Environomics - A Financial Estimate of Environmental Pollution Control and Abatement Schemes in Eloor-Edayar Industrial Belt

The present study consists of nine chapters including the introductory chapter. Chapter II makes a brief review of environmental literature and examines various measures adopted at the global level to protect the environment. The environmental problems often transgress national sovereignity and geographical boundaries. Therefore, attempts must be made at the national and international levels to protect the environment, the resources of which are the common property of mankind. The protection of the national environment from the ancient till the present forms the content of Chapter III. These chapters together provide a background to understand the issues analysed in the subsequent chapters. Carefully worked out theoretical framework is a pre-requisite for the successful study of a complex subject. Some of the theoretical issues of ‘environomics’ are examined in Chapter IV. The theoretical issues involved in estimating the costs and benefits of environmental protection constitute the theme of Chapter V. The state of environment in Eloor-Edayar Industrial belt andthe impact analysis of pollution of the area are discussed in Chapter VI and VII respectively. Chapter VIII makes the financial estimate of environmental protection of the project And finally, Chapter IX presents the findings of the study

Studies on fish waste management practices in Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt, Kerala and conversion of seafood waste into a liquid plant growth supplement

This study was materialized to analyze the management issues regarding the seafood processing waste generated including its impact on the coastal community in one of the important seafood hubs of India Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt Alappuzha District Kerala The area has witnessed serious pollution issues related to seafood waste and seldom has any action been implemented by either the polluters or the preventers Further this study is also intended to suggest a low cost eco friendly method for utilizing the bulk quantity of seafood solid waste generated in the area for the promotion of organic farming The high nutritional value of seafood enables the subsequent offal to be considered as an excellent source for plant nutrition The liquid silage accepted worldwide as the cheapest and practical solution for rendering fish waste in bulk for production of livestock feed is adopted in this study to develop foliar fertilizer formulations from various seafood waste The effect of seafood foliar sprays is demonstrated by field studies on two plant varieties such as Okra and Amaranthus

Defect engineering during the contact co-firing step in an industrial belt furnace

This work implements an optimization of the phosphorus gettering effect during the contact co-firing step by means of both simulations and experiments in an industrial belt furnace. An optimized temperature profile, named ‘extended co-firing step’, is presented. Simulations show that the effect of the short annealing on the final interstitial iron concentration depends strongly on the initial contamination level of the material and that the ‘extended co-firing’ temperature profile can enhance the gettering effect within a small additional time. Experimental results using sister wafers from the same multicrystalline silicon ingot confirm these trends and show the potential of this new defect engineering tool to improve the solar cell efficiency.

Consequence modelling,vulnerability assessment and fuzzy fault tree analysis of hazardous storages in an industrial area

The hazards associated with major accident hazard (MAH) industries are fire, explosion and toxic gas releases. Of these, toxic gas release is the worst as it has the potential to cause extensive fatalities. Qualitative and quantitative hazard analyses are essential for the identitication and quantification of the hazards associated with chemical industries. This research work presents the results of a consequence analysis carried out to assess the damage potential of the hazardous material storages in an industrial area of central Kerala, India. A survey carried out in the major accident hazard (MAH) units in the industrial belt revealed that the major hazardous chemicals stored by the various industrial units are ammonia, chlorine, benzene, naphtha, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone and LPG. The damage potential of the above chemicals is assessed using consequence modelling. Modelling of pool fires for naphtha, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, benzene and ammonia are carried out using TNO model. Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) modelling of LPG, cyclohexane and benzene are carried out using TNT equivalent model. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) modelling of LPG is also carried out. Dispersion modelling of toxic chemicals like chlorine, ammonia and benzene is carried out using the ALOHA air quality model. Threat zones for different hazardous storages are estimated based on the consequence modelling. The distance covered by the threat zone was found to be maximum for chlorine release from a chlor-alkali industry located in the area. The results of consequence modelling are useful for the estimation of individual risk and societal risk in the above industrial area.Vulnerability assessment is carried out using probit functions for toxic, thermal and pressure loads. Individual and societal risks are also estimated at different locations. Mapping of threat zones due to different incident outcome cases from different MAH industries is done with the help of Are GIS.Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is an established technique for hazard evaluation. This technique has the advantage of being both qualitative and quantitative, if the probabilities and frequencies of the basic events are known. However it is often difficult to estimate precisely the failure probability of the components due to insufficient data or vague characteristics of the basic event. It has been reported that availability of the failure probability data pertaining to local conditions is surprisingly limited in India. This thesis outlines the generation of failure probability values of the basic events that lead to the release of chlorine from the storage and filling facility of a major chlor-alkali industry located in the area using expert elicitation and proven fuzzy logic. Sensitivity analysis has been done to evaluate the percentage contribution of each basic event that could lead to chlorine release. Two dimensional fuzzy fault tree analysis (TDFFTA) has been proposed for balancing the hesitation factor invo1ved in expert elicitation .

