Smart and sustainable public transport systems through improving level and quality of service

Buses are considered a slow, low comfort and low reliability transport system, thus its negative and por image. In the framework of the 3iBS project (2012), several examples of innovative and/or effective solutions regarding the Level of Service (LoS) were analysed aiming to provide operators, practitioners and policy makers with a set of Good Practice Guidelines to strengthen the competitiveness of the bus in the urban environment. The identification of the key indicators regarding vehicles, infrastructure and operation was possible through the analysis of a set of case studies -among which Barcelona (Spain), Cagliari (Italy), London (United Kingdom), Paris and Nantes (France). A cross comparison between the case studies was carried out for contrasting the level of achievement of the different criteria considered. The information provided on Regulatory, Financial and Technical issues allows the identification of a number of specific factors influencing the implementation of a high quality transport scheme, and set the basis for the elaboration of a set of Guidelines for the implementation of an intelligent, innovative and integrated bus system, including the main barriers to be tackled.

Factors that determine the level of care children and adolescents experiencing mental disorders receive

RESUMO: Resumo Uma prestação de serviços de saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes (CAMHS) oportuna, eficaz e baseada na evidência pode evitar incapacidade a longo prazo. No entanto, estes serviços são criticamente sub-financiados em todo o mundo. É um imperativo garantir que este precioso recurso não seja desperdiçado. Os governos e outras partes interessadas relevantes na área da saúde mental precisam de conhecer o estado de saúde mental da população, quais os recursos disponíveis e como melhor utilizar os recursos disponíveis para orientar uma política e decisões efectivas sobre os níveis de serviços. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é explorar o papel da acuidade, gravidade e complexidade na determinação dos cuidados em saúde mental especializados recebidos por crianças e adolescentes que sofrem perturbações mentais. Métodos: Este estudo é exploratório envolvendo uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com palavras-chave utilizando bases de dados PsychINFO, EMBASE, PubMed e MEDLINE. A literatura cinzenta também foi investigada com um enfoque nas abordagens sistémicas, organizacionais e políticas para a organização e comissionamento de CAMHS. Foram selecionados apenas documentos escritos em Inglês. Três países, Bélgica, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos, todos eles com modelos muito diferentes de organização de CAMHS, foram revistos para investigar de que forma os conceitos de acuidade, gravidade e complexidade foram utilizados na sua concepção de serviços para determinar o nível da assistência prestada. Resultados: Nem a Bélgica, nem o modelo norte-americano de CAMHS organização de serviço parecem estar alinhados com os principais conceitos na determinação do nível de prestação de serviços. O sistema de serviços do Reino Unido de CAMHS está mais estreitamente alinhado com esses conceitos e tem uma alocação de recursos mais equilibrada entre o hospital e a comunidade. O seu ponto fraco está na falta de flexibilidade entre os níveis de serviço e na falta de apoio para com o sector dos cuidados de saúde primários. Conclusões: A variabilidade na alocação de recursos a diferentes níveis especializados de CAMHS (em regime de internamento, ambulatório, e na comunidade) e o modelo diferente de estrutura de serviços entre os países estudados indica uma inconsistência na forma como as crianças e adolescentes que apresentam aos CAMHS são referenciados para os cuidados que recebem. Isto põe em questão se as crianças e adolescentes com perturbações mentais estão a receber o nível e tipo de cuidados concordantes com as suas necessidades. A concepção e o comissionamento de sistemas de CAMHS levam-nos à discussão de uma série de princípios fundamentais que devem ser considerados. O sistema perfeito no entanto, ainda está para ser encontrado. -------------------------------- ABSTRACT: Provision of timely, effective, evidence based mental health services to children and adolescents can prevent long term impairment, but they are critically underfunded across the globe. There is an imperative to ensure this precious resource is not wasted. Governments and other relevant mental health stakeholders need to know the mental health status of the population, what resources are available and how best to use the resources available to guide effective policy and decisions about service levels. Aim: The aim of this paper is to explore the role of acuity, severity and complexity in determining the specialist mental health care that children and adolescents experiencing mental disorders receive. Methods: This study is exploratory involving a systematic scan of the literature. A key word search was conducted using databases PSYCHINFO, EMBASE, PUBMED and MEDLINE. Grey literature was also searched to focus on systemic, organisational and policy approaches to the organisation and commissioning of CAMHS. Only documents written in English were selected. Three countries Belgium, UK and the US all with very different models of service organisation for CAMHS were reviewed to investigate how well the concepts of acuity, severity and complexity were used to determine the level of care delivered in their service design. Findings: Neither the Belgium nor the US model of CAMHS service organisation appear to align with the key concepts driving intensity of level of service provision. The UK CAMHS service system most closely aligns with the concepts. It has a more balanced resource allocation between hospital and community. Its downfall is in its lack of flexibility between service levels and its lack of support for the primary care sector. Conclusions: The variability in resource allocation to different service levels (inpatient, outpatient, community) within specialist CAMHS and the differing model of service structure across countries indicates an inconsistency in how children and adolescents presenting to CAMHS are allocated to the care they receive. This puts into question whether children and adolescent with mental disorders are receiving a level and type of care commensurate with their needs. In commissioning and designing CAMHS systems a number of key principles that should be considered are discussed. The perfect system however, is yet to be found.

