Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado para determinar los efectos del uso de pelotas de parto durante el trabajo de parto

Objetivo. Determinar los efectos del uso de la pelota de parto (PdP) durante el trabajo de parto en relación al tiempo de dilatación y expulsivo, la integridad perineal, la percepción de la intensidad del dolor y la seguridad. Método. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado. Participantes: nulíparas de 18 a 35 años, bajo riesgo, a término. Intervención: realización de movimientos sentadas sobre PdP durante el parto. Variables resultado: tiempo de dilatación y expulsivo; integridad perineal; percepción del dolor, recuerdo del dolor en el puerperio y pre-post intervención; tipo de parto; motivo de distocia; Apgar; ingreso en UCI neonatal. Análisis: comparación de grupos: t-Student para variables contínuas y Ji-cuadrado para categóricas. Significación p≤0,05. Resultados. 58 participantes (34 grupo experimental y 24 grupo control). El tiempo de dilatación y expulsivo, y la integridad perineal fue similar entre grupos. A los 4 cm el grupo experimental refirió menos dolor que el grupo control; 6,9 puntos vs 8,2 (p = 0,039). La diferencia en la percepción del dolor recordada en el puerperio inmediato fue de 1,48 puntos mayor en el grupo control (p = 0,003). La medición del dolor en el grupo experimental antes del uso de la PdP fue de 7,45 puntos y tras la intervención de 6,07 puntos (p < 0,001). En las variables relacionadas con la seguridad no hubo diferencias entre los grupos. Conclusión. El uso de pelotas de parto disminuye la percepción del dolor de parto y es segura.

Use of Hyaluronidase to Prevent Perineal Trauma During Spontaneous Births: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-blind, Clinical Trial

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency and severity of perineal trauma during spontaneous birth with or without perineal injections of hyaluronidase (HAase). Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a midwife-led, in-hospital birth center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Primiparous women (N = 160) were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 80) or control (n = 80) group. During the second stage of labor, women in the experimental group received an injection of 20.000 turbidity-reducing units of HAase in the posterior region of the perineum, and those in the control group received a placebo injection. The assessment of perineal outcome was performed by 2 independent nurse-midwives. A 1-tailed Fisher exact test was performed, and a P value < .025 was considered statistically significant. Results: Perineal integrity occurred in 34.2% of the experimental group and in 32.5% of the control group, which was not a statistically significant difference (P = .477). First-degree laceration was the most common trauma in the posterior region of the perineum in women in both groups (experimental = 56%, control = 42.6%). Severe perineal trauma occurred in 28.9% of the experimental group and 38.8% of the control group, which also was not a statistically significant difference (P =. 131). The depth of second-degree perineal lacerations in the experimental and control groups, measured by the Peri-Rule, was 1.9 cm and 2.3 cm, respectively. An episiotomy was performed in 11 women (experimental group = 3, control group = 8), and 4 (all in control group) had third-degree lacerations. Discussion: The use of injectable HAase did not increase the proportion of intact perineum and did not reduce the proportion of severe perineal trauma in our sample. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011; 56: 436-445 (C) 2011 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

Use of hyaluronidase to prevent perineal trauma during spontaneous delivery: A pilot study

Our objective was to compare the frequency, degree, and location of perineal trauma during spontaneous delivery with or without perineal injections of hyaluronidase (HAase). This was a randomized, controlled pilot study, conducted in a midwifie-led hospital birth center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Primiparous women (N = 139) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (HAase injection, n = 71) or to a control group (no injection, n = 68). Significant differences were noted between the two groups in frequency of perineal trauma (intervention, 39.4%; control, 76.5%), degree of spontaneous laceration (intervention, 0.0%; control, 82.4%), and laceration located in the posterior region of the perineum (intervention, 54.2%; control, 84.3%). When episiotomy and second-degree lacerations were considered together and women with intact perineum were excluded from the analysis, the difference between the groups was no longer significant. With the use of the HAase enzyme, the relative risk was 0.5 for perineal trauma and 0.0 for second-degree lacerations. The present findings suggest that perineal injection of HAase prevented perineal trauma. These findings provide strong rationale for a larger follow-up study.