Effect of industrial pollution on the benthic communities of a tropical estuary

Cochin backwaters, a tropical barbuilt estuary is well known for its prawn, molluscan and demersal fisheries. Also it formed the dumping area for sewage,235 retting of husks and discharge of effluents from industries located on either side of it. As a result the fishery is being gradually dwindled year after year due to the lowering of the water quality. The effect of industrial polution on the benthic community of this tropical estuary was worked out. An area extending over 21 km from the mouth of the estuary to upstream of industrial belt was selected. Temporal and spatial variations of 16 environmental parameters at 9 stations along the area were monitored monthly during 1981. Benthic fauna of these 9 stations consisted of amphipods , polychaetes, isopods, tanaidaceans, molluscs and other crustaceans (Decapods, Acetes, Alpheids, Balanus, insect larvae, chironomid larvae, cumacea and some fresh water forms ). Apart from these, sea anemone, flat worms, nematodes, sipunculoids, echinoderms and fishes were also encountered. 75 species belonging to 31 faunal groups were identified. Of these 31 groups, amphipods, polychaedes, isopods, tanaidaceans and molluscs were numerically abundant. Rest of the 26 groups (including 13 riverine forms) were found less significant due to their rare occurrence/low numerical abundance. Polychaetes and molluscs were the only major groups present at all the stations.

Biochemical and molecular studies of cadmium resistance and metal biosorption in bacterial species isolated from cochin environment

Cochin, commercial capital of Kerala, located on the west-coast of South India has a large number of chemical and sea food industries. Earlier studies in the past indicated that these industries contribute to heavy metal pollution, particularly mercury, copper, and cadmium, in Cochin backwater. Hence, in the present study, it was desired to isolate cadmium resistant bacteria from effluent discharged by chemical industry with a view to develop an ideal bioremediation process for safe discharge of industrial effluent in to the nearby aquatic environment. Effluent from three industries, located in the industrial belt of Cochin, were collected from the discharge point and cadmium resistant bacteria were screened using standard microbiological techniques

Transport Development and the Evolution of Economic Geography

In this paper, based on the recent advances in the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita, Krugman and Venables [12]), we analyze impacts of transport costs on the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. We first identify prototypes from the existing models, and explain the mechanism of how transport costs influence the balance between economic forces of agglomeration and dispersion. We then investigate the transformation of the agglomeration/dispersion patterns given gradually decreasing transport costs for different goods.

Inscribir el declive en el tiempo. Detroit: Auge y crisis de la ciudad industrial

A comienzos del siglo XX, Detroit era una ciudad dinámica en pleno desarrollo. Pronto se convirtió en la cuarta ciudad de Estados Unidos, la capital de la naciente industria automovilística. El crecimiento se prolongó hasta finales de los años 50, cuando, a pesar del auge económico de Estados Unidos y de su área metropolitana, Detroit comenzó a mostrar los primeros signos de estancamiento. La crisis se ha prolongado hasta hoy, cuando Detroit constituye el paradigma de la ciudad industrial en declive. Estas dos imágenes contrapuestas, el auge y la crisis, no parecen explicar por sí mismas las causas de la intensidad y persistencia del declive de Detroit. Analizar las interacciones entre crecimiento económico, políticas públicas locales y desarrollo urbano a lo largo del tiempo permitirá subrayar las continuidades y comprender en qué medida el declive de Detroit ancla sus raíces en el modelo planteado durante la etapa de auge.

