Transverse maxillary and mandibular growth during and after Bionator therapy: study with metallic implants

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated posteroanterior cephalograms before and after treatment and long term follow-up of Class II division 1 patients treated with bionator. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to demonstrate the transverse growth of maxilla and mandible during and after bionator therapy. METHODS: Measurement of transverse dimensions between posterior maxillary and mandibular implants, as well as the distances between the buccal, gonial and antegonial points were recorded. Measurements were analyzed at three periods: T1 = before bionator therapy, T2 = after bionator therapy and T3 = 5.74 years after T2. RESULTS: There was statistically significant transverse increase due to growth and/or treatment for all variables, except for the distance between the anterior maxillary implants. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period only the anterior maxillary area did not show transverse growth.

Mandibular growth and dentoalveolar development in the treatment of Class II, division 1, malocclusion using Balters Bionator according to the skeletal maturation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the skeletal maturation in the mandibular and dentoalveolar growth and development during the Class II, division 1, malocclusion correction with Balters bionator. METHODS: Three groups of children with Class II, division 1, malocclusion were evaluated. Two of them were treated for one year with the bionator of Balters appliance in different skeletal ages (Group 1: 6 children, 7 to 8 years old and Group 2: 10 children, 9 to 10 years old) and the other one was followed without treatment (Control Group: 7 children, 8 to 9 years old). Lateral 45 degree cephalometric radiographs were used for the evaluation of the mandibular growth and dentoalveolar development. Tantalum metallic implants were used as fixed and stable references for radiograph superimposition and data acquisition. Student's t test was used in the statistical analysis of the displacement of the points in the condyle, ramus, mandibular base and dental points. Analysis of variance one-fixed criteria was used to evaluate group differences (95% of level of significance). RESULTS: The intragroup evaluation showed that all groups present significant skeletal growth for all points analyzed (1.2 to 3.7 mm), but in an intergroup comparison, the increment of the mandibular growth in the condyle, ramus and mandibular base were not statically different. For the dentoalveolar modifications, the less mature children showed greater labial inclination of the lower incisors (1.86 mm) and the most mature children showed greater first permanent molar extrusion (4.8 mm).

A Longitudinal Study of Mandibular Growth Rotation

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Certificate in Orthodontics, Dept. of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 1977

Influence of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage

At the end of the last century, a model to explain clinical observations related to the mandibular growth was developed. According to it, the lateral pterigoid muscle (LPM) was one of the main modulators of the differentiation of mesenquimal cells inside the condyle to condroblasts or osteoblasts, and therefore of the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage (CCM). The main components of the model were the humoral and the mechanical. Nowadays, the humoral would include growth factors such as IGF-I, FGF-2 and VEGF, which seem to be involved in mandibular growth. Since skeletal muscle can secrete these growth factors, there is a possibility that LPM modulates the growth of CCM by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism. The mechanical component derived from the observations that both the blood flow inside the temporomandibular joint (ATM) and the action of the retrodiscal pad on the growth of the CCM, depend, in part, on the contractile activity of the LPM. Despite the fact that there are some results suggesting  hat LPM is activated under conditions of mandibular protrusion, there is no full agreement on whether this can stimulate the growth of CCM. In this review, the contributions and limitations of the works related to mandibular growth are discussed and a model which integrates the available information to explain the role of the LPM in the growth of the CCM is proposed.

Influence of growth hormone on the mandibular condylar cartilage of rats

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates mandibular growth but its effect on the mandibular condylar cartilage is not well. understood. Objective: This study was designed to understand the influence of GH on mitotic activity and on chondrocytes maturation. The effect of GH on cartilage thickness was also determined. Design: An animal model witt differences in GH status was determined by comparing mutant Lewis dwarf rats with reduced pituitary GH synthesis (dwarf), with normal rats and dwarf animals treated with GH. Six dwarf rats were injected with GH for 6 days, while other six normal rats and six dwarf rats composed other two groups. Mandibular condylar tissues were processed and stained for Herovici's stain and immunohistochemistry, for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Measurements of cartilage thickness as well as the numbers of immunopositive cells for each antibody were analysed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: Cartilage thickness was significantly reduced in the dwarf animals treated with GH. PCNA expression was significant lower in the dwarf rats, but significantly increased when these animals were treated with GH. ALP expression was significant higher in the dwarf animals, while it was significantly reduced in the dwarf animals treated with GH. Conclusions: The results from this study showed that GH stimulates mitotic activity and delays cartilage cells maturation in the mandibular condyte. This effect at the cellular Level may produce changes in the cartilage thickness. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do crescimento mandibular e desenvolvimento dentário em crianças com má oclusão de Classe II, Divisão 1, naturais e induzidos pelo tratamento ortopédico com o Bionator de Balters

