Contraction of the human diaphragm during rapid postural adjustments

1. The response of the diaphragm to the postural perturbation produced by rapid flexion of the shoulder to a visual stimulus was evaluated in standing subjects. Gastric, oesophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressures were measured together with intramuscular and oesophageal recordings of electromyographic activity (EMG) in the diaphragm. To assess the mechanics of contraction of the diaphragm, dynamic changes in the length of the diaphragm were measured with ultrasonography. 2. With rapid flexion of the shoulder in response to a visual stimulus, EMG-activity in the costal and crural diaphragm occurred about 20 ms prior to the onset of deltoid EMG. This anticipatory contraction occurred irrespective of the phase of respiration in which arm movement began. The onset of diaphragm EMG-coincided with that of transversus abdominis. 3. Gastric and transdiaphragmatic pressures increased in association with the rapid arm flexion by 13.8 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- S.E.M.) and 13.5 +/- 1.8 cmH(2)O, respectively. The increases occurred 49 +/- 4 ms after the onset of diaphragm EMG, but preceded the onset of movement of the limb by 63 +/- 7 ms. 4. Ultrasonographic measurements revealed that the costal diaphragm shortened and then lengthened progressively during the increase in transdiaphragmatic pressure. 5. This study provides definitive evidence that the human diaphragm is involved in the control of postural stability during sudden voluntary movement of the limbs.

Control of respiration in fish, amphibians and reptiles

Fish and amphibians utilise a suction/force pump to ventilate gills or lungs, with the respiratory muscles innervated by cranial nerves, while reptiles have a thoracic, aspiratory pump innervated by spinal nerves. However, fish can recruit a hypobranchial pump for active jaw occlusion during hypoxia, using feeding muscles innervated by anterior spinal nerves. This same pump is used to ventilate the air-breathing organ in air-breathing fishes. Some reptiles retain a buccal force pump for use during hypoxia or exercise. All vertebrates have respiratory rhythm generators (RRG) located in the brainstem. In cyclostomes and possibly jawed fishes, this may comprise elements of the trigeminal nucleus, though in the latter group RRG neurons have been located in the reticular formation. In air-breathing fishes and amphibians, there may be separate RRG for gill and lung ventilation. There is some evidence for multiple RRG in reptiles. Both amphibians and reptiles show episodic breathing patterns that may be centrally generated, though they do respond to changes in oxygen supply. Fish and larval amphibians have chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen partial pressure located on the gills. Hypoxia induces increased ventilation and a reflex bradycardia and may trigger aquatic surface respiration or air-breathing, though these latter activities also respond to behavioural cues. Adult amphibians and reptiles have peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid arteries and central chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels. Lung perfusion may be regulated by cardiac shunting and lung ventilation stimulates lung stretch receptors.

The autonomic control and functional significance of the changes in heart rate associated with air breathing in the jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

The jeju is a teleost fish with bimodal respiration that utilizes a modified swim bladder as an air-breathing organ (ABO). Like all air-breathing fish studied to date, jeju exhibit pronounced changes in heart rate (f(H)) during air-breathing events, and it is believed that these may facilitate oxygen uptake (M-O2) from the ABO. The current study employed power spectral analysis (PSA) of f(H) patterns, coupled with instantaneous respirometry, to investigate the autonomic control of these phenomena and their functional significance for the efficacy of air breathing. The jeju obtained less than 5% of total M-O2 (M-tO2) from air breathing in normoxia at 26 degrees C, and PSA of beat-to-beat variability in fH revealed a pattern similar to that of unimodal water-breathing fish. In deep aquatic hypoxia (water P-O2=1 kPa) the jeju increased the frequency of air breathing (f(AB)) tenfold and maintained M-tO2 unchanged from normoxia. This was associated with a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV), each air breath (AB) being preceded by a brief bradycardia and then followed by a brief tachycardia. These f(H) changes are qualitatively similar to those associated with breathing in unimodal air-breathing vertebrates. Within 20 heartbeats after the AB, however, a beat-to-beat variability in f(H) typical of water-breathing fish was re-established. Pharmacological blockade revealed that both adrenergic and cholinergic tone increased simultaneously prior to each AB, and then decreased after it. However, modulation of inhibitory cholinergic tone was responsible for the major proportion of HRV, including the precise beat-to-beat modulation of f(H) around each AB. Pharmacological blockade of all variations in f(H) associated with air breathing in deep hypoxia did not, however, have a significant effect upon f(AB) or the regulation of M-tO2. Thus, the functional significance of the profound HRV during air breathing remains a mystery.

