Phentolamine block of KATP channels is mediated by Kir6.2

The ATP-sensitive K+-channel (KATP channel) plays a key role in insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. It is closed both by glucose metabolism and the sulfonylurea drugs that are used in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, thereby initiating a membrane depolarization that activates voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry and insulin release. The β cell KATP channel is a complex of two proteins: Kir6.2 and SUR1. The former is an ATP-sensitive K+-selective pore, whereas SUR1 is a channel regulator that endows Kir6.2 with sensitivity to sulfonylureas. A number of drugs containing an imidazoline moiety, such as phentolamine, also act as potent stimulators of insulin secretion, but their mechanism of action is unknown. We have used a truncated form of Kir6.2, which expresses independently of SUR1, to show that phentolamine does not inhibit KATP channels by interacting with SUR1. Instead, our results argue that phentolamine may interact directly with Kir6.2 to produce a voltage-independent reduction in channel activity. The single-channel conductance is unaffected. Although the ATP molecule also contains an imidazoline group, the site at which phentolamine blocks is not identical to the ATP-inhibitory site, because phentolamine block of an ATP-insensitive mutant (K185Q) is normal. KATP channels also are found in the heart where they are involved in the response to cardiac ischemia: they also are blocked by phentolamine. Our results suggest that this may be because Kir6.2, which is expressed in the heart, forms the pore of the cardiac KATP channel.

Defective trafficking and function of KATP channels caused by a sulfonylurea receptor 1 mutation associated with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy

The ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Loss of functional KATP channels because of mutations in either the SUR1 or Kir6.2 channel subunit causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI). We investigated the molecular mechanism by which a single phenylalanine deletion in SUR1 (ΔF1388) causes PHHI. Previous studies have shown that coexpression of ΔF1388 SUR1 with Kir6.2 results in no channel activity. We demonstrate here that the lack of functional expression is due to failure of the mutant channel to traffic to the cell surface. Trafficking of KATP channels requires that the endoplasmic reticulum-retention signal, RKR, present in both SUR1 and Kir6.2, be shielded during channel assembly. To ask whether ΔF1388 SUR1 forms functional channels with Kir6.2, we inactivated the RKR signal in ΔF1388 SUR1 by mutation to AAA (ΔF1388 SUR1AAA). Inactivation of similar endoplasmic reticulum-retention signals in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator has been shown to partially overcome the trafficking defect of a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation, ΔF508. We found that coexpression of ΔF1388 SUR1AAA with Kir6.2 led to partial surface expression of the mutant channel. Moreover, mutant channels were active. Compared with wild-type channels, the mutant channels have reduced ATP sensitivity and do not respond to stimulation by MgADP or diazoxide. The RKR → AAA mutation alone has no effect on channel properties. Our results establish defective trafficking of KATP channels as a molecular basis of PHHI and show that F1388 in SUR1 is critical for normal trafficking and function of KATP channels.

MgATP activates the β cell KATP channel by interaction with its SUR1 subunit

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in the pancreatic β cell membrane mediate insulin release in response to elevation of plasma glucose levels. They are open at rest but close in response to glucose metabolism, producing a depolarization that stimulates Ca2+ influx and exocytosis. Metabolic regulation of KATP channel activity currently is believed to be mediated by changes in the intracellular concentrations of ATP and MgADP, which inhibit and activate the channel, respectively. The β cell KATP channel is a complex of four Kir6.2 pore-forming subunits and four SUR1 regulatory subunits: Kir6.2 mediates channel inhibition by ATP, whereas the potentiatory action of MgADP involves the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of SUR1. We show here that MgATP (like MgADP) is able to stimulate KATP channel activity, but that this effect normally is masked by the potent inhibitory effect of the nucleotide. Mg2+ caused an apparent reduction in the inhibitory action of ATP on wild-type KATP channels, and MgATP actually activated KATP channels containing a mutation in the Kir6.2 subunit that impairs nucleotide inhibition (R50G). Both of these effects were abolished when mutations were made in the NBDs of SUR1 that are predicted to abolish MgATP binding and/or hydrolysis (D853N, D1505N, K719A, or K1384M). These results suggest that, like MgADP, MgATP stimulates KATP channel activity by interaction with the NBDs of SUR1. Further support for this idea is that the ATP sensitivity of a truncated form of Kir6.2, which shows functional expression in the absence of SUR1, is unaffected by Mg2+.

