can intertwine as well as pull in separate directions. A focus on the politics, the language, the aesthetics and the geography of commemorative activities in this article will enable an appreciation of the multidirectional character of remembering Charlie Hebdo.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

Attention and memory bias for body image and health related information using an Emotional Stroop task in a non-clinical sample

It has been proposed that body image disturbance is a form of cognitive bias wherein schemas for self-relevant information guide the selective processing of appearancerelated information in the environment. This threatening information receives disproportionately more attention and memory, as measured by an Emotional Stroop and incidental recall task. The aim of this thesis was to expand the literature on cognitive processing biases in non-clinical males and females by incorporating a number of significant methodological refinements. To achieve this aim, three phases of research were conducted. The initial two phases of research provided preliminary data to inform the development of the main study. Phase One was a qualitative exploration of body image concerns amongst males and females recruited through the general community and from a university. Seventeen participants (eight male; nine female) provided information on their body image and what factors they saw as positively and negatively impacting on their self evaluations. The importance of self esteem, mood, health and fitness, and recognition of the social ideal were identified as key themes. These themes were incorporated as psycho-social measures and Stroop word stimuli in subsequent phases of the research. Phase Two involved the selection and testing of stimuli to be used in the Emotional Stroop task. Six experimental categories of words were developed that reflected a broad range of health and body image concerns for males and females. These categories were high and low calorie food words, positive and negative appearance words, negative emotion words, and physical activity words. Phase Three addressed the central aim of the project by examining cognitive biases for body image information in empirically defined sub-groups. A National sample of males (N = 55) and females (N = 144), recruited from the general community and universities, completed an Emotional Stroop task, incidental memory test, and a collection of psycho-social questionnaires. Sub-groups of body image disturbance were sought using a cluster analysis, which identified three sub-groups in males (Normal, Dissatisfied, and Athletic) and four sub-groups in females (Normal, Health Conscious, Dissatisfied, and Symptomatic). No differences were noted between the groups in selective attention, although time taken to colour name the words was associated with some of the psycho-social variables. Memory biases found across the whole sample for negative emotion, low calorie food, and negative appearance words were interpreted as reflecting the current focus on health and stigma against being unattractive. Collectively these results have expanded our understanding of processing biases in the general community by demonstrating that the processing biases are found within non-clinical samples and that not all processing biases are associated with negative functionality

Situated case-based reasoning as a constructive memory model for design reasoning

This paper describes an extended case-based reasoning model that addresses the notion of situatedness in designing through constructive memory. The model is illustrated through an application for predicting the corrosion rate for a specific material on a specific building.

Measuring episodic memory: A novel approach with an indefinite number of alternative forms

Both clinical practice and clinical research settings can require successive administrations of a memory test, particularly when following the trajectory of suspected memory decline in older adults. However, relatively few verbal episodic memory tests have alternative forms. We set out to create a broad based memory test to allow for the use of an essentially unlimited number of alternative forms. Four tasks for inclusion in such a test were developed. These tasks varied the requirement for recall as opposed to recognition, the need to form an association between unrelated words, and the need to discriminate the most recent list from earlier lists, all of which proved useful. A total of 115 participants completed the battery of tests and were used to show that the test could differentiate between older and younger adults; a sub-sample of 73 participants completed alternative forms of the tests to determine test-retest reliability and the amount of learning to learn.

Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of impaired visuospatial memory in schizophrenia

Previous studies have reported that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impaired performance during working memory (WM) tasks. The current study aimed to determine whether WM impairments in schizophrenia are accompanied by reduced slow wave (SW) activity during on-line maintenance of mnemonic information. Event-related potentials were obtained from patients with schizophrenia and well controls as they performed a visuospatial delayed response task. On 50% of trials, a distractor stimulus was introduced during the delay. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia produced less SW memory negativity, particularly over the right hemisphere, together with reduced frontal enhancement of SW memory negativity in response to distraction. The results indicate that patients with schizophrenia generate less maintenance phase neuronal activity during WM performance, especially under conditions of distraction.

Working memory correlates of three symptom clusters in schizophrenia

Examined whether discrete working memory deficits underlie positive, negative and disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia. 52 outpatients (mean age 37.5 yrs) with schizophrenia were studied using items drawn from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Linear regression and correlational analyses were conducted to examine whether symptom dimension scores were related to performance on several tests of working memory function. Severity of negative symptoms correlated with reduced production of words during a verbal fluency task, impaired ability to hold letter and number sequences on-line and manipulate them simultaneously, reduced performance during a dual task, and compromised visuospatial working memory under distraction-free conditions. Severity of disorganisation symptoms correlated with impaired visuospatial working memory under conditions of distraction, failure of inhibition during a verbal fluency task, perseverative responding on a test of set-shifting ability, and impaired ability to judge the veracity of simple declarative statements. The present study provides evidence that the positive, negative and disorganised symptom dimensions of the PANSS constitute independent clusters, associated with unique patterns of working memory impairment.