Control of respiration in fish, amphibians and reptiles

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Strength of the Iberian intraplate lithosphere: Cenozoic deformations and seismicity

Previous studies about the strength of the lithosphere in the Iberia centre fail to resolve the depth of earthquakes because of the rheological uncertainties. Therefore, new contributions are considered (the crustal structure from a density model) and several parameters (tectonic regime, mantle rheology, strain rate) are checked in this paper to properly examine the role of lithospheric strength in the intraplate seismicity and the Cenozoic evolution. The strength distribution with depth, the integrated strength, the effective elastic thickness and the seismogenic thickness have been calculated by a finite element modelling of the lithosphere across the Central System mountain range and the bordering Duero and Madrid sedimentary basins. Only a dry mantle under strike-slip/extension and a strain rate of 10-15 s-1, or under extension and 10-16 s-1, causes a strong lithosphere. The integrated strength and the elastic thickness are lower in the mountain chain than in the basins. These anisotropies have been maintained since the Cenozoic and determine the mountain uplift and the biharmonic folding of the Iberian lithosphere during the Alpine deformations. The seismogenic thickness bounds the seismic activity in the upper–middle crust, and the decreasing crustal strength from the Duero Basin towards the Madrid Basin is related to a parallel increase in Plio–Quaternary deformations and seismicity. However, elasto–plastic modelling shows that current African–Eurasian convergence is resolved elastically or ductilely, which accounts for the low seismicity recorded in this region.

The urbanization of the Negro church in Detroit; second semester report to the Earhart Foundation for Community Leadership per Dr. R. D. McKenzie.

"This report is the result of field work done among twelve Spiritualist churches ... 1934-1935."--p. [1]

Représentation d'un polynôme par un circuit arithmétique et chaînes additives

Un circuit arithmétique dont les entrées sont des entiers ou une variable x et dont les portes calculent la somme ou le produit représente un polynôme univarié. On assimile la complexité de représentation d'un polynôme par un circuit arithmétique au nombre de portes multiplicatives minimal requis pour cette modélisation. Et l'on cherche à obtenir une borne inférieure à cette complexité, et cela en fonction du degré d du polynôme. A une chaîne additive pour d, correspond un circuit arithmétique pour le monôme de degré d. La conjecture de Strassen prétend que le nombre minimal de portes multiplicatives requis pour représenter un polynôme de degré d est au moins la longueur minimale d'une chaîne additive pour d. La conjecture de Strassen généralisée correspondrait à la même proposition lorsque les portes du circuit arithmétique ont degré entrant g au lieu de 2. Le mémoire consiste d'une part en une généralisation du concept de chaînes additives, et une étude approfondie de leur construction. On s'y intéresse d'autre part aux polynômes qui peuvent être représentés avec très peu de portes multiplicatives (les d-gems). On combine enfin les deux études en lien avec la conjecture de Strassen. On obtient en particulier de nouveaux cas de circuits vérifiant la conjecture.

Complexité raffinée du problème d'intersection d'automates

Le problème d'intersection d'automates consiste à vérifier si plusieurs automates finis déterministes acceptent un mot en commun. Celui-ci est connu PSPACE-complet (resp. NL-complet) lorsque le nombre d'automates n'est pas borné (resp. borné par une constante). Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions la complexité du problème d'intersection d'automates pour plusieurs types de langages et d'automates tels les langages unaires, les automates à groupe (abélien), les langages commutatifs et les langages finis. Nous considérons plus particulièrement le cas où chacun des automates possède au plus un ou deux états finaux. Ces restrictions permettent d'établir des liens avec certains problèmes algébriques et d'obtenir une classification intéressante de problèmes d'intersection d'automates à l'intérieur de la classe P. Nous terminons notre étude en considérant brièvement le cas où le nombre d'automates est fixé.

Analyse de la propriété d'incrémentalité dans le modèle de calcul du programme de branchement

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Unfavorable Outcomes During Treatment Of Multiple Sclerosis With High Doses Of Vitamin D.

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Caracterização físico-química de filmes comestíveis de amido adicionado de acerola (Malphigia emarginata D.C.)

Edibles films are an alternative to synthetic materials used for packing food products. Barbados cherry is rich in vitamin C and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to characterize and develop films by casting from cassava starch, lyophilized Barbados cherry pulp and glycerol. The films were characterized with respect to thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility, vitamin C, carotene and mechanical properties. The interaction of pulp and glycerol reduced film thickness. An increase in pulp concentration up to 60% increased WVP but beyond this concentration reduced both WVP and solubility leading to an increased level of vitamin C and β carotene in the films.