Hypothesis on immigration and welfare

The number of hypothesis trying to explain which are the reasons behind the decision to migrate to work into a developed country are diverse and at the same time, difficult to test due to the multiplicity of factors which affect it. This papers attempts to move forward trying to disentangle which are the socio-economic factors that explain the differences in the figures of immigrants in the OECD countries. We show empirical evidence about the determinants of the migratory flows to 17 OECD countries from 65 countries in the 1980-2000 period. Our results reveal the importance to differentiate the inflows composition by at least income in the origin countries. Thus, regarding inflows from non-high-income countries, the results suggest that there is a pull effect from monetary and not real income, and then, the welfare magnets hypothesis should be rejected. This group reacts more to the migratory policy than the inflows coming from high-income countries, although those policies designed to slow down the inflows have not been able, in the aggregate, to reduce them.

Análisis y evolución de los procesos migratorios internacionales : el caso de Colombia y Estados Unidos desde 2000 hasta 2005 a la luz de sus agendas políticas internacionales

Este escrito realiza un estudio de los procesos migratorios entre Colombia y Estados Unidos desde el 2000 hasta el 2005, determinando los principales patrones que han promovido dichos movimientos a la luz de aspectos políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales.

Cooperación colombo - canadiense en materia migratoria : periodo 2000 – 2005

Aquí se explicara cuales han sido los cambios surgidos en las relaciones bilaterales entre Colombia y Canadá a partir del incremento del flujo migratorio colombiano durante el periodo 2000 - 2005. Dividido en causas socio-económicas, acuerdos bilaterales, cambios en las políticas migratorias.

Análisis de las relaciones bilaterales entre Francia y Argelia, antes y después de la Declaración de Argel de 2002 (1997-2007)

En este caso de estudio se analiza las relaciones bilaterales entre Francia y Argelia basadas en los procesos migratorios dados entre estos dos países que dio paso a la ampliación de los temas incluidos en la agenda política como son la migración unido a la seguridad. Ampliando de esta manera los objetivos de la política migratoria y reforzando los controles fronterizos. Igualmente se vincula la migración con la cooperación y el desarrollo político, social, económico y cultural. Esto para obtener una movilidad migratoria más organizada y gestionada a través de las políticas migratorias y de seguridad para responder así a las necesidades tanto del país de origen de los migrantes (Argelia) como al país de acogida (Francia). Francia da apoyo a reformas políticas y económicas implementadas por Argelia, siendo una asociación que busca ventajas mutuas que permitan la definición y profundización de las relaciones bilaterales basadas en lo social, político y económico.

Análisis de las relaciones bilaterales entre España y Marruecos en materia de cooperación migratoria durante los periodos presidenciales de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. 2004-2011

La presente monografía tiene como objetivo principal analizar de qué manera los flujos migratorios irregulares provenientes de Marruecos han incidido en la formulación de políticas migratorias bilaterales entre España y Marruecos durante los periodos presidenciales de José Luis Rodriguéz Zapatero. 2004-2011

La política migratoria de los estados receptores de la migración centroamericana el caso de México y Estados Unidos

 El presente escrito aborda la situación de la migración humana por razones de trabajo hacia países cercanos o fronterizos, los cuales ofrecen un panorama económico y de oportunidades mejor que el del país de origen. Esto ha dado lugar a una serie de fenómenos sociales que comprenden aspectos no solo laborales sino incluyen también comerciales, legales, políticos y de derechos humanos en medio de los cuales son los trabajadores mismos los más afectados.  The present text addresses to show the situation of human migration due to labour reasons towards near or border countries, theses countries offer an economic and opportunity panorama better than the origin countries. This has allowed a series of social phenomena that include labour, commercial, legal, political and human rights aspects, in the middle of which the workers are the most affected.

La política del gobierno mexicano frente al fenómeno migratorio

El objetivo de la presente ponencia es evidenciar cómo la falta de una política migratoria ha afectado las relaciones de México con otros países, principalmente los centroamericanos, por los diferentes intereses que pretende resguardar: el respeto a los derechos humanos de los extranjeros y la prohibición de transitar para las personas indocumentadas. De esta manera, se demuestra la necesidad imperante de que el gobierno mexicano cuente con una política sólida la cual incida de manera positiva en cada uno de los flujos migratorios con los que se ve afectado México al ser un país de origen, tránsito y destino.This article aims to highlight that the lack of a migratory policy affects Mexican foreign affairs, especially with Central American countries, due to different interests in stake that it looks to safeguard such as foreigners human rights respect and the proscription of transit for undocumented people. It is obvious that Mexican Government needs to adopt a well grounded foreign policy with positive impact in each of the migratory flows currently affecting México, since it is a starting point, transit and destination country.

Environmental Degradation, Climate Change and Migration: from Research to Policy-Making. IES Policy Brief Issue 2013/08/September 2013

Summary. In recent months, the migratory impacts of environmental degradation and climate change have gained increased worldwide attention. In response to the publication of the EC Staff Working Document on Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration, this policy brief critically outlines current themes and issues that surround this global phenomenon, specifically the findings of current international research which frame the discussions on terminology and current legal, political and institutional conceptual debates. Several proposals were put forward during a Policy Forum in January 2013. Firstly, there is a need for tailored and actionable research outputs that take into account political pressures and realities on the ground. Secondly, migration and climate policies would be clearly boosted through the elaboration of a common policy-oriented research agenda of which elements were put forward at the event. Finally, efficient communication tools and channels could be developed to transfer research findings to policy-makers.

