Industrial society,

Published in 1918, in one volume, under title: Readings in industrial society.

Labor and industrial society.

Mode of access: Internet.

Readings in industrial society; a study in the structure and functioning of modern economic organization.

"Ninth Impression October 1925."

A documentary history of American industrial society.

Mode of access: Internet.

Jubilee history of the Queensbury Industrial Society Limited, from 1885 to 1905,

Mode of access: Internet.

Reason of state and a new notion of fortune : Historicising the risk society

Since the 1980s the concept of risk has produced a large and diverse volume of sociological research. Ulrich Beck’s groundbreaking risk society thesis provides a particularly engaging contribution, since it seems that nearly every sociological account of risk engages with this work. For Beck, we are living in second modernity – a new epoch that breaks with pre-modernity and industrial society due to the centrality, incalculability and reflexivity of globalised risk. While Beck’s theory is compelling, a reading of other theorists such as Foucault (2007[1978]) and Hacking (1975,1990) suggests that a difficulty with Beck’s work is that in attempting to explain what is novel about risk in contemporary times, he too quickly passes over the complexities and ruptures of historical change that impact on the history and contingency of risk. This paper begins by presenting a brief analysis of the present state of risk by introducing Beck’s historical narrative of risk from pre-modernity to the risk society; it then outlines the challenges with the “risk as epoch” argument by considering a range of literature, which suggests risk has a more complex history than proposed by Beck; and finally it highlights the value in examining strategies of statecraft in early modern Europe, specifically Machiavelli’s The Prince (2008[1513]) and Giovanni Botero’s political treatise, Della Ragion di Stato (1956[1589]) – as a means of more thoroughly understanding how our current concept of risk emerges. In doing so, this paper seeks to open up new trajectories in the historicisation of risk for other interested scholars.

Design e auto-produção : novos paradigmas para o design de artefactos na sociedade pós-industrial : a contribuição das tecnologias digitais

Tese de doutoramento, Belas-Artes (Design de Equipamento), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas-Artes, 2015

The transformation of development strategy in Korea : a 'risk society' perspective

After undergoing rapid socio-economic and political transformation, the Republic of Korea has arrived at the stage of development which Beck refers to as a risk society. Korea has experienced both sides of the risks which accompany modernity: the wealth associated with an advanced economy and also the hazards which are by-products of industrial society. However the Korean case is distinctive, this article argues, due to the state’s role in calibrating and managing risk. Whereas prior to the financial crisis of 1997–98 state elites privileged big business and exposed workers to higher levels of risk, calculations of the costs and benefits of risk have changed since the financial crisis. A notable outcome has been the straining of traditionally close ties between the state and the chaebŏl.

The foreign presence in the early-industrial Haut-Rhin, 1820–22 : a short history from the ‘pre-history’ of immigration to France

An attempt to limit the rights of domiciled foreigners in the Alsatian department of the Haut-Rhin in 1821 provides an opportunity to examine the impact of immigration on early-industrial society and shifting perceptions of the place of foreigners in French society in a period often omitted from histories of immigration. New conceptions of belonging become evident, which demonstrate a turn away from local and subjective bonds to community, towards bonds regulated nationally through nationality law. Imposed in an emerging urban, industrial context, the limitations of rights—on access to the biens communaux and the droit d’affouage—were traditional restrictions of rural society and modes of distinguishing the included from the excluded and were imposed on long-settled foreigners who failed to become naturalized as French citizens. The article reflects on the question why, if the concerns about immigration and industrialization turned on recently arrived foreign workers, these traditional exclusions were imposed on established resident foreigners.

Transformações no mercado de trabalho exigidas aos estagiários e recém-formados em empresas com características da sociedade pós-industrial

