半湿润农田杂草及施氮对夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,采用大田试验,研究了半湿润农田两种杂草处理方式下(成熟后期清除杂草-A区和苗期开始清除杂草-B区),不同施氮量对夏玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,当施氮量为0、45、90、1351、80 kg/hm2时,B区玉米子粒产量比A区分别增加了8.7%、12.1%、9.4%、5.0%和12.5%;吸氮量分别增加了1.5、2.9、4.85、.2和4.3 kg/hm2。A区和B区全生育期0—100 cm土层矿质氮(Nmin)累积量变化趋势基本一致,但B区比A区变幅较大。当施氮量为45、90、135和180 kg/hm2时,B区氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率均高于A区。研究还发现,在A区,当施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,杂草干生物量最大,为1518.3 kg/hm2,不施氮时,杂草的生物量最低,为845.7 kg/hm2;杂草的吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加。可见,清除玉米农田杂草不仅可以提高作物产量和氮肥利用率,而且在减少氮素损失方面具有一定作用。

Trastornos musculo-esqueléticos y la relación con la carga postural asociada a la labor de cosechero de palma aceitera en una plantación del Meta, Colombia 2015

Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN: Las personas dedicadas a la cosecha del fruto de la palma de aceite durante el desarrollo de sus labores, adoptan diversas posturas y realizan movimientos repetitivos e incluso ejecutan manipulación de cargas, las cuales varían según las características del lugar y la naturaleza del trabajo. Labores de corte del fruto, poda de cada una de las plantas o la recolección y acopio del producto, pueden acarrear desordenes musculares y/o trastornos esqueléticos. En Estados Unidos, el Instituto Nacional para la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional (NIOSH) precisa que los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos (TME) involucran nervios, tendones, músculos y estructuras de soporte; por tanto es conveniente identificar signos y síntomas y la carga física de esta población trabajadora. Los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos (TME) como menciona la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo, son un problema grave. Para el trabajador causa dolor y pérdida de ingresos, para los empleadores reducen la eficiencia operacional y para el país incrementan los gastos de la seguridad social. En su informe final, Ramírez Vargas destaca la presencia de Colombia como principal productor de aceite de palma con el 38% de la producción de Latinoamérica. Estima que en este oficio hay más de 1950 cosecheros en la región del Meta, departamento de la zona oriental donde se presenta el mayor crecimiento con un área cultivada al año 2011 de 163.447 hectáreas y un promedio de 16 trabajadores por 100 hectáreas. METODOS: Estudio de corte transversal en 204 trabajadores en los cuales se identificaron síntomas y factores de riesgo ergonómico existentes en el puesto de trabajo por medio de una encuesta con base en el modelo de Ergonomía Participativa (ERGOPAR) y la evaluación biomecánica por medio del método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) en cosecheros de una plantación de palma aceitera en el departamento del Meta 2015. RESULTADOS: El total de cosecheros fueron hombres y su promedio de edad es de 36,4 años cumplidos. El promedio de la permanencia en centro de trabajo es de 19,1 meses y una media de 7 años de experiencia en el oficio en diferentes centros. El 31,9% de los trabajadores encuestados refirieron molestias y el 30,9% dolor en la espalda baja o región lumbar, mientras que en la evaluación biomecánica en aspectos referentes a la carga física de los trabajadores con el método REBA, arrojo niveles de riesgo altos en el 59,1% de la población y riesgo medio en el 43,1%. CONCLUSIONES: La labor de cosechero involucra cargas posturales en todas las zonas evaluadas por la metodología REBA ya sea por posturas o movimientos, la manipulación de carga, la fuerza de mayor o menor magnitud y el agarre; encontrando que los brazos tienen un mayor compromiso en cuanto a la exigencia física, influenciada por la altura de la palma, la cual incide desfavorablemente para la presentación de TME a nivel de tronco en zona lumbar y dorsal La ergonomía participativa puede convertirse en una habilidad empresarial, inducir a los trabajadores para que formen parte de la unión entre el ejercicio ergonómico empresarial y la participación del grupo de implicados, harán que en conjunto se encuentren soluciones específicas enfocadas a la prevención de TME generados por el ambiente laboral, bajo la premisa del empoderamiento de la población para controlar que las medidas acordadas terminen en su verdadera aplicación.

Estádios de colheita e repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos estádios de colheita e do repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar AL Guarany 2002. Foram avaliadas 9 épocas de colheita dos racemos, dos 30 até 142 dias após a antese (DAA), em intervalos de 14 dias e quatro condições de repouso: sem e com repouso de sete dias de sementes extraídas (nuas), de frutos e de frutos presos ao racemo. Foram avaliados a cor de frutos e de sementes; o teor de água, a massa seca, as porcentagens de germinação e de vigor das sementes (primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e condutividade elétrica). Sementes com máxima qualidade fisiológica e massa seca foram obtidas de frutos colhidos aos 86 DAA. A colheita pode ser realizada até os 128 DAA sem redução da germinação, mas com prejuízos devido à queda dos frutos, dispersão das sementes aos 100 dias e reduções do vigor. O repouso permitiu a antecipação da colheita para 72 DAA sem prejuízos à germinação e massa seca, mas com reduções de vigor. A cor dos frutos, das sementes e o teor de água das sementes são parâmetros eficientes para a identificação do ponto de colheita, principalmente se usados conjuntamente.

