Hip hop and the Afroamerican community: an oral history

Un'analisi cronologica della situazione politica e sociale della comunità Afroamericana negli Stati Uniti e di come questa abbia influenzato la nascita e lo sviluppo dell'hip hop come manifestazione culturale

Devising a scenographic approach in Jonzi D's Hip Hop theatre

Jonzi D, one of the leading Hip Hop voices in the UK, creates contemporary theatrical works that merge dance, street art, original scored music and contemporary rap poetry, to create theatrical events that expand a thriving sense of a Hip Hop nation with citizens in the UK, throughout southern Africa and the rest of the world. In recent years Hip Hop has evolved as a performance genre in and of itself that not only borrows from other forms but vitally now contributes back to the body of contemporary practice in the performing arts. As part of this work Jonzi’s company Jonzi D Productions is committed to creating and touring original Hip Hop theatre that promotes the continuing development and awareness of a nation with its own language, culture and currency that exists without borders. Through the deployment of a universal voice from the local streets of Johannesburg and the East End of London, Jonzi D creates a form of highly energized performance that elevates Hip Hop as great democratiser between the highly developed global and under resourced local in the world. It is the staging of this democratised and technologised future (and present), that poses the greatest challenge for the scenographer working with Jonzi and his company, and the associated deprogramming and translation of the artists particular filmic vision to the stage, that this discussion will explore. This paper interrogates not only how a scenographic strategy can support the existence of this work but also how the scenographer as outsider can enter and influence this nation.

That's a rap : the making of an Australian hip hop integrated musical film

To date, the majority of films that utilise or feature hip hop music and culture, have either been in the realms of documentary, or in ‘show musicals’ (where the film musical’s device of characters’ bursting into song, is justified by the narrative of a pursuit of a career in the entertainment industry). Thus, most films that feature hip hop expression have in some way been tied to the subject of hip hop. A research interest and enthusiasm was developed for utilising hip hop expression in film in a new way, which would extend the narrative possibilities of hip hop film to wider topics and themes. The creation of the thesis film Out of My Cloud, and the writing of this accompanying exegesis, investigates a research concern of the potential for the use of hip hop expression in an ‘integrated musical’ film (where characters’ break into song without conceit or explanation). Context and rationale for Out of My Cloud (an Australian hip hop ‘integrated musical’ film) is provided in this writing. It is argued that hip hop is particularly suitable for use in a modern narrative film, and particularly in an ‘integrated musical’ film, due to its: current vibrancy and popularity, rap (vocal element of hip hop) music’s focus on lyrical message and meaning, and rap’s use as an everyday, non-performative method of communication. It is also argued that Australian hip hop deserves greater representation in film and literature due to: its current popularity, and its nature as a unique and distinct form of hip hop. To date, representation of Australian hip hop in film and television has almost solely been restricted to the documentary form. Out of My Cloud borrows from elements of social realist cinema such as: contrasts with mainstream cinema, an exploration/recognition of the relationship between environment and development of character, use of non-actors, location-shooting, a political intent of the filmmaker, displaying sympathy for an underclass, representation of underrepresented character types and topics, and a loose narrative structure that does not offer solid resolution. A case is made that it may be appropriate to marry elements of social realist film with hip hop expression due to common characteristics, such as: representation of marginalised or underrepresented groups and issues in society, political objectives of the artist/s, and sympathy for an underclass. In developing and producing Out of My Cloud, a specific method of working with, and filming actor improvisation was developed. This method was informed by improvisation and associated camera techniques of filmmakers such as Charlie Chaplin, Mike Leigh, Khoa Do, Dogme 95 filmmakers, and Lars von Trier (post-Dogme 95). A review of techniques used by these filmmakers is provided in this writing, as well as the impact it has made on my approach. The method utilised in Out of My Cloud was most influenced by Khoa Do’s technique of guiding actors to improvise fairly loosely, but with a predetermined endpoint in mind. A variation of this technique was developed for use in Out of My Cloud, which involved filming with two cameras to allow edits from multiple angles. Specific processes for creating Out of My Cloud are described and explained in this writing. Particular attention is given to the approaches regarding the story elements and the music elements. Various significant aspects of the process are referred to including the filming and recording of live musical performances, the recording of ‘freestyle’ performances (lyrics composed and performed spontaneously) and the creation of a scored musical scene involving a vocal performance without regular timing or rhythm. The documentation of processes in this writing serve to make the successful elements of this film transferable and replicable to other practitioners in the field, whilst flagging missteps to allow fellow practitioners to avoid similar missteps in future projects. While Out of My Cloud is not without its shortcomings as a short film work (for example in the areas of story and camerawork) it provides a significant contribution to the field as a working example of how hip hop may be utilised in an ‘integrated musical’ film, as well as being a rare example of a narrative film that features Australian hip hop. This film and the accompanying exegesis provide insights that contribute to an understanding of techniques, theories and knowledge in the field of filmmaking practice.