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar até que ponto as transformações do mercado de trabalho, à luz da sociedade pós-industrial, interferem nas competências exigidas aos recém-formados e estagiários pelas empresas, quando da captação de seus recursos humanos, através do estudo de caso do CIEE - Centro de Integração Empresa-Escola. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar as principais características da Sociedade PósIndustrial e suas influências nas transformações do mercado de trabalho; levantar as interferências dessas influências na captação de recursos humanos pelas empresas; identificar as principais competências pessoais e profissionais requeridas pelas empresas em sua política de recrutamento e seleção de candidatos; investigar se os programas de estágios e de recém-formados são utilizados pelas empresas conveniadas ao CIEE como captação de seus futuros profissionais. Buscou-se no referencial teórico estudar e analisar as características da sociedade, desde o período pré-industrial até o pós-industrial, delimitadas por Daniel Bell apud De Masi (1999:49). Através de subcapítulos foram selecionadas as características que poderiam corroborar na identificação da influência dessas transformações de forma a aprofundá-las com outros autores, como: as instituições básicas; os recursos principais; a estrutura profissional; o local típico; e o fator de mobilidade. No referencial teórico investigaram-se, ainda, alguns elementos da "sociedade centrada no mercado" tratada por alguns teóricos. Através das demandas de vagas do CIEE para estagiários e recém-formados identificou-se elementos da sociedade pós-industrial para confrontá-los com as competências exigidas. A metodologia utilizada foi quanto aos fins, estudo de caso, descritiva e explicativa, analisando as demandas das competências exigidas dos profissionais, estagiários, recém-formados através das empresas conveniadas ao CIEE. Quanto aos meios, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e telematizada, bem como uma pesquisa de campo para coleta de dados através de questionários e de entrevistas individuais aplicados ao público atendido pelo CIEE. O universo da pesquisa foi de empresas privadas e de grande porte. A amostra foi selecionada a partir da estratificação em sete regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, onde também encontram-se unidades do CIEE, cujas cidades apresentam o maior percentual de emprego formal no país, tendo como fonte a Geografia de Mercado. A amostra foi por acessibilidade e por tipicidade, em função do caso CIEE, totalizando 400 pessoas entrevistadas. O trabalho obteve como resultado a identificação de elementos das transformações do mercado de trabalho, à luz da sociedade pós-industrial, tal como o previsto por Bell apud De Masi, evidenciando que as empresas estão contratando estagiários e recém-formados com o mesmo nível de exigência quando da contratação de profissionais. As habilidades comportamentais (atitudes) identificadas neste estudo denotam uma forte tendência das empresas, à luz da razão substantiva, de exigir de seus recursos humanos competências tais como: iniciativa, criatividade, dinamismo, bom relacionamento interpessoal e facilidade para trabalhar em equipe, sendo pré-requisitos complementares à formação acadêmica.

Knowledge society and participation: complexities of occupational orientation

The chapter postulates that socialization theory applies equally to Industrial Society and the Information Society. The discussion brings to the fore complexities of de-occupationalization. The chapter provides discussion on the basic concepts of biographical occupational choices from a historical perspective, and addresses concepts of socialization and biographical occupational choices for adolescent years. Based on these concepts a critical analysis of the Knowledge Society is provided. The chapter subsequently addresses legitimation of the concept of biographical occupational choice from a Knowledge Society perspective.

Basic education for offenders

ILLITERACY is now increasingly recognised as a serious social problem. UNESCO defines literacy in the following way :- "A person is literate when he has acquired the essential knowledge skills that enable him to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective functioning in his group and community" This is in fact seeing the problem in terms of functional literacy. As the demands of an increasingly industrial society grow, more and more people who are functionally illiterate are appearing. Many do not have the functional skills required to enable them to apply for a job. This inability to obtain work is common among clients of the probation service. Literacy has become so important in our society, that to be unable to read and write causes great feeling of isolation, of being different and inferior, which often leads the illiterate to join a group where this deficiency is unknown and where he can gain some status. This is often a delinquent group.

User-led innovation in call center knowledge work

So called “knowledge work” is seen as integral to post-industrial society and, for some, information and communications technologies (ICTs) are critical enablers of the associated practices. Many still propose the technologically deterministic route of rolling out ICTs and expecting that users will, and indeed can, “download” what they know into a system that can then be used in a number of ways. This approach is usually underpinned by the predominant assumption that the system will be developed by one group (developers) and used by another group (users). In this paper, we report on an exploratory case study of the enactment of ICT supported knowledge work in a human resources contact center which illustrates the negotiable boundary between the developer and user in local level innovation processes. Drawing upon ideas from the social shaping of technology, we examine how discussions regarding producer-user relations in innovation processes require a degree of greater sophistication as we show how users often develop (or produce) technologies and work practices in situ—in this case, to enable knowledge work practices and contribute to the project of constructing the knowledge component of professional identity. Much has been made of contextualizing the user; further work is required to contextualize the developer as a user and understand the social actors in ICT innovation environments who straddle both domains