Características quanti-qualitativas da silagem de milho no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Consumo e digestibilidade de silagem de híbridos de milho em função do estádio fisiológico e processamento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Demanda energética na colheita, degradabilidade e digestibilidade da silagem de híbridos de milho

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Doses de fósforo na produção das mudas e sua influência na produção e qualidade de tomate

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Dual-Stage Power Management Algorithms for Energy Harvesting Sensors

In this paper, we propose power management algorithms for maximizing the utility of energy harvesting sensors (EHS) that operate purely on the basis of energy harvested from the environment. In particular, we consider communication (i.e., transmission and reception) power management issues for EHS under an energy neutrality constraint. We also consider the fixed power loss effects of the circuitry, the battery inefficiency and its storage capacity, in the design of the algorithms. We propose a two-stage structure that exploits the inherent difference in the timescales at which the energy harvesting and channel fading processes evolve, without loss of optimality of the resulting solution. The outer stage schedules the power that can be used by an inner stage algorithm, so as to maximize the long term average utility and at the same time maintain energy neutrality. The inner stage optimizes the communication parameters to achieve maximum utility in the short-term, subject to the power constraint imposed by the outer stage. We optimize the algorithms for different transmission schemes such as the truncated channel inversion and retransmission strategies. The performance of the algorithms is illustrated via simulations using solar irradiance data, and for the case of Rayleigh fading channels. The results demonstrate the significant performance benefits that can be obtained using the proposed power management algorithms compared to the energy efficient (optimum when there is no storage) and the uniform power consumption (optimum when the battery has infinite capacity and is perfectly efficient) approaches.

Implications of a Developmental-Stage-Dependent Thylakoid-Bound Protease in the Stabilization of the Light-Harvesting Pigment-Protein Complex Serving Photosystem II during Thylakoid Biogenesis in Red Kidney Bean1

Intact etioplasts of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants exhibit proteolytic activity against the exogenously added apoprotein of the light-harvesting pigment-protein complex serving photosystem II (LHCII) that increases as etiolation is prolonged. The activity increases in the membrane fraction but not in the stroma, where it remains low and constant and is mainly directed against LHCII and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. The thylakoid proteolytic activity, which is low in etioplasts of 6-d-old etiolated plants, increases in plants pretreated with a pulse of light or exposed to intermittent-light (ImL) cycles, but decreases during prolonged exposure to continuous light, coincident with chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation. To distinguish between the control of Chl and/or development on proteolytic activity, we used plants exposed to ImL cycles of varying dark-phase durations. In ImL plants exposed to an equal number of ImL cycles with short or long dark intervals (i.e. equal Chl accumulation but different developmental stage) proteolytic activity increased with the duration of the dark phase. In plants exposed to ImL for equal durations to such light-dark cycles (i.e. different Chl accumulation but same developmental stage) the proteolytic activity was similar. These results suggest that the protease, which is free to act under limited Chl accumulation, is dependent on the developmental stage of the chloroplast, and give a clue as to why plants in ImL with short dark intervals contain LHCII, whereas those with long dark intervals possess only photosystem-unit cores and lack LHCII.

Calcium phosphate flocs and the clarification of sugar cane juice from whole of crop harvesting

Sugar cane biomass is one of the most viable feedstocks for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Therefore, processing the whole of crop (WC) (i.e., stalk and trash, instead of stalk only) will increase the amount of available biomass for this purpose. However, effective clarification of juice expressed from WC for raw sugar manufacture is a major challenge because of the amounts and types of non-sucrose impurities (e.g., polysaccharides, inorganics, proteins, etc.) present. Calcium phosphate flocs are important during sugar cane juice clarification because they are responsible for the removal of impurities. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the role of calcium phosphate flocs during the juice clarification process,the effects of impurities on the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate flocs were examined using small-angle laser light scattering technique, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Results on synthetic sugar juice solutions showed that the presence of SiO2 and Na+ ions affected floc size and floc structure. Starch and phosphate ions did not affect the floc structure; however, the former reduced the floc size, whereas the latter increased the floc size. The study revealed that high levels of Na+ ions would negatively affect the clarification process the most, as they would reduce the amount of suspended particles trapped by the flocs. A complementary study on prepared WC juice using cold and cold/intermediate liming techniques was conducted. The study demonstrated that, in comparison to the one-stage (i.e., conventional) clarification process, a two-stage clarification process using cold liming removed more polysaccharides (≤19%),proteins (≤82%), phosphorus (≤53%), and SiO2 (≤23%) in WC juice but increased Ca2+ (≤136%) and sulfur (≤200%)

Visual detection of occluded crop: For automated harvesting

This paper presents a novel crop detection system applied to the challenging task of field sweet pepper (capsicum) detection. The field-grown sweet pepper crop presents several challenges for robotic systems such as the high degree of occlusion and the fact that the crop can have a similar colour to the background (green on green). To overcome these issues, we propose a two-stage system that performs per-pixel segmentation followed by region detection. The output of the segmentation is used to search for highly probable regions and declares these to be sweet pepper. We propose the novel use of the local binary pattern (LBP) to perform crop segmentation. This feature improves the accuracy of crop segmentation from an AUC of 0.10, for previously proposed features, to 0.56. Using the LBP feature as the basis for our two-stage algorithm, we are able to detect 69.2% of field grown sweet peppers in three sites. This is an impressive result given that the average detection accuracy of people viewing the same colour imagery is 66.8%.

