Album del centenario de Melgar.

Mode of access: Internet.

Correspondance de Lecoz & de Gregoire (1801-1815) ;

Bibliographical footnotes.

Correspondance de Le Coz, évêque constitutionnel d'Ille-et-Vilaine:

Mode of access: Internet.

Taxonomic comments and an identification key to species for the Smooth-hound sharks genus Mustelus Link, 1790 (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) from the Western South Atlantic.

Five species of smooth-hound sharks genus Mustelus (Family Triakidae) are know in the western South Atlantic, as follows: Mustelus canis (Mitchell 1815); Mustelus fasciatus (Garman 1913); Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe 1963; Mustelus norrisi Springer 1939; and Mustelus schmitti Springer 1939. In the present paper, new data on the anatomy, morphometrics and meristic characters are given. Taxonomic aspects and comparison between the species are discussed. Most general body morphologic measurements and proportions are useless as a tool for species identification, since many of them show remarkable intraspecific variations. Head proportions and structures related seem to be a more adequate procedure to identify the species of Mustelus. The labial folds proportions, internasal distance and orbit diameter were the most useful character to separate the western South Atlantic species. The buccopharingeal pattern of denticles as well as tooth counts not was useful to distinguish the Mustelus species from western South Atlantic adequately, due great intraspecific variation.

Revisão taxonômica do gênero Mustelus Link, 1790 do Brasil (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Triakidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Letter from John Avery to Cotton Tufts, 1790 April 9

A handwritten invitation from John Avery to Cotton Tufts for a meeting of the Harvard Board of Overseers' "Committee to enquire into the state of the College" on April 13, 1790.

Histoire du Congrès de Vienne : acte general du 9 juin 1815, annexes etc. /

Contiene: t. 2, t. 3.

Historical & literary memoirs and anecdotes, selected from the correspondence of Baron de Grimm and Diderot with the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, and many other distinguished persons, between the years of 1753 and 1790.

Translated by Robert Bland and Anne Plumptre.

Inventaire sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790 : Côte-d'Or : Archives civiles, séries D & E /

t. 1. Instruction publique, sciences et arts. Féodalité, communes, bourgeoisie et familles.

Tarifa o regulación de los precios de los medicamentos simples y compuestos que se despachan en las boticas de estos reinos para el uso médico : impresa en el año de 1790 con arreglo a la Farmacopea de Madrid, y reimpresa /

Mode of access: Internet.

Inventaire-sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790 : Côte-d'Or : Archives civiles, série C /

Introduction aux tomes III et IV (fonds Et́ats du duche d́e Bourgogne) par Joseph Garnier. Dijon, Imp. Bernigaud et Privat, 1959" (lvi p.) inserted at beginning of t.3.

Inventaire sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790, Côte d'Or : Archives civiles,

Vol. 2 edited by MM. Rossignol et Garnier; v. 3-6 edited by M. Jh. Garnier.

Inventaire-sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790 : Manche.

Vol. 2 has imprint: Saint-Lô, Impr. de Basee-Normandie E. Enault.

Across the Oceans : Development of Overseas Business Information Transmission, 1815-1875

Earlier studies have shown that the speed of information transmission developed radically during the 19th century. The fast development was mainly due to the change from sailing ships and horse-driven coaches to steamers and railways, as well as the telegraph. Speed of information transmission has normally been measured by calculating the duration between writing and receiving a letter, or between an important event and the time when the news was published elsewhere. As overseas mail was generally carried by ships, the history of communications and maritime history are closely related. This study also brings a postal historical aspect to the academic discussion. Additionally, there is another new aspect included. In business enterprises, information flows generally consisted of multiple transactions. Although fast one-way information was often crucial, e.g. news of a changing market situation, at least equally important was that there was a possibility to react rapidly. To examine the development of business information transmission, the duration of mail transport has been measured by a systematic and commensurable method, using consecutive information circles per year as the principal tool for measurement. The study covers a period of six decades, several of the world's most important trade routes and different mail-carrying systems operated by merchant ships, sailing packets and several nations' steamship services. The main sources have been the sailing data of mail-carrying ships and correspondence of several merchant houses in England. As the world's main trade routes had their specific historical backgrounds with different businesses, interests and needs, the systems for information transmission did not develop similarly or simultaneously. It was a process lasting several decades, initiated by the idea of organizing sailings in a regular line system. The evolution proceeded generally as follows: originally there was a more or less irregular system, then a regular system and finally a more frequent regular system of mail services. The trend was from sail to steam, but both these means of communication improved following the same scheme. Faster sailings alone did not radically improve the number of consecutive information circles per year, if the communication was not frequent enough. Neither did improved frequency advance the information circulation if the trip was very long or if the sailings were overlapping instead of complementing each other. The speed of information transmission could be improved by speeding up the voyage itself (technological improvements, minimizing the waiting time at ports of call, etc.) but especially by organizing sailings so that the recipients had the possibility to reply to arriving mails without unnecessary delay. It took two to three decades before the mail-carrying shipping companies were able to organize their sailings in an optimal way. Strategic shortcuts over isthmuses (e.g. Panama, Suez) together with the cooperation between steamships and railways enabled the most effective improvements in global communications before the introduction of the telegraph.