Competitividad Comercial del Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Mercado Centroamericano,2008-2013

El cultivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Centroamérica se concentra en pequeños y medianos productores que buscan acceder a nichos de mercados de cacao fino, por el cual adquieren mejores precios. El presente trabajo es una investigación no experimental de tipo descriptiva, el cual tiene por objetivo el análisis de la competitividad comercial del cacao, en el periodo 2008-2013 en el mercado centroamericano, destacándose la participación de Nicaragua en la producción de este rubro, comparando la participación de cada país en el comercio centroamericano de cacao, mediante el cálculo de indicadores de competitividad (Balanza comercial relativa y Especialización internacional) en este mercado. La metodología empleada para la realización del estudio fue la recolección de datos estadísticos relacionados a las áreas agrícolas, rendimientos, áreas cosechadas, producción y comercio de cacao en granos extraídos de las bases de datos de CEPAL, FAO, CETREX y SIECA, las que se utilizaron como insumo para elaborar bases de datos que fueron analizadas e interpretadas. Los resultados del estudio indican que Nicaragua posee la mayor área agrícola y obtiene la mayor cantidad de áreas cosechadas de cacao (6124.80 ha) mientras que Guatemala presenta los más altos rendimientos (2,655.87 kg/ha) y la mayor producción (10,808.73 t) de cacao en la región al ser favorecida por sus condiciones medioambientales. Nicaragua es el país más competitivo en el comercio centroamericano de cacao en grano al presentar los más altos indicadores de Balanza comercial relativa (1) y especialización internacional (0.85). Se concluye que Nicaragua aun cuando es superada en volumen de producción por Guatemala, tiene la capacidad de cubrir su demanda interna y exportar un alto excedente de su producción promedio (53%), de las cuales el (38%) están dirigidas al mercado centroamericano, esto demuestra que el país tiene alto grado de competitividad y vocación exportadora.

Antonomásias discursivas do nome próprio: uma abordagem semiótico-funcional e cognitiva

Nas gramáticas tradicionais da língua portuguesa, o estudo sobre a antonomásia, figura de linguagem que designa o processo de passagem de um nome próprio a um nome comum e vice-versa, é visto ora ligado ao conceito de metáfora, ora ligado à relação parte- todo, isto é, à metonímia. Na maioria das vezes, os exemplos mostrados nessas abordagens tradicionais estão descontextualizados, ou seja, não são retirados de um emprego discursivo- dialógico da língua. O principal objetivo desta tese é fazer uma reflexão sobre o potencial semiótico- funcional e cognitivo dos nomes próprios nas antonomásias discursivas, ou seja, aquelas que ainda não estão dicionarizadas, porque são temporárias, e, consequentemente, sua interpretação pertence ao âmbito do processamento discursivo. Tendo como base teórica a teoria dos Espaços Mentais em seu segundo momento, reconhecida como teoria da Integração Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002), e a teoria da Iconicidade Verbal, desenvolvida por Simões (2009), baseada nos estudos semióticos de Charles Sanders Peirce, analisar-se-ão, nesta tese, os seguintes aspectos do nome próprio nas antonomásias discursivas: a forma do nome próprio, ou seja, sua plasticidade, que é a característica central da iconicidade diagramática, e a iconicidade isotópica, que age como uma espécie de condutor temático para a formação de sentido de um texto. Esses dois tipos de iconicidade se inserem numa rede mais ampla de signos denominada iconicidade verbal, ou lexical (SIMÕES, 2004), que abrange efeitos tanto de ordem discursiva (discursivização) como de ordem estilística. Assim, ao se conceber o estudo das antonomásias discursivas do nome próprio em uma perspectiva semiótico- discursiva e cognitiva, ter-se-á dado mais um passo nos estudos dos itens lexicais que atuam como organizadores de sentido de um texto

Linking entrepreneural orientation to export performance: the role of intangible resources and dynamic capabilities

Understanding the determinants of international performance, and in particular, export performance is key for the success of international companies. Research in this area focuses mainly on how resources and capabilities allow companies to gain competitive advantage and superior performance in external markets. Building on the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Dynamic Capabilities Approach (DCA), this study aims at analysing the effect of intangible resources and capabilities on export performance. Specifically, this study focuses on the proposition that entrepreneurial orientation potentiates the attraction of intangible resources, namely relational and informational resources. Moreover, we propose that these resources impact export performance both directly and indirectly through dynamic capabilities.