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo cefalométrico com implantes metálicos dos efeitos do aparelho Bionator de Balters no desenvolvimento esquelético maxilo-mandibular durante o tratamento da má oclusão classe II divisão 1

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOAR

Comparaison des effets sur la croissance des maxillaires de l'utilisation du Forsus® versus celle des élastiques de classe II

Objectif : Évaluer les effets sur la croissance des maxillaires, ainsi que les effets dentaires, de l'utilisation du Forsus versus celle des élastiques de classe II. Matériel et méthode : Un échantillon de 30 patients a été traité sans extraction et a eu une phase d'alignement préliminaire avec appareillage orthodontique fixe complet. Vingt-trois (23) patients (14 filles, 9 garçons) ont été traités à l'aide de Forsus (âge moyen : 13,4 ans) et 7 patients (4 filles, 3 garçons) ont été traités avec des élastiques de classe II (âge moyen : 14,3 ans). Une radiographie céphalométrique a été prise à la fin de la phase d'alignement, juste avant la mise en place de l'appareil myofonctionnel choisi, et une autre au moment de l'enlèvement de l'appareil (temps de port moyen : 0,5 an). Les radiographies ont ensuite été tracées à l'aveugle et 17 mesures ont été sélectionnées pour évaluer l'effet des appareils sur les maxillaires (ANS-PNS, SNA, SNB, ANB, Go-Pg, Ar-Go, Co-Gn, axe Y, Ar-Gn, Ar-Go-Me, FMA, POF/FH, PP/FH, B-Pg(PM), 1/-FH, 1/-/1, /1-PM). Un questionnaire pour évaluer le confort face à leur appareil a été remis aux patients à environ la moitié du temps de port estimé. Résultats : Il n'y a aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les deux traitements sur la croissance du maxillaire (ANS-PNS p = 0,93, SNA p = 0,12). De façon générale, il n'y a pas non plus de différence significative entre les deux traitements sur la croissance de la mandibule (Ar-Gn p = 0,03, SNB p = 0,02 et pour les 6 autres mesures p > 0,05). Pour la composante dento-alvéolaire, les deux traitements proclinent les incisives inférieures et rétroclinent les incisives supérieures, le Forsus causant une plus forte rétroclinaison des incisives supérieures (1/-FH p = 0,007, /1-PM p = 0,10). Pour les changements angulaires des plans, le Forsus cause de manière significative une augmentation de l’inclinaison du plan occlusal (POF/FH p = 0,001). Pour le questionnaire sur l'évaluation du confort, il n'y a pas de différence entre les deux traitements en ce qui concerne la gêne face aux activités quotidiennes (p = 0,19). L'hygiène est plus facile avec les élastiques (p = 0,03). Le sommeil n’est perturbé par aucun des appareils (p =0,76). La différence entre le groupe «élastiques» et le groupe «Forsus» pour le confort en général n'est pas significative (p = 0,08). Conclusions : Le but de l’étude étant de vérifier l’efficacité des élastiques de classe II bien portés versus celle des Forsus, on peut conclure que leurs effets sont relativement similaires sur les maxillaires. Cependant, le Forsus cause de manière statistiquement significative une augmentation de l'angle du plan occlusal et une rétroclinaison plus importante des incisives supérieures.

Étude pilote des effets du Tandem Forsus Maxillary Corrector sur la croissance des maxillaires

Objectif : Récemment, un nouvel appareil issu de la technologie du Forsus™ et visant à corriger les malocclusions de classe III a été mis sur le marché et se popularise dans la pratique orthodontique : le Tandem Forsus Maxillary Corrector (TFMC). L’objectif de la présente étude est de mesurer les effets squelettiques, l’influence réelle sur la croissance, et les effets dento-alvéolaires du port du TFMC. Matériel et méthodes : 14 patients présentant une malocclusion de classe III (âge moyen de 9 ans 6 mois) traités par le même orthodontiste ont participé à cette étude prospective. Le groupe consiste en 10 garçons et 4 filles. Le Tandem Forsus Maxillary Corrector est porté de 12 à 14 heures par jour jusqu’à l’obtention d’une surcorrection du surplomb horizontal et une relation dentaire de classe I. Le traitement est généralement d’une durée de 8 à 9 mois. Des radiographies céphalométriques latérales prises avant (T1) et après (T2) le traitement ont été analysées afin de déterminer les changements dentaires et squelettiques. Les résultats ont été comparés à un groupe contrôle composé de 42 enfants provenant du Centre de croissance de l’Université de Montréal. Les radiographies ont été tracées et analysées de manière aveugle à l’aide du logiciel Dolphin Imaging (ver 11.0, Patterson Dental, Chatsworth, California). L’erreur sur la méthode a été évaluée avec la formule de Dahlberg, le coefficient de corrélation intra-classe et l’indice de Bland-Altman. L’effet du traitement a été évalué à l’aide du test t pour échantillons appariés. L’effet de la croissance pour le groupe contrôle a été calculé à l’aide d’un test t pour échantillons indépendants. Résultats : L’utilisation du TFMC produit un mouvement antérieur et une rotation antihoraire du maxillaire. De plus, il procline les incisives supérieures et rétrocline les incisives inférieures. Une rotation antihoraire du plan occlusal contribue aussi à la correction de la malocclusion de classe III. Par contre, le TFMC ne semble pas avoir pour effet de restreindre la croissance mandibulaire. Conclusion : La présente étude tend à démontrer que le port de l’appareil TFMC a un effet orthopédique et dento-alvéolaire significatif lors du traitement correctif des malocclusions modérées de classe III.