Interaction Between Fiscal And Monetary Policy In A Dynamic Nonlinear Model.

The objective of this study is to verify the dynamics between fiscal policy, measured by public debt, and monetary policy, measured by a reaction function of a central bank. Changes in monetary policies due to deviations from their targets always generate fiscal impacts. We examine two policy reaction functions: the first related to inflation targets and the second related to economic growth targets. We find that the condition for stable equilibrium is more restrictive in the first case than in the second. We then apply our simulation model to Brazil and United Kingdom and find that the equilibrium is unstable in the Brazilian case but stable in the UK case.

Hegemonia e contra-hegemonia na construção de políticas de esporte e lazer : a experiência do Consórcio Brasília = Hegemony and counter-hegemony in the process of sport and leisure policy-making : the experience of the Consortium Brasilia

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Brazilian foreign policy: Old and new paths as regards institutional aspects, multilateralism and foreign policy towards the South

This paper emphasizes the important changes in Brazilian foreign policy after Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva took tip the power in 2002. The paper defends the idea that it is not possible to argue that there were deep changes in comparison to Cardoso's administration. However, evidence shows that new things are happening as regards the design of a more active and clear foreign action line which led to institutional changes and to more incisive multilateral paths. This results both from the political profile of the direct operators of foreign policy and the aims of lite presidential diplomacy, The hypothesis dealt with on this paper consists on the fact that Lula's administration has not fully broken with the old administration practices, however the aims of global and regional integration are being plotted more clearly and with a higher degree of activism. This becomes clear in three aspects of the Brazilian foreign policy: the institutional framework, the practice of multilateralism and the foreign policy towards the South, the three topics analyzed in this paper.

Cost risk benefit analysis to support chemoprophylaxis policy for travellers to malaria endemic countries

Background: In a number of malaria endemic regions, tourists and travellers face a declining risk of travel associated malaria, in part due to successful malaria control. Many millions of visitors to these regions are recommended, via national and international policy, to use chemoprophylaxis which has a well recognized morbidity profile. To evaluate whether current malaria chemo-prophylactic policy for travellers is cost effective when adjusted for endemic transmission risk and duration of exposure. a framework, based on partial cost-benefit analysis was used Methods: Using a three component model combining a probability component, a cost component and a malaria risk component, the study estimated health costs avoided through use of chemoprophylaxis and costs of disease prevention (including adverse events and pre-travel advice for visits to five popular high and low malaria endemic regions) and malaria transmission risk using imported malaria cases and numbers of travellers to malarious countries. By calculating the minimal threshold malaria risk below which the economic costs of chemoprophylaxis are greater than the avoided health costs we were able to identify the point at which chemoprophylaxis would be economically rational. Results: The threshold incidence at which malaria chemoprophylaxis policy becomes cost effective for UK travellers is an accumulated risk of 1.13% assuming a given set of cost parameters. The period a travellers need to remain exposed to achieve this accumulated risk varied from 30 to more than 365 days, depending on the regions intensity of malaria transmission. Conclusions: The cost-benefit analysis identified that chemoprophylaxis use was not a cost-effective policy for travellers to Thailand or the Amazon region of Brazil, but was cost-effective for travel to West Africa and for those staying longer than 45 days in India and Indonesia.

Risk-based decision making method for maintenance policy selection of thermal power plant equipment

This study presents a decision-making method for maintenance policy selection of power plants equipment. The method is based on risk analysis concepts. The method first step consists in identifying critical equipment both for power plant operational performance and availability based on risk concepts. The second step involves the proposal of a potential maintenance policy that could be applied to critical equipment in order to increase its availability. The costs associated with each potential maintenance policy must be estimated, including the maintenance costs and the cost of failure that measures the critical equipment failure consequences for the power plant operation. Once the failure probabilities and the costs of failures are estimated, a decision-making procedure is applied to select the best maintenance policy. The decision criterion is to minimize the equipment cost of failure, considering the costs and likelihood of occurrence of failure scenarios. The method is applied to the analysis of a lubrication oil system used in gas turbines journal bearings. The turbine has more than 150 MW nominal output, installed in an open cycle thermoelectric power plant. A design modification with the installation of a redundant oil pump is proposed for lubricating oil system availability improvement. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Policy Iteration Algorithm for Average Continuous Control of Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes

The main goal of this paper is to apply the so-called policy iteration algorithm (PIA) for the long run average continuous control problem of piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMP`s) taking values in a general Borel space and with compact action space depending on the state variable. In order to do that we first derive some important properties for a pseudo-Poisson equation associated to the problem. In the sequence it is shown that the convergence of the PIA to a solution satisfying the optimality equation holds under some classical hypotheses and that this optimal solution yields to an optimal control strategy for the average control problem for the continuous-time PDMP in a feedback form.

Forest Policy Reform in Brazil

Rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, caused by economic, social, and policy factors, has focused global and national attention on protecting this valuable forest resource. In response, Brazil reformed its federal forest laws in 2006, creating new regulatory, development, and incentive policy instruments and institutions. Federal forestry responsibilities are maintained within the ministry of the environment; its regulatory agency responsibilities are divided among three different branches of the agency; many powers are delegated to states and municipalities; and a new private concession system is being developed. These reforms offer promise to improve forest protection and management in Brazil but must overcome significant institutional and social resistance for success.