Effectiveness of local anaesthetics with and without vasoconstrictors for perineal repair during spontaneous delivery: Double-blind randomised controlled trial

Objective: to investigate the use of local anaesthetics, in the presence or absence of vasoconstrictors, for perineal repair during spontaneous delivery. Design: double-blind, randomised-controlled trial. Setting: a birth centre, in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Participants: from June to December 2004, a total of 96 women were allocated into three groups (first-degree perineal lacerations, second-degree perineal lacerations or episiotomy), and treated with local anaesthesia (1% lidocaine or 1% lidocaine with epinephrine) (n = 16 per treatment per group). Interventions: an initial local infiltration of the anaesthetic solution was given so that episiotomy could be carried out (5 ml) and to suture spontaneous lacerations (1 ml), followed by repeated doses (1 ml) until pain was completely inhibited. Measurements and findings: the main outcome measurement was the volume of anaesthetic used during episiotomy and perineal suture. Our data suggest that the concomitant use of the vasoconstrictor resulted in a significantly lower average volume used in the treatment of first-degree (1 ml, 95% confidence interval (0) 0.4-1.6) and second-degree (3.7 ml, 95% CI 1.6-5.8) lacerations (p = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). A 0.3 ml (95% CI 1.5-2.1) average decrease in anaesthetic volume was observed with episiotomy (p = 0.724). The maximum volume of anaesthetic used with and without vasoconstrictor was 1-2 ml in 95% and 3-4 ml in 50% of first-degree lacerations, respectively, and 1-6 ml in 88% and 7-15 ml in 81% of second-degree lacerations, respectively. For episiotomy, the maximum dose was 15 ml, regardless of anaesthetic solution used. Key conclusions: our data confirm the hypothesis that the use of anaesthetics in conjunction with vasoconstrictors is more effective than anaesthetics alone in the repair of perineal lacerations, but not for episiotomy. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Perineal Analgesia With an Ice Pack After Spontaneous Vaginal Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial at the Amparo Maternal Birth Center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Study participants included 114 nulliparous women divided into 3 groups (n = 38 per group): experimental (ice packs on the perineum), placebo (water packs at set temperature), and control (no treatment). Results: A numerical scale (0 to 10) was used for pain assessment. A comparison of the average pain at the beginning and after 20 minutes showed a significant reduction of pain (P < .001) in the 3 groups, and the experimental group had a lower average score for pain compared with the control group (1.6 versus 3.3, P = .032). Discussion: The use of ice packs for 20 minutes was effective for perineal pain relief after vaginal birth.

Genitoperineal Injuries Associated With the Use of an Orthopedic Table With a Perineal Posttraction

Background: Surgical treatment of lower extremity fractures commonly involves the use of orthopedic table with perineal post for countertraction. However, prolonged application of the perineal post has been associated with significant complications. We describe our experience in the management of genitoperineal cutaneous injuries associated with the use of a traction table. Methods: Six patients with genitoperineal complications attributed to the use of a traction table were treated at our institution over a period of 2 years. The patient`s median age was 25 (range, 2028) years and all had fractures caused by motor vehicle collision. We evaluated the clinical presentation of these perineal injuries, operative time, therapeutic approach, clinical outcomes, and hospitalization time. Results. The mean operative time of the orthopedic surgery was 318 minutes 128 minutes (range, 185-540). All patients developed a partial-thickness necrotic area involving the perineum and scrotum in 2 days to 15 days (mean, 7 +/- 5.4) after the surgery. Three patients developed infection of the necrotic tissue. All patients underwent surgical debridement 16.5 days +/- 6.5 days (range, 13-29) after the orthopedic surgery and only one debridement procedure was nec-sure was possible in one case, and in the other cases the wound healed completely by second intention. The mean hospitalization time was 26.3 days +/- 9.7 days (range, 19-44). conclusion: Genitoperineal skin necrosis induced by perineal traction posttable is a morbid complication that demands surgical debridement and prolonged hospitalization for your treatment. There are many procedures available to reduce the risk of this complication that should be used more liberally by the orthopedic surgeons.