O regresso do religioso : afirmação, crítica, subversão e profecia

Em sintonia com o espírito do sapere aude kantiano (ouse ou atreva-se a saber), mas tendo em Nietzsche e Heidegger a ausência de um centro absoluto ou o lieu vide que o iluminismo foi incapaz de domesticar, reconhecer e incarnar, este breve texto procura explicar o regresso do religioso, o seu significado e algumas das suas mais imediatas implicações políticas, sócio-económicas e teológicas, depois que este começou a ser debatido há cerca de duas décadas em Capri (Itália), e com uma constante referência ao pensamento de Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, e a alguns dos seus mais importante intérpretes, nestas áreas, como John D. Caputo, Jeremy Carrette e outros. Sem poder negar ou afirmar a possibilidade de Deus, o artigo sugere uma nova forma de conceber e de corporizar uma relação pós-moderna entre o humano e o divino, livre de qualquer dualismo, e manifesta numa constante afirmação e subversão de nós mesmos, pela prática do diálogo livre e aberto com o tout autre em cada rosto.

Recursive hierarchic segmentation analysis of bone mineral density changes on digital panoramic images

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Implementing the AIFMD: Success or failure? ECMI Commentary No. 34, 28 March 2013

This commentary considers the implementation of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) by the European Commission. The AIFMD creates an internal market for asset management and as an endeavour to develop market-based finance is an important piece of legislation for the European economy. The author, Mirzha de Manuel Aramendía, considers the implementation of some of the provisions that raised concern among industry participants. He finds that, on balance, a practical and flexible approach to implementation has been followed that should help secure the success of the framework, which at present is still uncertain. The commentary also considers the remuneration guidelines adopted recently by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). It encourages EU and national authorities to commit to the success of the AIFMD framework, as part of a broader effort to develop capital markets and reduce the historical reliance of the European economy on bank finance.

Books of the time of the restoration, being a collection of plays, poems and prose works produced between the years 1660 and 1700, by the contemporaries of John Dryden /

The entries supplement and illustrate the works of the authors in "The literature of the restoration" issued May 1918. cf. Prefatory note.

El diminutivo en el español de Santo Domingo

Esta investigación analiza el uso del sufijo diminutivo en un corpus oral de jóvenes de la República Dominicana. El material procede de la transcripción de veinte entrevistas orales realizadas en los años noventa en Santo Domingo. En este estudio se realiza un análisis de las ocurrencias documentadas, su morfología, sus preferencias en cuanto a la selección de las clases de palabras que se toman como base para la formación de diminutivos, sus posibles valores semánticos y comunicativos, y, por último, se determina la frecuencia de uso del diminutivo en función del sexo de los hablantes.

Motivation and Vocabulary Breadth in CLIL and EFL Contexts. Different age, Same Time of Exposure

Numerous studies have found a positive connection between learners’ motivation towards foreign language and foreign language achievement. The present study examines the role of motivation in receptive vocabulary breadth (size) of two groups of Spanish learners of different ages, but all with 734 hours of instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL): a CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) group in primary education and a non-CLIL (or EFL) group in secondary education. Most students in both groups were found to be highly motivated. The primary CLIL group slightly overcame the secondary non-CLIL group with respect to the mean general motivation but this is a non-significant difference. The secondary group surpass significantly the primary group in receptive vocabulary size. No relationship between the receptive vocabulary knowledge and general motivation is found in the primary CLIL group. On the other hand, a positive significant connection, although a very small one, is identified for the secondary non-CLIL group. We will discuss on the type of test, the age of students and the type of instruction as variables that could be influencing the results.

School nurses and health education : the classroom experience.