La croissance maxillaire et mandibulaire et l’apnée du sommeil chez les enfants présentant une séquence de Pierre Robin

Introduction : La croissance maxillo-mandibulaire des enfants avec une séquence de Pierre Robin (SPR) est controversée dans la littérature. Certains auteurs croient que la croissance mandibulaire est accélérée après la naissance, mais peu se sont penchés sur la croissance du maxillaire supérieur. Cette étude rétrospective sur dossier vise à analyser la croissance maxillo-mandibulaire des enfants atteints de la SPR. Dans un deuxième temps, nous aurions aimé évaluer la sévérité et l’évolution de l’apnée du sommeil en lien avec la croissance des maxillaires, mais un manque de données a empêché l’atteinte de cet objectif. Matériel et méthode : Les dossiers médicaux et orthodontiques de 93 patients (82 volet apnée et 40 volet croissance) du CHU Ste-Justine avec une SPR isolée ont été révisés puis comparés au groupe contrôle composé d’enfants normaux de l’Université du Michigan. L’analyse statistique de modèle mixte pour mesures répétées de même que celle de Brunner-Langer furent effectuées. Résultats : L’évaluation orthodontique a montré un changement statistiquement significatif pour la relation molaire droite, la présence de chevauchement et de diastème au maxillaire et le surplomb vertical. L’analyse des données céphalométriques nous montre que le maxillaire supérieur, la branche montante et le corps de la mandibule sont tous réduits par rapport à la normale. Ce dernier montre une diminution significative avec l’âge (p = 0,03). L’angle gonial, le SNA, SNB, ANB, l’angle de convexité faciale et l’inclinaison de l’incisive supérieure par rapport à FH sont tous normaux. Par contre, on remarque une augmentation statistiquement significative de cette dernière avec l’âge (p = 0,04). L’angle Y est augmenté tandis que les hauteurs faciales supérieure (HFS) et inférieure (HFI) sont diminuées bien que cette dernière montre une tendance à s’approcher de la normale avec l’âge (p ≤ 0,001). Discussion : Les dimensions des maxillaires sont similaires à plusieurs études. En ce qui concerne la mandibule, la croissance est soit plus lente, soit diminuée. Cette observation est plus marquée lorsque l’on s’approche du pic de croissance puisque l’écart par rapport à la normale s’agrandit. On voit une tendance à la croissance hyperdivergente qui pourrait expliquer l’augmentation de la HFI avec l’âge. Le fait que SNA et SNB soient dans la normale pourrait s’expliquer par une diminution de la longueur de la base crânienne. Conclusion : Il n’y a pas de rattrapage de croissance maxillaire et mandibulaire. Les maxillaires restent micrognathes quoique proportionnels l’un envers l’autre et le profil est convexe tout au long de la croissance. La comparaison des données céphalométriques et des traitements orthodontiques avec ceux des patients présentant une fente palatine isolée devrait se faire sous peu. Nous n’avons pas été en mesure d’atteindre nos objectifs concernant l’apnée du sommeil. Une étude prospective serait à prévoir pour y arriver.

Crescimento facial espontâneo Padrão II: estudo cefalométrico longitudinal

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo cefalométrico longitudinal investigou as alterações espontâneas ocorridas em crianças com má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1, Padrão II. MÉTODOS: foram selecionadas 40 crianças, 20 meninos e 20 meninas, distribuídas na faixa etária compreendida entre 6 e 14 anos de idade. Para avaliar o comportamento das bases apicais, dos incisivos e do tecido mole, as seguintes grandezas cefalométricas foram mensuradas: SN.Ba, SNA, SNB, SND, SN.Pog, ANB, NAP, SN.PP, SN.GoGn, SN.Gn, Ar.Go.Gn, 1.PP, 1.NA, 1.SN, IMPA e ANL. As seguintes grandezas alcançaram significância estatística com o crescimento: SNB, SND,SN.Pog,ANB,NAP,SN.GoGn,SN.Gn,Ar.Go.Gn e IMPA. RESULTADOS: os resultados demonstraram que as principais alterações quantitativas registradas estavam relacionadas com o crescimento mandibular,independentemente do gênero. A mandíbula deslocou-se para frente, com tendência de rotação no sentido anti-horário e com conseqüente redução nos ângulos de convexidade facial. No entanto, as oscilações quantitativas nas grandezas cefalométricas não foram suficientes para mudar a morfologia dentofacial ao longo do período de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: conclui-se, portanto, que a morfologia facial é definida precocemente e é mantida, configurando o determinismo genético na determinação do arcabouço esquelético.