Abnormalities of pancreatic islets by targeted expression of a dominant-negative KATP channel

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are known to play important roles in various cellular functions, but the direct consequences of disruption of KATP channel function are largely unknown. We have generated transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2 (Kir6.2G132S, substitution of glycine with serine at position 132) in pancreatic beta cells. Kir6.2G132S transgenic mice develop hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia in neonates and hyperglycemia with hypoinsulinemia and decreased beta cell population in adults. KATP channel function is found to be impaired in the beta cells of transgenic mice with hyperglycemia. In addition, both resting membrane potential and basal calcium concentrations are shown to be significantly elevated in the beta cells of transgenic mice. We also found a high frequency of apoptotic beta cells before the appearance of hyperglycemia in the transgenic mice, suggesting that the KATP channel might play a significant role in beta cell survival in addition to its role in the regulation of insulin secretion.

KATP channel inhibition by ATP requires distinct functional domains of the cytoplasmic C terminus of the pore-forming subunit

ATP-sensitive potassium (“KATP”) channels are rapidly inhibited by intracellular ATP. This inhibition plays a crucial role in the coupling of electrical activity to energy metabolism in a variety of cells. The KATP channel is formed from four each of a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) regulatory subunit and an inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir6.2) pore-forming subunit. We used systematic chimeric and point mutagenesis, combined with patch-clamp recording, to investigate the molecular basis of ATP-dependent inhibition gating of mouse pancreatic β cell KATP channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We identified distinct functional domains of the presumed cytoplasmic C-terminal segment of the Kir6.2 subunit that play an important role in this inhibition. Our results suggest that one domain is associated with inhibitory ATP binding and another with gate closure.

Defective insulin secretion and enhanced insulin action in KATP channel-deficient mice

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels regulate many cellular functions by linking cell metabolism to membrane potential. We have generated KATP channel-deficient mice by genetic disruption of Kir6.2, which forms the K+ ion-selective pore of the channel. The homozygous mice (Kir6.2−/−) lack KATP channel activity. Although the resting membrane potential and basal intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) of pancreatic beta cells in Kir6.2−/− are significantly higher than those in control mice (Kir6.2+/+), neither glucose at high concentrations nor the sulfonylurea tolbutamide elicits a rise in [Ca2+]i, and no significant insulin secretion in response to either glucose or tolbutamide is found in Kir6.2−/−, as assessed by perifusion and batch incubation of pancreatic islets. Despite the defect in glucose-induced insulin secretion, Kir6.2−/− show only mild impairment in glucose tolerance. The glucose-lowering effect of insulin, as assessed by an insulin tolerance test, is increased significantly in Kir6.2−/−, which could protect Kir6.2−/− from developing hyperglycemia. Our data indicate that the KATP channel in pancreatic beta cells is a key regulator of both glucose- and sulfonylurea-induced insulin secretion and suggest also that the KATP channel in skeletal muscle might be involved in insulin action.

Adenylate kinase phosphotransfer communicates cellular energetic signals to ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Transduction of energetic signals into membrane electrical events governs vital cellular functions, ranging from hormone secretion and cytoprotection to appetite control and hair growth. Central to the regulation of such diverse cellular processes are the metabolism sensing ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. However, the mechanism that communicates metabolic signals and integrates cellular energetics with KATP channel-dependent membrane excitability remains elusive. Here, we identify that the response of KATP channels to metabolic challenge is regulated by adenylate kinase phosphotransfer. Adenylate kinase associates with the KATP channel complex, anchoring cellular phosphotransfer networks and facilitating delivery of mitochondrial signals to the membrane environment. Deletion of the adenylate kinase gene compromised nucleotide exchange at the channel site and impeded communication between mitochondria and KATP channels, rendering cellular metabolic sensing defective. Assigning a signal processing role to adenylate kinase identifies a phosphorelay mechanism essential for efficient coupling of cellular energetics with KATP channels and associated functions.