Giant Perineal Leiomyoma Incidentally Manifested at a Recent Episiotomy Site: Case Report

Benign leiomyomas are common soft tumors, arising especially in the female genital tract; unlike uterine leiomyomas, they rarely occur in perineal regions. They can develop wherever smooth muscle is present. Herein is reported the case of a large perineal leiomyoma in a 36-year-old woman who noted a palpable mass close to the rectum 1 year after she had delivered vaginally, in the same region of as a mediolateral episiotomy. Complete surgical excision was performed. Histopathologic findings were compatible with benign leiomyoma. At postoperative follow-up, no signs of anal dysfunction were noted. There was no pathologic correlation between formation of the leiomyoma and the episiotomy despite a possible association between the presence of fibrosis and development of leiomyomas, which was found during a literature review. Microarray analysis will be necessary to elucidate this hypothesis. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology (2011) 18, 267-269 (C) 2011 AAGL. All rights reserved.

The use of perineal ultrasound to quantify levator activity and teach pelvic floor muscle exercises

Perineal ultrasound was used to detect and quantify levator activity by measuring the displacement of the internal urethral meatus against the inferoposterior margin of the symphysis pubis, Women who had previously been instructed in pelvic floor muscle exercises were more likely to contract the levator muscle when asked to do so than were those without previous instruction (P

The influence of posture on perineal ultrasound imaging parameters

A prospective clinical study was carried out to evaluate the influence of posture on perineal ultrasound imaging parameters. One hundred and thirty-two consecutive women presenting with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction were examined by multichannel videourodynamics and perineal ultrasound, both supine and standing. Ultrasound included color Doppler imaging when available, i.e. in a subgroup of 99 patients. The position of the bladder neck at rest was higher in the supine position (P

EVALUACIÓN FUNCIONAL DEL CEREBRO: EL VALOR PREDICTIVO DE LA HABITUACIÓN COMO INDICADOR TEMPRANO DE LA INTEGRIDAD DEL SNC EN RECIÉN NACIDOS DE ALTO RIESGO NEUROLÓGICO POR HIPOXIA PERINATAL

La hipoxia perinatal se considera hoy una de las causas de mayor morbimortalidad en el recién nacido estando altamente asociada con déficits de orden neuro-psico-sensorial. Un adecuado tratamiento y rehabilitación implica la detección temprana de los déficits apuntando a la prevención. La neonatología actual se está orientando hacia técnicas no invasivas que valoran la respuesta hacia estímulos de diferentes cualidades sensoriales y permiten indagar capacidades tempranas de aprendizaje y memoria. La precoz madurez del sistema olfativo facilita el trabajo con estas claves brindando asímismo un panorama de la integración cortical. Hipótesis: Las capacidades de habituación-deshabituación olfativa reflejan el estado del SNC neonatal y se convierten en un indicador temprano de la funcionalidad cerebral en niños con alto riesgo neurológico. Objetivos: Evaluar la integridad funcional del cerebro de recién nacidos con riesgo neurológico mediante técnicas no invasivas de habituación-deshabituación. Estas téncicas se tomarán como indicadores del estado del SNC neonatal comparando sus resultados con los arrojados por el test de Bayley durante el primer año de vida. Asímismo, se relacionarán los resultados con las valoraciones clínicas y de imágenes (ecografía y RMN) obtendias. El objetivo último implica determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo del test de Habituación-Deshabituación para el daño cerebral . Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluarán pacientes con antecedentes perinatales de hipoxia pertenecientes al Servicio del Neonatología del HUMN y al Hospital Materno Neonatal (Pcia de Córdoba) caracterizados por apgar < 3 a los 5 minutos ó < 5 a los 5 minutos, Ph de cordón < 7 ó entre 7 y 7,10 ó >7,10 con alguno de los criterios anteriores presentes y niños con manifestaciones sistémicas de asfixia o déficit de base en gas arterial superior a -15 Meq/L. De manera posterior a la firma del consentimiento informado se aplicará un esquema olfativo de habituación-deshabituación antes y después de las 6 horas de vida consistente en 10 presentaciones consecutivas de olor a limón o vainilla seguidos de 5 presentaciones consecutivas de olor a vainilla o limón que actúan como estímulos deshabituatorios. Se filmará la conducta motriz que será considerada como variable dependiente. Asímismo se evaluarán parámetros fisiológicos como presión areterial, saturación de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca y ritmo respiratorio. La evaluación de la habituación se complementará con estudios clínicos y ecografía cerebral antes de las 48 hs y 1 vez por semana. Todos estos bebés serán seguidos por el equipo de Seguimiento del Recién Nacido de Alto Riesgo. A los 6 meses y al año de vida se evaluará el desarrollo integral con el Test de Bayley . Resultados Esperados: Se espera encontrar diferencias en los patrones habituacionales en función del estado cerebral del bebé. Aquellos bebés con riesgo leve tenderán a mostrar patrones habituatorios que se acercan a los normales mientras que los que presenten riesgo moderado o grave exhibiran patrones habituacionales defectuosos. Estos resultados se correlacionarán con los estudios de seguimiento realizados y con los indices de desarrollo mental y motor arrojados por el test de Bayley durante el año de vida. Importancia del Proyecto: Definir precozmente al niño con riesgo neurológico permite intervenir a tiempo con la estimulación y rehabilitación adecuada. Teniendo en cuenta la valoración del examen clínico, los antecedentes perinatales y los estudios de imágenes que se realizan en el bebé junto a los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas habituacionales, el proyecto brinda la posibilidad de la construcción de un score de riesgo neurológico sencillo y de fácil utilización.