Duty cycling and power management with a network of energy harvesting sensors

In this paper, we study duty cycling and power management in a network of energy harvesting sensor (EHS) nodes. We consider a one-hop network, where K EHS nodes send data to a destination over a wireless fading channel. The goal is to find the optimum duty cycling and power scheduling across the nodes that maximizes the average sum data rate, subject to energy neutrality at each node. We adopt a two-stage approach to simplify the problem. In the inner stage, we solve the problem of optimal duty cycling of the nodes, subject to the short-term power constraint set by the outer stage. The outer stage sets the short-term power constraints on the inner stage to maximize the long-term expected sum data rate, subject to long-term energy neutrality at each node. Albeit suboptimal, our solutions turn out to have a surprisingly simple form: the duty cycle allotted to each node by the inner stage is simply the fractional allotted power of that node relative to the total allotted power. The sum power allotted is a clipped version of the sum harvested power across all the nodes. The average sum throughput thus ultimately depends only on the sum harvested power and its statistics. We illustrate the performance improvement offered by the proposed solution compared to other naive schemes via Monte-Carlo simulations.

Design and evaluation of multi-band RF energy harvesting circuits and antennas for WSNs

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is an emerging technology that will enable to drive the next generation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) without the need of using batteries. In this paper, we present RF energy harvesting circuits specifically developed for GSM bands (900/1800) and a wearable dual-band antenna suitable for possible implementation within clothes for body worn applications. Besides, we address the development and experimental characterization of three different prototypes of a five-stage Dickson voltage multiplier (with match impedance circuit) responsible for harvesting the RF energy. Different printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication techniques to produce the prototypes result in different values of conversion efficiency. Therefore, we conclude that if the PCB fabrication is achieved by means of a rigorous control in the photo-positive method and chemical bath procedure applied to the PCB it allows for attaining better values for the conversion efficiency. All three prototypes (1, 2 and 3) can power supply the IRIS sensor node for RF received powers of -4 dBm, -6 dBm and -5 dBm, and conversion efficiencies of 20, 32 and 26%, respectively. © 2014 IEEE.

Numerical Response of Breeding Birds Following Experimental Selection Harvesting in Northern Hardwood Forests

Silvicultural treatments have been shown to alter the composition of species assemblages in numerous taxa. However, the intensity and persistence of these effects have rarely been documented. We used a before-after, control-impact (BACI) paired design, i.e., five pairs of 25-ha study plots, 1-control and 1-treated plot, to quantify changes in the density of eight forest bird species in response to selection harvesting over six breeding seasons, one year pre- and five years postharvest. Focal species included mature forest associates, i.e., Northern Parula (Setophaga americana) and Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens), forest generalists, i.e., Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) and Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), early-seral specialists, i.e., Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) and Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica), species associated with shrubby forest gaps, i.e., Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), and mid-seral species, i.e., American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). As predicted, we found a negative numerical response to the treatment in the Black-throated Green Warbler, no treatment effect in the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, and a positive treatment effect in early-seral specialists. We only detected a year effect in the Northern Parula and the American Redstart. There was evidence for a positive treatment effect on the Swainson’s Thrush when the regeneration started to reach the pole stage, i.e., fifth year postharvest. These findings suggest that selection harvesting has the potential to maintain diverse avian assemblages while allowing sustainable management of timber supply, but future studies should determine whether mature-forest associates can sustain second- and third-entry selection harvest treatments.

The impact of harvesting on a formerly endangered tropical bird: insights from life-history theory

1. Life-history theory assumes that trade-offs exist between an individual's life-history components, such that an increased allocation of a resource to one fitness trait might be expected to result in a cost for a conflicting fitness trait. Recent evidence from experimental manipulations of wild individuals supports this assumption. 2. The management of many bird populations involves harvesting for both commercial and conservation purposes. One frequently harvested life-history stage is the egg, but the consequences of repeated egg harvesting for the individual and the long-term dynamics of the population remain poorly understood. 3. We used a well-documented restored population of the Mauritius kestrel Falco punctatus as a model system to explore the consequences of egg harvesting (and associated management practices) for an individual within the context of life-history theory. 4. Our analysis indicated that management practices enhanced both the size and number of clutches laid by managed females, and improved mid-life male and female adult survival relative to unmanaged adult kestrels. 5. Although management resulted in an increased effort in egg production, it reduced parental effort during incubation and the rearing of offspring, which could account for these observed changes. 6. Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates how a commonly applied harvesting strategy, when examined within the context of life-history theory, can identify improvements in particular fitness traits that might alleviate some of the perceived negative impact of harvesting on the long-term dynamics of a managed population.