The Multidirectional Memory of Charlie Hebdo

This article will discuss notions and concepts of remembering in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attacks. Much has been written about the immediate response to the attacks, both commending the collective spirit of unity that defined the ‘marche républicaine’ of 11 January 2015, and criticising the alleged hypocrisy and cynicism of, most notably, the political figures that took to the streets that day, hand in hand. I will consider a selection of the memory practices that have emerged since then, notably on the anniversary of the event. This demonstration of memory provides key insights into the form and manner of remembering within a particular cultural group, but also reflects how the present moment is integral to our understanding of memory. The purpose of this article is to consider how official and non-official remembering of Charlie Hebdo can intertwine as well as pull in separate directions. A focus on the politics, the language, the aesthetics and the geography of commemorative activities in this article will enable an appreciation of the multidirectional character of remembering Charlie Hebdo.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

La herencia de una guerra perdida : La memoria multidireccional en Los rojos de ultramar de Jordi Soler

Los rojos de Ultramar (2004) del mexicano Jordi Soler es una novela que sondea la memoria de la guerra civil española y la dictadura franquista, indagando en sus consecuencias a nivel individual y colectivo a partir de la experiencia de los exiliados. El narrador de la novela, trasunto del propio autor, es nieto de un republicano exiliado que se propone investigar a fondo la accidentada biografía de su abuelo. La obra comparte muchos rasgos formales y temáticos con varias novelas de la memoria recientes de autores españoles, tales como Soldados de Salamina de Javier Cercas y Mala gente que camina de Benjamín Prado, en las que la investigación histórica de un narrador-personaje funciona como motor narrativo. Sin embargo, la obra aporta al debate español en torno a la memoria histórica una novedosa visión desde fuera de las fronteras nacionales. Por medio de la voz del narrador, portador de dos culturas (la mexicana y la catalana) y dos lenguas (el castellano y el catalán), la novela de Soler proporciona una perspectiva transnacional y multicultural, que se aproxima a lo que Michael Rothberg ha denominado memoria multidireccional. El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, identificar y discutir las características narrativas que Los rojos de ultramar comparte con las novelas-investigación de autores españoles y, por otro lado, profundizar en la aportación particular de esta obra, que reivindica la hibridez cultural y utiliza la memoria de una comunidad cultural específica (la de los republicanos exiliados) de modo ejemplar para crear solidaridad entre diferentes grupos culturales.

The Transnational Zombie: Postcolonial Memory and Rage in the Recent European Horror Film

An ever increasing number of films, books, and scholarly works dealing with the undead have appeared in the last decade, making the zombie the very incarnation of American popular culture on a global scale. In this chapter I show that the zombie is also a surprisingly complex sign for transnational movement and multidirectional cultural flow. While the zombie may appear as the very epitome of American cultural production and influence, a mindless movie monster born of a vapid stream of Hollywood B-horror, the zombie has a rich transnational history and an eloquent figurative resonance that have fed into its current ubiquity as cultural sign. This chapter reviews that history and then examines some of the ways that the zombie figure has traveled between the Caribbean, where it emerged, the United States, where it was translated into a film device of startling pathos and horror, and Europe, to which it owes some of its most interesting recent innovations.

The Intrahippocampal Infusion Of Crotamine From Crotalus Durissus Terrificus Venom Enhances Memory Persistence In Rats.

Previous research has shown that crotamine, a toxin isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, induces the release of acetylcholine and dopamine in the central nervous system of rats. Particularly, these neurotransmitters are important modulators of memory processes. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of crotamine infusion on persistence of memory in rats. We verified that the intrahippocampal infusion of crotamine (1 μg/μl; 1 μl/side) improved the persistence of object recognition and aversive memory. By other side, the intrahippocampal infusion of the toxin did not alter locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety or pain threshold. These results demonstrate a future prospect of using crotamine as potential pharmacological tool to treat diseases involving memory impairment, although it is still necessary more researches to better elucidate the crotamine effects on hippocampus and memory.