Book review: "Hip Hop Japan: Rap and the Paths of Cultural Globalization’ by Ian Condry, Durham: Duke University Press

Had it been published a decade earlier, Hip-hop Japan might have been cited as a good example of the kind of multi-sited ethnography George Marcus (1998) proposes. Hip-hop Japan is a critical study of cultural globalisation. It presents as much theoretical interpretation, discussions of Japanese popular culture in general, and reviews of formulations of the Japanese self by Japanese scholars, as it does of Japanese hip-hop per se. In fact, the latter is relatively thinly described, as Condry’s project is to demonstrate how Japanese hip-hop’s particularities are made up from a mix of US hip-hop, Japanese modes of fandom, contestatory uses of the Japanese language and the specific logics of the Japanese popular music recording industry. The book journeys into these worlds as much as it does into the world of Japanese hip-hop.

Making Music, Making Muslims : A Case Study of Islamic Hip Hop and the Discursive Construction of Muslim Identities on the Internet

Hip-hopin juuret juontavat 1970-luvulle Yhdysvaltoihin, mutta hip-hop-kulttuuri ja musiikkityyli ovat sen jälkeen levinneet ympäri maailmaa osana globalisaatiokehitystä. Myös monet nuoret muslimit tekevät nykyään hip-hop-musiikkia, ja yhä useampi tuo myös sanoituksiinsa vaikutteita Islamista ja elämästään muslimina. Musiikin asema on islamissa varsin kiistelty, eikä sitä ole selvästi sallittu (halal) tai kielletty (haram) muslimeilta. Muslimien tekemää hip-hoppia on toistaiseksi tutkittu hyvin vähän. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan diskurssianalyysin keinoin, miten tapaustutkimuksena toimivalla muslimhiphop.com-internetsivustolla argumentoidaan ja konstruoidaan käsityksiä muslimi-identiteetistä. Teoreettisena ja analyyttisenä viitekehyksenä toimii sosiaalikonstruktivistinen näkemys identiteetistä kontekstisidonnaisena sekä puheessa ja teksteissä diskursiivisesti rakentuvana. Tutkielma kyseenalaistaa aiempien tutkimusten oletuksen hip-hopista vaikutuksiltaan yksinomaan positiivisena muslimi-identiteetille sekä muslimeja yhdentävänä tekijänä. Aineisto on kerätty edellä mainitulta sivustolta syksyn 2010 ja kevään 2011 aikana, josta analyysiin on rajattu vain itse sivusto ja sen hip-hoppia käsittelevät osiot. Sivusto ja sen perustaja ovat yhdysvaltalaisia, mutta sivustolla esiteltävien artistien tausta on hyvin monikulttuurinen. Moni on myös maahanmuuttajana nykyisessä kotimaassaan. Aineistossa esiintyviä teemoja ja diskursseja eritellään ja analysoidaan tutkielmassa lainauksien avulla. Sivuston periaatteissa ja artistien esillepääsyn kriteereissä määritellään tarkasti asennoituminen Islamin ja musiikin yhdistämiseen: mikäli sanoitukset ja artistit noudattavat Islamin oppeja, on muslimin sallittua tehdä ja kuunnella tällaista musiikkia. Islam-aiheisen hip-hopin perustellaan olevan ennen kaikkea vaihtoehto valtavirran hip-hopille, jota konstruoidaan aineistossa moraalisesti arveluttavaksi. Hip-hopille sekä muslimeille sallittuja ja kiellettyjä elementtejä erottelevan halal-haram-diskurssin ohella aineistosta nousee esiin opetusdiskurssi. Muslimien tekemän hip-hopin perustellaan edistävän Islamin opettamista erityisesti nuorille muslimeille ja siten vahvistavan positiivista muslimi-identiteettiä. Myös positiivisen muutoksen diskurssia käytetään aineistossa runsaasti liittyen mm. muslimiyhteisöihin sekä muslimeihin kohdistuviin taloudellisiin ja sosiaalipoliittisiin epäkohtiin ja stereotypioihin; musiikin sisältöä ja sen tekemistä perustellaan sen voimalla muuttaa asioita parempaan suuntaan. Monet muslimiartistit kamppailevat yhdistääkseen toisaalta Islamin ja taiteellisen luovuuden ja ilmaisuvapauden, toisaalta menestyäkseen kaupallisesti unohtamatta uskonnollista vakaumustaan. Monilla heistä hip-hop on ollut vahvasti läsnä kasvuympäristössä, mutta sen yhdistäminen Islamin periaatteisiin aiheuttaa kysymyksiä ja kyseenalaistuksia oman musiikillisen ja uskonnollisen identiteetin muodosta ja sisällöstä. Aineiston perusteella monet muslimiartistit ja Islam-aiheista hip-hoppia kuuntelevat muslimit joutuvat jatkuvasti puolustamaan musiikkia siihen kielteisesti suhtautuville muslimeille sekä ei-muslimeille, jotka vierastavat sen uskonnollisuutta. Muslimi-identiteettiä neuvotellaan jatkuvasti, ja se näyttäytyy aineistossa moniulotteisena ja tilanteisesti rakentuvana. Avainsanat: Muslimit, Islam, hip-hop, identiteetti, Internet, diskurssi, diskurssianalyysi