A Framework for Design-Time Testing of Service-Based Applications at BPEL Level

Software applications created on top of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) are increasingly popular but testing them remains a challenge. In this paper a framework named TASSA for testing the functional and non-functional behaviour of service-based applications is presented. The paper focuses on the concept of design time testing, the corresponding testing approach and architectural integration of the consisting TASSA tools. The individual TASSA tools with sample validation scenarios were already presented with a general view of their relation. This paper’s contribution is the structured testing approach, based on the integral use of the tools and their architectural integration. The framework is based on SOA principles and is composable depending on user requirements.

Palliative Medicine:Scoping the level and extent of service provision to people with intellectual disability at end of life Poster Presentation

Background: Concerns exist about the end of life care
that people with intellectual disabilities receive. This population
are seldom referred to palliative care services and
inadequate data sets exist about their place of death.
Aim: To scope the extent of service provision to people
with intellectual disabilities at the end of life by specialist
palliative care and intellectual disability services in one
region of the United Kingdom.
Methods: As part of a larger doctoral study a regional survey
took place of a total sample (n=66) of specialist palliative
care and intellectual disability services using a postal
questionnaire containing forty items. The questionnaire
was informed by the literature and consultation with an
expert reference group. Data were analysed using SPSS to
obtain descriptive statistics.
Results: A total response rate from services of 71.2%
(n=47) was generated. Findings showed a range of experience
among services in providing end of life care to people
with intellectual disabilities in the previous five years, but
general hospitals were reported the most common place of
death. A lack of accessible information on end of life care
for people with learning disabilities was apparent. A few
services (n=14) had a policy to support this population to
make decisions about their care or had used adapted Breaking
Bad News guidelines (n=5) to meet their additional
needs. Both services recognised the value of partnership
working in assessing and meeting the holistic needs of
people with intellectual disabilities at end of life.
Conclusions: A range of experience in caring for people
with intellectual disabilities was present across services,
but more emphasis is required on adapting communication
for this population to facilitate them to participate in their
care. These findings could have international significance
given that studies in other countries have highlighted a
need to widen access to palliative care for this group of
people.

Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a paradigm over the last few years as a result of the tight integration of the computing and the physical world. The requirement of remote sensing makes low-power wireless sensor networks one of the key enabling technologies of IoT. These networks encompass several challenges, especially in communication and networking, due to their inherent constraints of low-power features, deployment in harsh and lossy environments, and limited computing and storage resources. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) [1] was proposed by the IETF ROLL (Routing Over Low-power Lossy links) working group and is currently adopted as an IETF standard in the RFC 6550 since March 2012. Although RPL greatly satisfied the requirements of low-power and lossy sensor networks, several issues remain open for improvement and specification, in particular with respect to Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and support for mobility. In this paper, we focus mainly on the RPL routing protocol. We propose some enhancements to the standard specification in order to provide QoS guarantees for static as well as mobile LLNs. For this purpose, we propose OF-FL (Objective Function based on Fuzzy Logic), a new objective function that overcomes the limitations of the standardized objective functions that were designed for RPL by considering important link and node metrics, namely end-to-end delay, number of hops, ETX (Expected transmission count) and LQL (Link Quality Level). In addition, we present the design of Co-RPL, an extension to RPL based on the corona mechanism that supports mobility in order to overcome the problem of slow reactivity to frequent topology changes and thus providing a better quality of service mainly in dynamic networks application. Performance evaluation results show that both OF-FL and Co-RPL allow a great improvement when compared to the standard specification, mainly in terms of packet loss ratio and average network latency. 2015 Elsevier B.V. Al

Employment effects of service offshoring: evidence from matched firms

This paper studies the effects of service offshoring on the level and skill composition of domestic employment, using a rich data set of Italian firms and propensity score matching techniques. The results show that service offshoring has no effect on the level of employment but changes its composition in favor of high skilled workers.