Adenosine activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in arterial myocytes via A2 receptors and cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

The mechanism by which the endogenous vasodilator adenosine causes ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in arterial smooth muscle to open was investigated by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Adenosine induced voltage-independent, potassium-selective currents, which were inhibited by glibenclamide, a blocker of KATP currents. Glibenclamide-sensitive currents were also activated by the selective adenosine A2-receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxethyl)-phenethylamino-5'-N- ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS-21680), whereas 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), a selective adenosine A1-receptor agonist, failed to induce potassium currents. Glibenclamide-sensitive currents induced by adenosine and CGS-21680 were largely reduced by blockers of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (Rp-cAMP[S], H-89, protein kinase A inhibitor peptide). Therefore, we conclude that adenosine can activate KATP currents in arterial smooth muscle through the following pathway: (i) Adenosine stimulates A2 receptors, which activates adenylyl cyclase; (ii) the resulting increase intracellular cAMP stimulates protein kinase A, which, probably through a phosphorylation step, opens KATP channels.

Levosimendan: Studies on its mechanisms of action and beyond

Acute heart failure syndrome represents a prominent and growing health problem all around the world. Ideally, medical treatment for patients admitted to hospital because of this syndrome, in addition to alleviating the acute symptoms, should also prevent myocardial damage, modulate neurohumoral and inflammatory activation, and preserve or even improve renal function. Levosimendan is a cardiac enhancer having both inotropic and vasodilatory effects. It is approved for the short-term treatment of acutely decompensated chronic heart failure, but it has been shown to have beneficial clinical effects also in ischemic heart disease and septic shock as well as in perioperative cardiac support. In the present study, the mechanisms of action of levosimendan were studied in isolated guinea-pig heart preparations: Langendorff-perfused heart, papillary muscle and permeabilized cardiomyocytes as well as in purified phosphodiesterase isoenzyme preparations. Levosimendan was shown to be a potent inotropic agent in isolated Langendorff-perfused heart and right ventricle papillary muscle. In permeabilized cardiomyocytes, it was demonstrated to be a potent calcium sensitizer in contrast to its enantiomer, dextrosimendan. It was additionally shown to be a very selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-3 inhibitor, the selectivity factor for PDE3 over PDE4 being 10000 for levosimendan. Irrespective of this very selective PDE3 inhibitory property in purified enzyme preparations, the inotropic effect of levosimendan was demonstrated to be mediated mainly through calcium sensitization in the isolated heart as well as the papillary muscle preparations at clinically relevant concentrations. In the isolated Lagendorff-perfused heart, glibenclamide antagonized the levosimendan-induced increase in coronary flow (CF). Therefore, the main vasodilatory mechanism in coronary veins is believed to be the opening of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. In the paced hearts, CF did not increase in parallel with oxygen consumption (MVO2), thus indicating that levosimendan had a direct vasodilatory effect on coronary veins. The pharmacology of levosimendan was clearly different from that of milrinone, which induced an increase in CF in parallel with MVO2. In conclusion, levosimendan was demonstrated to increase cardiac contractility by binding to cardiac troponin C and sensitizing the myofilament contractile proteins to calcium, and further to induce coronary vasodilatation by opening KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle. In addition, the efficiency of the cardiac contraction was shown to be more advantageous when the heart was perfused with levosimendan in comparison to milrinone perfusion.

Levosimendaanin vaikutusmekanismi ja nykyinen merkitys sydämen vajaatoiminnan hoidossa