Perineal stapled prolapse resection for external rectal prolapse: is it worthwhile in the long-term?

BACKGROUND: Perineal stapled prolapse (PSP) resection is a novel operation for treating external rectal prolapse. However, no long-term results have been reported in the literature. This study analyses the long-term recurrence rate, functional outcome, and morbidity associated with PSP resection. METHODS: Nine consecutive patients undergoing PSP resection between 2007 and 2011 were prospectively followed. Surgery was performed by the same surgeons in a standardised technique. Recurrence rate, functional outcome, and complication grade were prospectively assessed. RESULTS: All 9 patients undergoing PSP resection were investigated. The median age was 72 years (range 25-88 years). No intraoperative complications occurred. Faecal incontinence, preoperatively present in 2 patients, worsened postoperatively in one patient (Vaizey 18-22). One patient developed new-onset faecal incontinence (Vaizey 18). The median obstructive defecation syndrome score decreased postoperatively significantly from 11 (median; range 8-13) to 5 (median; range 4-8) (p < 0.005). At a median follow-up of 40 months (range 14-58 months), the prolapse recurrence rate was 44 % (4/9 patients). CONCLUSIONS: The PSP resection is a fast and safe procedure associated with low morbidity. However, the poor long-term functional outcome and the recurrence rate of 44 % warrant a cautious patient selection.

Fatores relacionados ao trauma perineal no parto normal em nulíparas

Inúmeros estudos têm sido realizados com a finalidade de contribuir para a prevenção do trauma perineal no parto normal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar a altura do períneo, duração do período expulsivo, variedade de posição no desprendimento cefálico, tipo de puxo, presença de circular de cordão, peso do recém-nascido e ardor na vulva ao urinar com a ocorrência de lacerações perineais. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2003, no Centro de Parto Normal do Amparo Maternal, com uma amostra de 67 parturientes sem partos vaginais anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação às variáveis analisadas.

Crioterapia no pós-parto: tempo de aplicação e mudanças na temperatura perineal

Estudo descritivo com dados de dois ensaios clínicos realizados em 2008 e 2009 em uma maternidade de uma instituição filantrópica da cidade de São Paulo. Teve como objetivo descrever a temperatura perineal após a aplicação de bolsa de gelo no pós-parto normal. Três grupos com 38 puérperas cada (n=114) receberam aplicação perineal de bolsa de gelo entre 2 e 48h após o parto. Os achados indicaram que com 10 min de crioterapia as médias da temperatura perineal atingiram de 13,3 a 15,3oC, com pequena redução de temperatura ao final de aplicações de 15 e 20 minutos (2,4 e 2,7o, respectivamente). Após resfriamento por 10 min., as mulheres referiram frio e alívio e, depois de 15 a 20 min., dormência e anestesia local. Conclui-se que 10 minutos de aplicação foram suficientes para reduzir a temperatura perineal aos níveis recomendados para analgesia (10-15oC).