Metabolic Memory Of ß-cells Controls Insulin Secretion And Is Mediated By Camkii.

Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) functions both in regulation of insulin secretion and neurotransmitter release through common downstream mediators. Therefore, we hypothesized that pancreatic ß-cells acquire and store the information contained in calcium pulses as a form of metabolic memory, just as neurons store cognitive information. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel paradigm of pulsed exposure of ß-cells to intervals of high glucose, followed by a 24-h consolidation period to eliminate any acute metabolic effects. Strikingly, ß-cells exposed to this high-glucose pulse paradigm exhibited significantly stronger insulin secretion. This metabolic memory was entirely dependent on CaMKII. Metabolic memory was reflected on the protein level by increased expression of proteins involved in glucose sensing and Ca(2+)-dependent vesicle secretion, and by elevated levels of the key ß-cell transcription factor MAFA. In summary, like neurons, human and mouse ß-cells are able to acquire and retrieve information.

Rapidly Switching Multidirectional Defibrillation: Reversal Of Ventricular Fibrillation With Lower Energy Shocks.

Cardiac arrest after open surgery has an incidence of approximately 3%, of which more than 50% of the cases are due to ventricular fibrillation. Electrical defibrillation is the most effective therapy for terminating cardiac arrhythmias associated with unstable hemodynamics. The excitation threshold of myocardial microstructures is lower when external electrical fields are applied in the longitudinal direction with respect to the major axis of cells. However, in the heart, cell bundles are disposed in several directions. Improved myocardial excitation and defibrillation have been achieved by applying shocks in multiple directions via intracardiac leads, but the results are controversial when the electrodes are not located within the cardiac chambers. This study was designed to test whether rapidly switching shock delivery in 3 directions could increase the efficiency of direct defibrillation. A multidirectional defibrillator and paddles bearing 3 electrodes each were developed and used in vivo for the reversal of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized open-chest swine model. Direct defibrillation was performed by unidirectional and multidirectional shocks applied in an alternating fashion. Survival analysis was used to estimate the relationship between the probability of defibrillation and the shock energy. Compared with shock delivery in a single direction in the same animal population, the shock energy required for multidirectional defibrillation was 20% to 30% lower (P < .05) within a wide range of success probabilities. Rapidly switching multidirectional shock delivery required lower shock energy for ventricular fibrillation termination and may be a safer alternative for restoring cardiac sinus rhythm.

Long-term social recognition memory in adult male rats: factor analysis of the social and non-social behaviors

A modified version of the intruder-resident paradigm was used to investigate if social recognition memory lasts at least 24 h. One hundred and forty-six adult male Wistar rats were used. Independent groups of rats were exposed to an intruder for 0.083, 0.5, 2, 24, or 168 h and tested 24 h after the first encounter with the familiar or a different conspecific. Factor analysis was employed to identify associations between behaviors and treatments. Resident rats exhibited a 24-h social recognition memory, as indicated by a 3- to 5-fold decrease in social behaviors in the second encounter with the same conspecific compared to those observed for a different conspecific, when the duration of the first encounter was 2 h or longer. It was possible to distinguish between two different categories of social behaviors and their expression depended on the duration of the first encounter. Sniffing the anogenital area (49.9% of the social behaviors), sniffing the body (17.9%), sniffing the head (3%), and following the conspecific (3.1%), exhibited mostly by resident rats, characterized social investigation and revealed long-term social recognition memory. However, dominance (23.8%) and mild aggression (2.3%), exhibited by both resident and intruders, characterized social agonistic behaviors and were not affected by memory. Differently, sniffing the environment (76.8% of the non-social behaviors) and rearing (14.3%), both exhibited mostly by adult intruder rats, characterized non-social behaviors. Together, these results show that social recognition memory in rats may last at least 24 h after a 2-h or longer exposure to the conspecific.