Sydämen vajaatoiminta on erilaisista sydän- ja verisuonisairauksista aiheutuva monimuotoinen oireyhtymä, johon sairastuneiden ja kuolleiden potilaiden määrä on yhä suuri. Sen patofysiologiaan voi kuulua muun muassa sympaattisen hermoston ja reniini-angiotensiini-aldosteroni–järjestelmän aktiivisuutta, huonosti supistuva vasen kammio, sydämen uudelleenmuokkautumista, muutoksia [Ca2+]i:n säätelyssä, kardiomyosyyttien apoptoosia sekä systeeminen tulehdustila. Johonkin osaan sairauden patofysiologiasta eivät nykyiset lääkehoidot riittävästi vaikuta. Klassiset inotroopit lisäävät sydämen supistusvireyttä kasvattamalla solunsisäistä Ca2+-pitoisuutta, mutta ne lisäävät rytmihäiriöriskiä, sydämen hapenkulutusta sekä heikentävät ennustetta. Levosimendaani, kalsiumherkistäjä, lisää sydämen supistusvoimaa [Ca2+]i:ta kohottamatta herkistämällä sydänlihaksen kalsiumin vaikutuksille. Lisäksi levosimendaani avaa sarkolemmaalisia ja mitokondriaalisia K+-kanavia, jotka välittävät vasodilataatiota ja kardioprotektiota. Suurilla annoksilla levosimendaani on selektiivinen PDE3-estäjä. Levosimendaania suositellaan äkillisesti pahentuneen sydämen vajaatoiminnan hoitoon, mutta muitakin lupaavia indikaatioita sille on keksitty. Esimerkiksi kroonisesti annosteltu oraalinen levosimendaani on suojannut kardiovaskulaarijärjestelmää ja parantanut selviytymistä in vivo. Erikoistyössä selvitettiin kroonisesti annostellun oraalisen levosimendaanin, valsartaanin ja näiden kombinaatioterapian vaikutuksia selviytymiseen, verenpaineeseen sekä sydämen hypertrofioitumiseen Dahlin suolaherkillä (Dahl/Rapp) rotilla. Levosimendaanin suojavaikutus ilmeni vähäisempänä kuolleisuutena, mutta ero ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevä kontrolliryhmään nähden. Kombinaatioterapia suojasi rottia kardiovaskulaarikuolleisuudelta ja vähensi todennäköisesti verenpaineesta riippuvaisesti sydämen hypertofioitumista niin sydän/kehonpaino–suhteen kuin ultraäänitutkimuksenkin perusteella arvioituna paremmin kuin kumpikaan lääke monoterapiana. Lääkekombinaatio alensi additiivisesti hypertensiota kaikissa mittauspisteissä. Sydämen systolista toimintaa levosimendaani kohensi vain vähäisesti. Dahl/Rapp-rotille kehittyikin pääosin hypertension indusoimaa diastolista sydämen vajaatoimintaa kohonneen IVRT-arvon perusteella. Levosimendaani sekä monoterapiana että kombinaatioterapiana valsartaanin kanssa vähensi sydämen diastolista vajaatoimintaa.

Molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance

The frog skin host-defense peptide tigerinin-1R stimulates insulin release in vitro and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in animal models of type 2 diabetes. This study extends these observation by investigating the molecular mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial metabolic effects of the analogue [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet induced obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The study also investigates the electrophysiological effects of the peptide on KATP and L-type Ca2+ channels in BRINBD11 clonal β cells. Non-fasting plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) decreased and plasma insulin increased by twice daily treatment with [Arg4]tigerinin-1R (75 nmol.kg-1 body weight) for 28 days. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance were significantly (P < 0.05) improved accompanied by enhanced secretion and action of insulin. The peptide blocked KATP channels and, consistent with this, improved beta cell responses of isolated islets to a range of secretagogues. Peptide administration resulted in up-regulation of key functional genes in islets involved insulin secretion (Abcc8, Kcnj11, Cacna1c and Slc2a2) and in skeletal muscle involved with insulin action (Insr, Irs1, Pdk1, Pik3ca, and Slc2a4). These observations encourage further development of tigerinin-1R analogues for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Rôle de l'estérification des acides gras dans la régulation de la sécrétion d'insuline et le stress métabolique induits par le glucose