Etos na poesia combatente de menestréis do rap: por uma análise das imagens discursivas no grito marginal do hip hop brasileiro

Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar os efeitos de sentido produzidos por músicas de hip hop (movimento cultural cultivado nos guetos fluminenses), com base na análise de sua expressão verbal (rap) e em uma consideração experimental de capas de disco. Objetiva-se também investigar, no material artístico de Marcelo D2 e MV Bill, relações sociais engendradas por sujeitos da periferia, em espaços sociais antagônicos (centro e periferia). Para isso, exploramos uma Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa, enfatizando o conceito de etos discursivo, além de noções vinculadas à problemática da alteridade discursiva, a fim de que se analise o posicionamento de entes subjugados perante o descaso a que estão submetidos, e suas impressões sobre as imagens discursivas de marginalizadores. Buscamos apreender etos produzidos por sujeitos do rap, considerando a presença do Outro que fala nele/por ele (alteridade). Nossos procedimentos metodológicos apontam o que levou a considerar o hip hop, além da trajetória seguida na delimitação do corpus. Além disso, expõem-se os motivos que nos fizeram priorizar etos e alteridade discursiva. As análises buscam avaliações sobre a materialidade discursiva, que almejam extrair sentidos produzidos nos guetos. Como resultados, refletimos sobre aspectos inerentes ao contexto social fluminense, ao relacionamento entre sujeitos, lugares e práticas, para que se alarguem considerações sobre essas afinidades, inclusive na escola. Desse modo, ambicionamos que se aprimorem os debates sobre práticas de afirmação social de classes e, através de novas discussões, se intensifiquem as iniciativas sociopolíticas

Ativismo X entretenimento: tensões vivenciadas no discurso e nas práticas do Hip-Hop

A presente dissertação aborda as tensões vivenciadas no universo do hip-hop provenientes das relações de seus integrantes com a idéia de uma essência que definiria tal grupo cultural. Para tanto, trazemos uma breve problematização do conceito de identidade, como pano de fundo desta discussão, acreditando na sua relação com essa identidade essencializada do hip-hop. Portanto, tal contexto será analisado trabalhando com a hipótese de que essa relação ocorre de forma diferente, no discurso e nas práticas deste movimento. São priorizados os eixos temáticos política e mídia para o estudo destas problemáticas

A contribuição do hip-hop para a construção de pedagogias de resistência e de transformação social

O presente estudo entende que as várias formas de resistência popular somente podem arrancar da luta cotidiana os caminhos para a superação de todo tipo de exploração e opressão se assumirem um caráter pedagógico e contra-hegemônico. No caso do movimento hip-hop, tal caráter se expressa na elaboração de formas de resistência que lançam mão da cultura própria das comunidades pobres das grandes cidades para organizar formas concretas de protesto, organização e luta. Para responder às indagações colocadas por esta hipótese escolheu-se como objeto de estudo a atuação do coletivo fluminense de hip-hop Lutarmada, que participa das ações dos movimentos sociais do estado e em nível nacional. Suas intervenções por meio do rap, do grafite e do break unem arte, cultura, atividades de formação e conscientização contra-hegemônica que procuram apontar caminhos rebeldes e emancipadores para a juventude negra

A Rede Enraizados e o Movimento Hip Hop: ritornelos territoriais e o desenvolvimento da rádio web