Comparative study of the Frankel (FR-2) and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the dentoalveolar and skeletal cephalometric changes produced by the Frankel (FR-2) and bionator appliances in persons with Class 11 malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms were available for 66 patients of both sexes, who were divided into 3 groups of 22. The control group included untreated Class 11 children, with an initial mean age of 8 years 7 months; they were followed without treatment for 13 months. The FR-2 appliance group had an initial mean age of 9 years; those children were treated for a mean period of 17 months. The bionator group initially had a mean age of 10 years 8 months; on average, they were treated for 16 months. The results demonstrated no significant changes in maxillary growth during the evaluation period. Both appliances showed statistically significant increases in mandibular growth and mandibular protrusion, with greater increases in patients treated in the bionator group. Both experimental groups showed an improvement in the maxillomandibular relationship. There were no significant changes in growth direction, while the bionator group had a greater increase in posterior facial height. Both appliances produced similar labial tipping and protrusion of the lower incisors, lingual inclination, retrusion of the upper incisors, and a significant increase in mandibular posterior dentoalveolar height. The major treatment effects of bionator and FR-2 appliances were dentoalveolar, with a smaller, but significant, skeletal effect.

Long-term effectiveness and treatment timing for bionator therapy

The aim of the present investigation was to provide information about the long-term effects and optimal timing for class-II treatment with the Bionator appliance. Lateral cephalograms of 23 class-II patients treated with the Bionator were analyzed at three time periods: T1, start of treatment; T2, end of Bionator therapy; and T3, long-term observation (after completion of growth). T3 includes a phase with fixed appliances. The treated sample was divided into two groups according to their skeletal maturity as evaluated by the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method. The early-treated group (13 subjects) initiated treatment before the peak in mandibular growth, which occurred after completion of Bionator therapy. The late-treated group (10 subjects) received Bionator treatment during the peak. The T1-T2, T2-T3, and T1-T3 changes in the treated groups were compared with changes in control groups of untreated class-II subjects by nonparametric statistics (P < .05). The findings of the present study on Bionator therapy followed by fixed appliances indicate that this treatment protocol is more effective and stable when it is performed during the pubertal growth spurt. Optimal timing to start treatment with the Bionator is when a concavity appears at the lower borders of the second and the third cervical vertebrae (CVMS 11). In the long term, the amount of significant supplementary elongation of the mandible in subjects treated during the pubertal peak is 5.1 mm more than in the controls, and it is associated with a backward direction of condylar growth. Significant increments in mandibular ramus height also were recorded.

Changes in facial morphology after adenotonsillectomy in mouth-breathing children

Background. Morphological and dentofacial alterations have been attributed to impaired respiratory function. Objective. To examine the influence of mouth breathing (MB) on children facial morphology before and after adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Methods. Thirty-three MB children who restored nasal breathing (NB) after surgery and 22 NB children were evaluated. Both groups were submitted to lateral cephalometry, at time 1 (T1) before and at time 2 (T2) 28months on average postoperatively. Results. Comparison between the MB and NB groups at T1 showed that mouth breathers had higher inclination of the mandibular plane; more obtuse gonial angle; dolichofacial morphology; and a decrease in the total and inferior posterior facial heights. Twenty-eight months after the MB surgical intervention, they still presented a dolichofacial morphologic pattern. During this period, MB altered the face growth direction and decreased their mandible plane inclination, with reduction in the SN.GoGn, PP.MP, SNGn, and ArGo.GoMe parameters as well as an increase in BaN.PtGn. Conclusion. After the MB rehabilitation, children between 3 and 6years old presented significant normalization in the mandibular growth direction, a decrease in the mandible inclination, and an increase in the posterior facial height. Instead, they still persisted with a dolichofacial pattern when compared with nasal breathers. © 2011 The Authors. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry © 2011 BSPD, IAPD and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Avaliação cefalométrica das alterações dentárias esqueléticas induzidas pelo uso do aparelho de Herbst no tratamento da má oclusão de classe II, divisão 1ª de Angle - Estudo longitudinal

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)