Le diabète est une maladie chronique de l’homéostasie du glucose caractérisée par une hyperglycémie non contrôlée qui est le résultat d’une défaillance de la sécrétion d’insuline en combinaison ou non avec une altération de l’action de l’insuline. La surnutrition et le manque d’activité physique chez des individus qui ont des prédispositions génétiques donnent lieu à la résistance à l’insuline. Pendant cette période dite de compensation où la concentration d’acides gras plasmatiques est élevée, l’hyperinsulinémie compense pleinement pour la résistance à l’insuline des tissus cibles et la glycémie est normale. Le métabolisme du glucose par la cellule pancréatique bêta entraîne la sécrétion d’insuline. Selon le modèle classique de la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose, l’augmentation du ratio ATP/ADP résultant de la glycolyse et de l’oxydation du glucose, induit la fermeture des canaux KATP-dépendant modifiant ainsi le potentiel membranaire suivi d’un influx de Ca2+. Cet influx de Ca2+ permet l’exocytose des granules de sécrétion contenant l’insuline. Plusieurs nutriments comme les acides gras sont capables de potentialiser la sécrétion d’insuline. Cependant, le modèle classique ne permet pas d’expliquer cette potentialisation de la sécrétion d’insuline par les acides gras. Pour expliquer l’effet potentialisateur des acides gras, notre laboratoire a proposé un modèle complémentaire où le malonyl-CoA dérivé du métabolisme anaplérotique du glucose inhibe la carnitine palmitoyltransférase-1, l’enzyme qui constitue l’étape limitante de l’oxydation des acides gras favorisant ainsi leur estérification et donc la formation de dérivés lipidiques signalétiques. Le modèle anaplérotique/lipidique de la sécrétion d'insuline induite par le glucose prédit que le malonyl-CoA dérivé du métabolisme du glucose inhibe la bêta-oxydation des acides gras et augmente la disponibilité des acyl-CoA ou des acides gras non-estérifiés. Les molécules lipidiques agissant comme facteurs de couplage du métabolisme des acides gras à l'exocytose d'insuline sont encore inconnus. Des travaux réalisés par notre laboratoire ont démontré qu’en augmentant la répartition des acides gras vers la bêta-oxydation, la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose était réduite suggérant qu’un des dérivés de l’estérification des acides gras est important pour la potentialisation sur la sécrétion d’insuline. En effet, à des concentrations élevées de glucose, les acides gras peuvent être estérifiés d’abord en acide lysophosphatidique (LPA), en acide phosphatidique (PA) et en diacylglycérol (DAG) et subséquemment en triglycérides (TG). La présente étude a établi l’importance relative du processus d’estérification des acides gras dans la production de facteurs potentialisant la sécrétion d’insuline. Nous avions émis l’hypothèse que des molécules dérivées des processus d’estérification des acides gras (ex : l’acide lysophosphatidique (LPA) et le diacylglycerol (DAG)) agissent comme signaux métaboliques et sont responsables de la modulation de la sécrétion d’insuline en présence d’acides gras. Afin de vérifier celle-ci, nous avons modifié le niveau d’expression des enzymes clés contrôlant le processus d’estérification par des approches de biologie moléculaire afin de changer la répartition des acides gras dans la cellule bêta. L’expression des différents isoformes de la glycérol-3-phosphate acyltransférase (GPAT), qui catalyse la première étape d’estérification des acides gras a été augmenté et inhibé. Les effets de la modulation de l’expression des isoenzymes de GPAT sur les processus d’estérifications, sur la bêta-oxydation et sur la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose ont été étudiés. Les différentes approches que nous avons utilisées ont changé les niveaux de DAG et de TG sans toutefois altérer la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose. Ainsi, les résultats de cette étude n’ont pas associé de rôle pour l’estérification de novo des acides gras dans leur potentialisation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Cependant, l’estérification des acides gras fait partie intégrante d’un cycle de TG/acides gras avec sa contrepartie lipolytique. D’ailleurs, des études parallèles à la mienne menées par des collègues du laboratoire ont démontré un rôle pour la lipolyse et un cycle TG/acides gras dans la potentialisation de la sécrétion d’insuline par les acides gras. Parallèlement à nos études des mécanismes de la sécrétion d’insuline impliquant les acides gras, notre laboratoire s’intéresse aussi aux effets négatifs des acides gras sur la cellule bêta. La glucolipotoxicité, résultant d’une exposition chronique aux acides gras saturés en présence d’une concentration élevée de glucose, est d’un intérêt particulier vu la prépondérance de l’obésité. L’isoforme microsomal de GPAT a aussi utilisé comme outil moléculaire dans le contexte de la glucolipotoxicité afin d’étudier le rôle de la synthèse de novo de lipides complexes dans le contexte de décompensation où la fonction des cellules bêta diminue. La surexpression de l’isoforme microsomal de la GPAT, menant à l’augmentation de l’estérification des acides gras et à une diminution de la bêta-oxydation, nous permet de conclure que cette modification métabolique est instrumentale dans la glucolipotoxicité.