O hip hop é um movimento político, social e cultural presente nas periferias do Brasil desde 1980. O hip hop vem se desenvolvendo ao longo dos anos, criando espaço, ganhando visibilidade e ampliando o seu público, principalmente entre os segmentos das juventudes urbanas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar o Movimento Enraizados, uma organização hip hop da Baixada Fluminense, que articula e interage com parceiros em diversos estados e alguns países. Nesse contexto, o estudo selecionou três questões como eixos para a análise. Como foi criada a Rede Enraizados e quais são suas principais características? Como o Movimento Enraizados produz territórios existenciais na Baixada Fluminense? Como o Movimento Enraizados utiliza a linguagem radiofônica para expressar suas ações? Para a análise das questões levantadas, a pesquisa utilizou o referencial teórico de Antonio Negri e Deleuze & Guattari, costurando os conceitos de comum, multidão, rádios livres, ritornelos, territórios. A sede do Movimento Enraizados, em Morro Agudo / Nova Iguaçu, é o centro Rede Enraizados e responsável pela dinamização das informações em seus diversos canais de comunicação. Ao disparar seus projetos e iniciativas na construção de uma rede intercontinental de apoio-mútuo, o Movimento Enraizados desterritorializa sentidos e práticas da Baixada Fluminense. Essa desterritorialização produz uma mensagem potente de militância cultural para jovens e fortalece redes para a construção de novas resistências biopolíticas nesses territórios.

The Kids Need Hip-Hop: Reengaging Students through Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

My thesis advocates for critically-conscious hip-hop in classrooms to promote student engagement and culturally relevant pedagogical practices. This proposed approach to educating youth offsets the harmful effects of a normalized curriculum that limits students’ creativity and discounts their experiences as lifelong learners. My thesis gathers data from research literature on hip-hop and education, critically-conscious hip-hop lyrics, and also includes my own hip-hop muse to illustrate the positive tenets of critically-conscious hip-hop. The research literature in my thesis is gathered from multiple studies within North American high schools. My hip-hop muse interrelates with critically-conscious hip-hop lyrics because they both address contemporary issues through social commentary and critical awareness. The element of social commentary in my hip-hop muse is displayed through short poems and verses that outline my experiences in a normalized schooling environment. Throughout my thesis, I uncover the causes of student disengagement in classrooms, the ways in which critically-conscious hip-hop music serves as a tool for reengaging youth, and the approaches that must be taken in order to adequately integrate hip-hop into today’s classrooms. My thesis is important within the context of Canadian classrooms because it acts as an agent for social change and cultural relevance through a critical lens. The purpose of this approach, then, is to demonstrate an understanding of the complexity of our society and schooling system through social critique and proposals for change. More importantly, my thesis is grounded in equity; in which critically-conscious hip-hop serves as a bridge for students’ experiences, interests, and independent identities.

Variations colorées d’une pratique mondialisée : l’appropriation culturelle du graffiti hip-hop à Montréal et à São Paulo

Qu’il s’agisse d’une signature monochrome ("tag"), de lettres rondes à deux couleurs ("throw-up") ou d’un enchevêtrement calligraphique multicolore ("piece"), les formes caractéristiques du graffiti hip-hop font aujourd’hui partie du paysage urbain des grandes villes du monde. Né aux États-Unis dans les années 1960 et diffusé à l’extérieur des frontières américaines dans les années 1980, le graffiti hip-hop peut être perçu comme un exemple à la fois de l’américanisation et de l’homogénéisation des pratiques culturelles des jeunes à travers le monde. À partir d'une comparaison entre des graffiteurs francophones de Montréal et des graffiteurs lusophones de São Paulo, cette thèse décrit le processus d'appropriation d'un mouvement culturel d’origine américaine et montre les similitudes et les différences retrouvées au niveau local de cette forme d'expression mondialisée. L’étude de l’appropriation culturelle proposée dans cette thèse se compose de deux niveaux d’analyse. Le premier – qualifié de micro – touche le domaine personnel et se penche sur le processus de production de graffitis de style hip-hop (type de graffitis d’origine new-yorkaise basé sur l’écriture de pseudonymes). Ce niveau d’analyse me permet de démontrer comment les mécanismes de l’imitation et de la transformation se mélangent et renvoient aux processus de l’apprentissage et de l’inventivité individuels. Pour l’analyse du second niveau – qualifié de macro –, je tiens compte de l’ensemble des forces qui, au plan de la collectivité, forge l’appropriation. Ceci me permet de tracer des liens causaux entre les particularités locales du graffiti hip-hop et certains paramètres relevant du politique, de l’économique, de l’histoire et du culturel.

Dansem al ritme del Hip Hop.

Resumen tomado del autor. Se muestran tablas. Se incluyen anexos

Hip Hop Lab : educación a través del arte y la cultura urbanos.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. - El articulo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a creatividad y educación

Hip hop en el aula

Bibliograf??a al final del art??culo