Developing of Service Platform Thinking in Modern Electricity Distribution Business

Palvelukehitystoiminta sitoo huomattavan määrän resursseja ja on pitkäkestoista toimintaa. Innovatiivisuuteen tähtäämällä ja systemaattisella tuotekehitystyöllä yritys parantaa jatkuvuutta omassa liiketoiminnassaan. Alusta-ajattelu tuo uuden ulottuvuuden tuotteiden ja palveluiden kehitykseen. Alustan kehittäminen tukemaan tuote- ja palvelukehitystoimintaa ja yksinkertaistamaan tuote/palvelurakenteita antaa yrityksissä lisäpotentiaalia esimerkiksi lyhentyneiden kehitysaikojen, paremman kompleksisuuden hallinnan ja kustannustehokkuuden nousun myötä. Toimintojen tehostuminen yritystasolla saa aikaan mahdollisuuksien lisääntymisen nykyisillä liiketoimintasektoreilla. Palvelualustan kehityksellä päästään palvelurakenteen mallintamisen kautta parempaan liiketoiminnan hallitsemiseen ja systemaattisempaan tuotekehityksen läpivientiin. Palvelualustan yhtenä tärkeimpänä hyötynä on, että palvelun rakenteellisuus saadaan kuvattua alustaan. Lisäksi on tärkeää määritellä vastuutukset alustan kehityksessä, sekä pystyä mallintamaan informaation kulku (rajapinnat) prosesseissa.

Real-time Quality of Service Controller for Differentiated Services

IP-verkkojen hyvin tunnettu haitta on, että nämä eivät pysty takaamaan tiettyä palvelunlaatua (Quality of Service) lähetetyille paketeille. Seuraavat kaksi tekniikkaa pidetään lupaavimpina palvelunlaadun tarjoamiselle: Differentiated Services (DiffServ) ja palvelunlaatureititys (QoS Routing). DiffServ on varsin uusi IETF:n määrittelemä Internetille tarkoitettu palvelunlaatumekanismi. DiffServ tarjoaa skaalattavaa palvelujen erilaistamista ilman viestintää joka hypyssä ja per-flow –tilan ohjausta. DiffServ on hyvä esimerkki hajautetusta verkkosuunnittelusta. Tämän palvelutasomekanismin tavoite on viestintäjärjestelmien suunnittelun yksinkertaistaminen. Verkkosolmu voidaan rakentaa pienestä hyvin määritellystä rakennuspalikoiden joukosta. Palvelunlaatureititys on reititysmekanismi, jolla liikennereittejä määritellään verkon käytettävissä olevien resurssien pohjalta. Tässä työssä selvitetään uusi palvelunlaatureititystapa, jota kutsutaan yksinkertaiseksi monitiereititykseksi (Simple Multipath Routing). Tämän työn tarkoitus on suunnitella palvelunlaatuohjain DiffServille. Tässä työssä ehdotettu palvelunlaatuohjain on pyrkimys yhdistää DiffServ ja palvelunlaatureititysmekanismeja. Työn kokeellinen osuus keskittyy erityisesti palvelunlaatureititysalgoritmeihin.

The relationships of age and length of service with job satisfaction: an examination of hotel employees in Thailand

Earlier studies suggest age is positively associated with job satisfaction, while others use length of service, or tenure, as a predictor of job satisfaction levels. This article examines whether age and tenure are individual determinants of satisfaction, or whether there is an interaction between the two. The results indicate that employee age is not significantly associated with overall job satisfaction level, but that tenure is. There is also significant relationship between tenure and facets of satisfaction (job, pay and fringe benefits), but the effect of tenure on satisfaction is significantly modified by age.