Objective: The aim of the study is to explore school nurses’ experience of health education. Design: A qualitative approach; phenomenology was used to answer the question. Method: Sixteen participants were recruited through purposeful and snowball sampling. Participants undertook an audio-recorded interview which was transcribed and analysed. Results: Five themes represent school nurses’ experience of health education. Within these five themes, three issues were identified by the participants as having a negative impact on their experience of health education. These were: (1) feeling unwanted by the school; (2) not supported by the school hierarchy; and (3) a lack of role definition. Conclusion: These three issues provide important insight into school nurses’ experience of health education and have implications for other school nurses and professionals in the school environment.

The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidase family

The human kallikrein-related peptidases are a subgroup of trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine peptidases that are characterized by their homology to tissue kallikrein or kallikrein 1 (KLK1) encoded by the KLK1 gene (reviewed in[1-4]). The human KLK locus spans an approximately 320 kb region on chromosome 19q13.3-13.4 and contains fifteen genes encoding KLK1 and fourteen other kallikrein-related peptidases, KLK2-KLK15, which have been named contiguously in the locus in the order of their discovery [5-8] (Figure 606.1). It is the largest contiguous cluster of serine protease encoding genes in the human genome which has evolved from gene duplication of KLK1 and then subsequent reduplication of the newly evolved KLK genes [2]. The high conservation noted for KLK1-KLK3 (62-77%) reflects the proposed duplication of the KLK1 gene that produced the KLK2 gene which further generated the KLK3 gene. In contrast, the newer KLK4-KLK15 proteases share much less similarity, from 24-66%, although strong homology between KLK4 and KLK5, KLK9 and KLK11, and KLK10 and KLK12 suggests these genes are duplications of each other [2]...

Enhancing photoactivity of TiO2(B)/anatase core-shell nanofibers by selectively doping cerium ions into the TiO2(B) Core

Cerium ions (Ce3+) can beselectively doped into the TiO2(B) core of TiO2(B)/anatase core–shell nanofibers by means of a simple one-pot hydrothermal treatment of a starting material of hydrogen trititanate (H2Ti3O7) nanofibers. These Ce3+ ions (≈0.202 nm) are located on the (110) lattice planes of the TiO2(B) core in tunnels (width≈0.297 nm). The introduction of Ce3+ ions reduces the defects of the TiO2(B) core by inhibiting the faster growth of (110) lattice planes. More importantly, the redox potential of the Ce3+/Ce4+ couple (E0(Ce3+/Ce4+)=1.715 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode) is more negative than the valence band of TiO2(B). Therefore, once the Ce3+-doped nanofibers are irradiated by UV light, the doped Ce3+ ions in close vicinity to the interface between the TiO2(B) core and anatase nanoshell can efficiently trap the photogenerated holes. This facilitates the migration of holes from the anatase shell and leaves more photogenerated electrons in the anatase nanoshell, which results in a highly efficient separation of photogenerated charges in the anatase nanoshell. Hence, this enhanced charge-separation mechanism accelerates dye degradation and alcohol oxidation processes. The one-pot treatment doping strategy is also used to selectively dope other metal ions with variable oxidation states such as Co2+/3+ and Cu+/2+ ions. The doping substantially improves the photocatalytic activity of the mixed-phase nanofibers. In contrast, the doping of ions with an invariable oxidation state, such as Zn2+, Ca2+, or Mg2+, does not enhance the photoactivity of the mixed-phase nanofibers as the ions could not trap the photogenerated holes.

Ethanol sensitivity of thermally evaporated nanostructured WO3 thin films doped and implanted with Fe

Ethanol sensing performance of gas sensors made of Fe doped and Fe implanted nanostructured WO3 thin films prepared by a thermal evaporation technique was investigated. Three different types of nanostructured thin films, namely, pure WO3 thin films, iron-doped WO3 thin films by co-evaporation and Fe-implanted WO3 thin films have been synthesized. All the thin films have a film thickness of 300 nm. The physical, chemical and electronic properties of these films have been optimized by annealing heat treatment at 300ºC and 400ºC for 2 hours in air. Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize these films. Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed a very small grain size of the order 5-10 nm in as-deposited WO3 films, and annealing at 300ºC or 400ºC did not result in any significant change in grain size. This study has demonstrated enhanced sensing properties of WO3 thin film sensors towards ethanol at lower operating temperature, which was achieved by optimizing the physical, chemical and electronic properties of the WO3 film through Fe doping and annealing.