Working memory impairment in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting patients with episodic memory deficits

Episodic memory is impaired in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, possibly because of deficits in working memory (WM) functioning. If so, WM alterations should necessarily be found in patients with episodic memory deficits, but this has not yet been demonstrated. In this study we aimed at determining whether episodic memory deficits in relapsing-remitting MS are found in conjunction with impaired WM. We evaluated 32 MS patients and 32 matched healthy controls. Nineteen of the 32 patients had episodic memory impairment, and as a group only these individuals showed deficits in WM capacity, which may lead to difficulty in encoding, and/or retrieving information from episodic memory.

Influence of memory in deterministic walks in random media: Analytical calculation within a mean-field approximation

Consider a random medium consisting of N points randomly distributed so that there is no correlation among the distances separating them. This is the random link model, which is the high dimensionality limit (mean-field approximation) for the Euclidean random point structure. In the random link model, at discrete time steps, a walker moves to the nearest point, which has not been visited in the last mu steps (memory), producing a deterministic partially self-avoiding walk (the tourist walk). We have analytically obtained the distribution of the number n of points explored by the walker with memory mu=2, as well as the transient and period joint distribution. This result enables us to explain the abrupt change in the exploratory behavior between the cases mu=1 (memoryless walker, driven by extreme value statistics) and mu=2 (walker with memory, driven by combinatorial statistics). In the mu=1 case, the mean newly visited points in the thermodynamic limit (N >> 1) is just < n >=e=2.72... while in the mu=2 case, the mean number < n > of visited points grows proportionally to N(1/2). Also, this result allows us to establish an equivalence between the random link model with mu=2 and random map (uncorrelated back and forth distances) with mu=0 and the abrupt change between the probabilities for null transient time and subsequent ones.

Chaotic model and memory in single calcium-activated potassium channel kinetics

Ion channels are pores formed by proteins and responsible for carrying ion fluxes through cellular membranes. The ion channels can assume conformational states thereby controlling ion flow. Physically, the conformational transitions from one state to another are associated with energy barriers between them and are dependent on stimulus, such as, electrical field, ligands, second messengers, etc. Several models have been proposed to describe the kinetics of ion channels. The classical Markovian model assumes that a future transition is independent of the time that the ion channel stayed in a previous state. Others models as the fractal and the chaotic assume that the rate of transitions between the states depend on the time that the ionic channel stayed in a previous state. For the calcium activated potassium channels of Leydig cells the R/S Hurst analysis has indicated that the channels are long-term correlated with a Hurst coefficient H around 0.7, showing a persistent memory in this kinetic. Here, we applied the R/S analysis to the opening and closing dwell time series obtained from simulated data from a chaotic model proposed by L. Liebovitch and T. Toth [J. Theor. Biol. 148, 243 (1991)] and we show that this chaotic model or any model that treats the set of channel openings and closings as independent events is inadequate to describe the long-term correlation (memory) already described for the experimental data. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Mn-doped cubic BN as an atomiclike memory device: A density functional study

We investigate the electronic properties of Mn(B) substitutional doping in cubic boron nitride (BN), for different charge states, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that the neutral Mn has a nonmagnetic ground state (S=0). Upon charge injection, it is unambiguously shown that the Mn(B)(-) has a high-spin configuration with a strong, localized magnetic moment of 5 mu(Bohr). We developed a simple model, parameterized by the DFT results, that allows us to interpret the rules played by the crystal-field and exchange-correlation splitting in the magnetization process.

Random perturbations of stochastic processes with unbounded variable length memory

We consider binary infinite order stochastic chains perturbed by a random noise. This means that at each time step, the value assumed by the chain can be randomly and independently flipped with a small fixed probability. We show that the transition probabilities of the perturbed chain are uniformly close to the corresponding transition probabilities of the original chain. As a consequence, in the case of stochastic chains with unbounded but otherwise finite variable length memory, we show that it is possible to recover the context tree of the original chain, using a suitable version of the algorithm Context, provided that the noise is small enough.