Transandean railroads: the interruption of service and prospects for resumption

Building the infrastructure and then operating a railroad which starts on the Pacific coast of South America and which, a few score kilometres inland, must climb close to 4,000 metres above sea level in the Andes mountains has always presented challenges both for the civil engineers responsible for its construction and for the managers in charge of its operation.As at mid-2001, two of the four transandean railroads that ran 20 years ago are out of service, owing to adverse weather conditions, and a third is not operating as a result of institutional problems.Nevertheless, two of the three railroads that are now shut down could resume service soon. Furthermore, there is a possibility that a new transandean railroad could be built that would cross the Andes mountains further south, at an altitude of less than 1,750 meters.

Quality of Service in Distributed Stream Processing for large scale Smart Pervasive Environments

The wide diffusion of cheap, small, and portable sensors integrated in an unprecedented large variety of devices and the availability of almost ubiquitous Internet connectivity make it possible to collect an unprecedented amount of real time information about the environment we live in. These data streams, if properly and timely analyzed, can be exploited to build new intelligent and pervasive services that have the potential of improving people's quality of life in a variety of cross concerning domains such as entertainment, health-care, or energy management. The large heterogeneity of application domains, however, calls for a middleware-level infrastructure that can effectively support their different quality requirements. In this thesis we study the challenges related to the provisioning of differentiated quality-of-service (QoS) during the processing of data streams produced in pervasive environments. We analyze the trade-offs between guaranteed quality, cost, and scalability in streams distribution and processing by surveying existing state-of-the-art solutions and identifying and exploring their weaknesses. We propose an original model for QoS-centric distributed stream processing in data centers and we present Quasit, its prototype implementation offering a scalable and extensible platform that can be used by researchers to implement and validate novel QoS-enforcement mechanisms. To support our study, we also explore an original class of weaker quality guarantees that can reduce costs when application semantics do not require strict quality enforcement. We validate the effectiveness of this idea in a practical use-case scenario that investigates partial fault-tolerance policies in stream processing by performing a large experimental study on the prototype of our novel LAAR dynamic replication technique. Our modeling, prototyping, and experimental work demonstrates that, by providing data distribution and processing middleware with application-level knowledge of the different quality requirements associated to different pervasive data flows, it is possible to improve system scalability while reducing costs.

Enhancing quality of service in software-defined networks

Resource management is of paramount importance in network scenarios and it is a long-standing and still open issue. Unfortunately, while technology and innovation continue to evolve, our network infrastructure system has been maintained almost in the same shape for decades and this phenomenon is known as “Internet ossification”. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm in computer networking that allows a logically centralized software program to control the behavior of an entire network. This is done by decoupling the network control logic from the underlying physical routers and switches that forward traffic to the selected destination. One mechanism that allows the control plane to communicate with the data plane is OpenFlow. The network operators could write high-level control programs that specify the behavior of an entire network. Moreover, the centralized control makes it possible to define more specific and complex tasks that could involve many network functionalities, e.g., security, resource management and control, into a single framework. Nowadays, the explosive growth of real time applications that require stringent Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, brings the network programmers to design network protocols that deliver certain performance guarantees. This thesis exploits the use of SDN in conjunction with OpenFlow to manage differentiating network services with an high QoS. Initially, we define a QoS Management and Orchestration architecture that allows us to manage the network in a modular way. Then, we provide a seamless integration between the architecture and the standard SDN paradigm following the separation between the control and data planes. This work is a first step towards the deployment of our proposal in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) campus network with differentiating services and stringent QoS requirements. We also plan to exploit our solution to manage the handoff between different network technologies, e.g., Wi-Fi and WiMAX. Indeed, the model can be run with different parameters, depending on the communication protocol and can provide optimal results to be implemented on the campus network.

Dynamic Model-based Management of Service-Oriented Infrastructure.

Models are an effective tool for systems and software design. They allow software architects to abstract from the non-relevant details. Those qualities are also useful for the technical management of networks, systems and software, such as those that compose service oriented architectures. Models can provide a set of well-defined abstractions over the distributed heterogeneous service infrastructure that enable its automated management. We propose to use the managed system as a source of dynamically generated runtime models, and decompose management processes into a composition of model transformations. We have created an autonomic service deployment and configuration architecture that obtains, analyzes, and transforms system models to apply the required actions, while being oblivious to the low-level details. An instrumentation layer automatically builds these models and interprets the planned management actions to the system. We illustrate these concepts with a distributed service update operation.