Eye-movements and visual imagery : a working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder

It has been claimed that the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be ameliorated by eye-movement desensitization-reprocessing therapy (EMD-R), a procedure that involves the individual making saccadic eye-movements while imagining the traumatic event. We hypothesized that these eye-movements reduce the vividness of distressing images by disrupting the function of the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP) of working memory, and that by doing so they reduce the intensity of the emotion associated with the image. This hypothesis was tested by asking non-PTSD participants to form images of neutral and negative pictures under dual task conditions. Their images were less vivid with concurrent eye-movements and with a concurrent spatial tapping task that did not involve eye-movements. In the first three experiments, these secondary tasks did not consistently affect participants' emotional responses to the images. However, Expt 4 used personal recollections as stimuli for the imagery task, and demonstrated a significant reduction in emotional response under the same dual task conditions. These results suggest that, if EMD-R works, it does so by reducing the vividness and emotiveness of traumatic images via the VSSP of working memory. Other visuospatial tasks may also be of therapeutic value.

Quantum memory

New models of human cognition inspired by quantum theory could underpin information technologies that are better aligned with howwe recall information.

Stochastic modelling of financial time series with memory and multifractal scaling

Financial processes may possess long memory and their probability densities may display heavy tails. Many models have been developed to deal with this tail behaviour, which reflects the jumps in the sample paths. On the other hand, the presence of long memory, which contradicts the efficient market hypothesis, is still an issue for further debates. These difficulties present challenges with the problems of memory detection and modelling the co-presence of long memory and heavy tails. This PhD project aims to respond to these challenges. The first part aims to detect memory in a large number of financial time series on stock prices and exchange rates using their scaling properties. Since financial time series often exhibit stochastic trends, a common form of nonstationarity, strong trends in the data can lead to false detection of memory. We will take advantage of a technique known as multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) that can systematically eliminate trends of different orders. This method is based on the identification of scaling of the q-th-order moments and is a generalisation of the standard detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) which uses only the second moment; that is, q = 2. We also consider the rescaled range R/S analysis and the periodogram method to detect memory in financial time series and compare their results with the MF-DFA. An interesting finding is that short memory is detected for stock prices of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and long memory is found present in the time series of two exchange rates, namely the French franc and the Deutsche mark. Electricity price series of the five states of Australia are also found to possess long memory. For these electricity price series, heavy tails are also pronounced in their probability densities. The second part of the thesis develops models to represent short-memory and longmemory financial processes as detected in Part I. These models take the form of continuous-time AR(∞) -type equations whose kernel is the Laplace transform of a finite Borel measure. By imposing appropriate conditions on this measure, short memory or long memory in the dynamics of the solution will result. A specific form of the models, which has a good MA(∞) -type representation, is presented for the short memory case. Parameter estimation of this type of models is performed via least squares, and the models are applied to the stock prices in the AMEX, which have been established in Part I to possess short memory. By selecting the kernel in the continuous-time AR(∞) -type equations to have the form of Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, we obtain a fractional stochastic differential equation driven by Brownian motion. This type of equations is used to represent financial processes with long memory, whose dynamics is described by the fractional derivative in the equation. These models are estimated via quasi-likelihood, namely via a continuoustime version of the Gauss-Whittle method. The models are applied to the exchange rates and the electricity prices of Part I with the aim of confirming their possible long-range dependence established by MF-DFA. The third part of the thesis provides an application of the results established in Parts I and II to characterise and classify financial markets. We will pay attention to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), the NASDAQ Stock Exchange (NASDAQ) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). The parameters from MF-DFA and those of the short-memory AR(∞) -type models will be employed in this classification. We propose the Fisher discriminant algorithm to find a classifier in the two and three-dimensional spaces of data sets and then provide cross-validation to verify discriminant accuracies. This classification is useful for understanding and predicting the behaviour of different processes within the same market. The fourth part of the thesis investigates the heavy-tailed behaviour of financial processes which may also possess long memory. We consider fractional stochastic differential equations driven by stable noise to model financial processes such as electricity prices. The long memory of electricity prices is represented by a fractional derivative, while the stable noise input models their non-Gaussianity via the tails of their probability density. A method using the empirical densities and MF-DFA will be provided to estimate all the parameters of the model and simulate sample paths of the equation. The method is then applied to analyse daily spot prices for five states of Australia. Comparison with the results obtained from the R/S analysis, periodogram method and MF-DFA are provided. The results from fractional SDEs agree with those from MF-DFA, which are based on multifractal scaling, while those from the periodograms, which are based on the second order, seem to underestimate the long memory dynamics of the process. This highlights the need and usefulness of fractal methods in modelling non-Gaussian financial processes with long memory.