Implications des canaux K+ sur la régulation génique du canal ENaC, et impact de l'hyperglycémie sur le transport ionique et la réparation de l'épithélium respiratoire

Dans mon projet de doctorat, j’ai étudié des fonctions primordiales de l’épithélium respiratoire telles que la régulation du transport ionique, la clairance liquidienne et la réparation épithéliale. J’ai particulièrement mis l’emphase sur le rôle des canaux potassiques qui interviennent dans ces trois fonctions de l’épithélium respiratoire. J’ai tout d’abord prouvé que la modulation des canaux potassiques régulait l’activité du promoteur de αENaC, en partie via la voie de signalisation ERK1/2, dans des cellules alvéolaires. Cette régulation entraîne une variation de l’expression génique et protéique du canal ENaC. Physiologiquement, il en résulte une augmentation du phénomène de clairance liquidienne suite à l’activation des canaux K+, tandis que l’inhibition de ces canaux la diminue sévèrement. J’ai aussi pu démontrer que l’absence de canal KvLQT1 entraînait une diminution du courant (ENaC) sensible à l’amiloride, dans les cellules de trachée en culture primaire, isolées de souris KO pour kcnq1. Dans la seconde partie de mon étude, j’ai évalué l’impact de l’hyperglycémie sur la capacité de transport ionique et de réparation de cellules épithéliales bronchiques saines ou Fibrose Kystique. Mes résultats montrent que l’hyperglycémie diminue le transport transépithélial de chlore et le transport basolatéral de potassium. Des études préalables du laboratoire ayant montré que les canaux K+ et Cl- contrôlent les processus de réparation, j’ai donc évalué si ceux-ci étaient modifiés par l’hyperglycémie. Et en effet, l’hyperglycémie ralentit la vitesse de réparation des cellules issues des voies aériennes (CFBE-wt et CFBE-ΔF508). J’ai donc démontré que le transport de potassium intervenait dans des fonctions clés de l’épithélium respiratoire, comme dans la régulation génique de canaux ioniques, le contrôle de la clairance liquidienne alvéolaire, et que l’hyperglycémie diminuait le transport ionique (K+ et Cl-) et la réparation épithéliale.

Agelaia MP-I: A peptide isolated from the venom of the social wasp, Agelaia pallipes pallipes, enhances insulin secretion in mice pancreatic islets

Peptides isolated from animal venoms have shown the ability to regulate pancreatic beta cell function. Characterization of wasp venoms is important, since some components of these venoms present large molecular variability, and potential interactions with different signal transduction pathways. For example, the well studied mastoparan peptides interact with a diversity of cell types and cellular components and stimulate insulin secretion via the inhibition of ATP dependent K + (K ATP) channels, increasing intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. In this study, the insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets from adult Swiss mice was evaluated in the presence of synthetic Agelaia MP-I (AMP-I) peptide, and some mechanisms of action of this peptide on endocrine pancreatic function were characterized. AMP-I was manually synthesized using the Fmoc strategy, purified by RP-HPLC and analyzed using ESI-IT-TOF mass spectrometry. Isolated islets were incubated at increasing glucose concentrations (2.8, 11.1 and 22.2 mM) without (Control group: CTL) or with 10 μM AMP-I (AMP-I group). AMP-I increased insulin release at all tested glucose concentrations, when compared with CTL (P < 0.05). Since molecular analysis showed a potential role of the peptide interaction with ionic channels, insulin secretion was also analyzed in the presence of 250 μM diazoxide, a K ATP channel opener and 10 μM nifedipine, a Ca 2+ channel blocker. These drugs abolished insulin secretion in the CTL group in the presence of 2.8 and 11.1 mM glucose, whereas AMP-I also enhanced insulin secretory capacity, under these glucose conditions, when incubated with diazoxide and nifedipine. In conclusion, AMP-I increased beta cell secretion without interfering in K ATP and L-type Ca 2+ channel function, suggesting a different mechanism for this peptide, possibly by G protein interaction, due to the structural similarity of this peptide with Mastoparan-X, as obtained by modeling. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.