Nuorten arvot ja tietoyhteiskunta-asenteet

The aim of this study was to explore the sociocultural value orientations of Finnish adolescents and their attitudes toward information society. In addition, this study explored the association between values and attitudes toward information society. I investigated whether values and attitudes follow social development and whether they can be divided into value categories such as traditional, modern and postmodern. This study falls into the category of youth research. The study uses a multimethodological approach and straddles the following disciplines: the science of education, religious education, sociology and social psychology. The theoretical context of the study is modernisation, understood as a two level process. The first level represents the transition from a religious-based traditional society to a modern industrial society. The second level of modernisation refers to the process of development established after the second world war, called postmodernisation, which is understood as the transition from an emphasis on economical imperatives to an emphasis on subjective well-being and the quality of life. Postmodernisation influences both social organisations and individuals´ values and worldviews. The target group of this survey-study comprised 408 16- to 19-year-old Finnish adolescent students from secondary school and vocational school. The data were gathered with a quantitative questionnaire during the second half of 2001. The results of the study can be generalised to the population of Finnish 16- to 19-year-olds. The data were analysed quantitatively using ANOVA and multivariate analyses such as cluster analysis, factor analysis and general linear modeling. Bayesian dependence modeling served to explore further how the values predict the attitudes toward information society. The results indicate that values are associated not only with attitudes toward information society, but with many other sociocultural indicator as well. Especially strong interpreting indicators included gender and identity or lifestyle questions. The results also indicate an association between values, attitudes and social development and a two-level modernisation process. Values formed traditional, modern and postmodern value systems. Keywords: values, attitudes, modernisation, information society, traditional, modern, postmodern

Tietokone ikäihmisen arjessa

The aged people in the target group of my study belong to generation, which has experienced the shift from agricultural society via industrial society up to the society which has been described as information society. They have grown up concurrently with the technological development, but during the recent years the technological development has accelerated. One can say that the older the target study group has come the more information technological skills they need to possess to be equal actors in our society. However, especially in case of aged people the learning and maintaining of skills in information technology has mainly been left dependent on their personal motivation. The purpose of this report is to study the use of computers in the life of the aged people. The report studies the will and ability of the aged people to learn the skill of using computers, and the new possibilities which this brings into their lives. The study questions are the following: 1) Why the aged people start to use computers? 2) How the aged people benefit information technology in their own life? 3) How computers have extended the environment of the aged people? 4) What kind of problems the aged people have experienced in use of computers? The research material consists of group interviews and individual interviews (total of 23 people). The interview material has been collected among the participants on information technology courses of the Senior University of Helsinki University during years 2004-2005. The research method used is theme interviewing. In addition, the material of opinions about information technology of people born in decades of 1920 and 1930, gathered as part of the Ikihyvä Päijät-Häme 2002 -research has been used. On basis of this research one can say that the aged people do have motivation to study the use of computers, although many interviewees commented that they also have met problems in use of computers. The motivation has grown also because the fear that without the skills to use computers they could drift into outsiders of the society, whereas instead as skilled computer users they felt to be equal citizens compared with the younger age groups, and that they can maintain their independence and autonomy. Especially, the independent use of banking routines over the Internet and use of emails seem to give them a position as modern actors. Many interview statements also underline that computers will bring both joy and benefit to the users. Studying the use of computers is a new and interesting hobby, which can fill the hole left in the life after leaving the working life. Using skills of text processing and processing of pictures one can, for example, record the traditional knowledge of the family and ancestry to the younger generations, and write articles or even books on the professional area of ones own. Single people emphasize that computers can even act as companionship substitutes. One can use Internet for virtual traveling, which provides a new dimension in use of computers. Internet can also be used to maintain family relationships, especially between grandparents and remote grandchildren. Typical problems in use of computers appeared to be that reaching the right professional helpdesk advisers of the service providers is difficult and requires lots of time and patience. However, the interviewees were not willing to give up their computers, because they had already used to these. Keywords: digital divide, aging, Internet, usability, motivation, information technology, information society.