Estratégia de identificação paramétrica aplicada à modelagem fenomenológica de um sistema do tipo correia transportadora industrial para fins de detecção de faltas

Os sistemas do tipo correia transportadora, são sistemas essenciais para grandes empresas, embora este equipamento apresente um elevado grau de criticidade, de modo que uma parada não planejada do mesmo, pode gerar perdas imensas ou até mesmo a parada de todo o processo produtivo. Tendo em vista a criticidade do equipamento, torna-se necessário realizar a monitoração adequada do mesmo e detectar com maior antecedência possível a ocorrência de alguma falta ocorrida no sistema. Objetivando reduzir as paradas não planejadas, investiga-se nesta dissertação a modelagem de um sistema do tipo correia transportadora com a finalidade de uso no monitoramento e diagnóstico de faltas neste tipo de sistema. Primeiramente é discutido um modelo fenomenológico do processo, o qual é baseado na aplicação das leis da mecânica e considerando-se os diversos tipos de força de oposição ao movimento de uma correia transportadora. Os principais parâmetros do transportador foram estimados utilizando-se técnicas de identificação baseadas em Mínimos Quadrados Não Recursivos. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido e implementado um algoritmo de detecção de faltas utilizando a teoria de análise intervalar, de modo que possibilite detectar condições inadequadas de funcionamento. Com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo proposto foi projetado e construído um protótipo que emula as condições operacionais típicas de um sistema real do tipo correia transportadora. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente, confirmam o bom desempenho da metodologia proposta.

Estudo de caso: aplicação do método DMAIC-White Belt- na redução de latas amassadas em uma produção de leite em pó

This work consists of the implementation of the steps Define, Measure , Analyze , Improve and Control ( DMAIC ) to develop a Six Sigma project in an industry the food industry. The objective was to demonstrate a potential for reducing the occurrence of crushed cans in potting milk powder industry in a White Belt project. The food industry accounts for about 9 % of Brazil's gross domestic product ( GDP ), generating thousands of jobs . Among the major sectors of the food industry is the manufacturing sector of milk , occupies approximately 10 % of the total turnover of the food industry . Brazil is considered today one of the eight largest producers of milk powder in the world. The milk powder is packed , mostly for aluminum cans that are lined internally with varnishes and other materials to protect the milk of metals from aluminum. When the cans are dented food protection is compromised and may lead ingestion causing dis-eases such as botulism. Aiming to solve the problem of dented cans methodology was used as a case study with a quantitative approach through the DMAIC method. Some quality tools used in each step of the project as brainstorming , cause and effect diagram , flowchart , ef-fort and impact matrix, 5W1H , among other Pareto diagram is presented . A survey about the disposal of cans in the company verifying a mean loss and, from this histor-ical , a goal loss was calculated was performed . With the target set we calculated the annual saving design . During application of DMAIC was found that the highest rate of loss occurred in transportation between the factory and the factory that fills cans milk . Several actions were taken to resolve problems that resulted in dented cans and the first two months of phase control it was found that the smaller losses calculated target resulting in a saving for the company. The short time of implementa-tion of the Improve phase did not allow a more detailed a ...

A study of load support and other criteria appropriate to the selection of industrial conveyor belts

A study of conveying practice demonstrates that belt conveyors provide a versatile and. much-used method of transporting bulk materials, but a review of belting manufacturers' design procedures shows that belt design and selection rules are often based on experience with all-cotton belts no longer in common use, and are net completely relevant to modern synthetic constructions. In particular, provision of the property "load support", which was not critical with cotton belts, is shown to determine the outcome of most belt selection exercises and lead to gross over specification of other design properties in many cases. The results of an original experimental investigation into this property, carried out to determine the belt and conveyor parameters that affect it, how the major role that belt stiffness plays in its provision; the basis for a belt stiffness test relevant to service conditions is given. A proposal for a more rational method of specifying load support data results from the work, but correlation of the test results with service performance is necessary before the absolute toad support capability required from a belt for given working conditions can be quantified. A study to attain this correlation is the major proposal for future work resulting from the present investigation, but a full review of the literature on conveyor design and a study of present practice within the belting industry demonstrate other, less critical, factors that could profitably be investigated. It is suggested that the most suitable method of studying these would be a rational data collection system to provide information on various facets of belt service behaviour; a basis for such a system is proposed. In addition to the work above, proposals for simplifying the present belt selection methods are made and a strain transducer suitable for use in future experimental investigations is developed.