Holocene history of the El Niño phenomenon as recorded in flood sediments of northern coastal Peru

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): The Holocene history of flooding in northern coastal Peru is believed to be a proxy record for the El Niño phenomenon. A recently completed set of 30 radiocarbon dates on overbank flood deposits and a tsunami deposit from the Casma region (Figure 1 and Table 1) establishes a chronology for the largest events that have occurred during the last 3500 years. ... The data presented here indicate that events much larger than the one in 1982-1983 may occur with a frequency of about once every 1000 years.

History of the conquest of Peru, with a preliminary view of the civilization of the Incas

UANL

History of the conquest of Peru : with a preliminary view of the civilization of the incas /

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the conquest of Peru, with a preliminary view of the civilization of the Incas.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the conquest of Peru,

Mode of access: Internet.

Railway expansion in Latin America; descriptive and narrative history of the railroad systems of Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia and all other countries of South and Central America.

Plates printed on both sides.

A view of South America and Mexico, comprising their history, the political condition, geography, agriculture, commerce, &c. of the republics of Mexico, Guatemala [!], Colombia, Peru, the United provinces of South America and Chile, with a complete history of the revolution, in each of these independent states.

A later edition, with additions, was published at Hartford, 1839, under title: History of South America and Mexico ... By Hon. John M. Niles.

A view of South America and Mexico : comprising their history, the political condition, geography, agriculture, commerce, &c. of the republics of Mexico, Guatemala, Columbia, Peru, the united provinces of South America and Chile, with a complete history of the revolution in each of these independent states /

1839 ed. published under title : History of South America and Mexico.

The history of South America. From the discovery of the New World by Columbus, to the conquest of Peru by Pizarro; interspersed with amusing anecdotes, and containing a minute description of the manners and customs ... of the Indians.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the conquest of Peru, with a preliminary view of the civilization of the Incas.

Mode of access: Internet.

A view of South America and Mexico, comprising their history, the political condition, geography, agriculture, commerce, &c. of the republics of Mexico, Guatemala, Columbia, Peru, the United Provinces of South America and Chili, with a complete history of the revolution in each of these independent states.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the conquest of Peru : with a preliminary view of the civilization of the Incas /

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the conquest of Peru.

Mode of access: Internet.

Possession and Immoveable Property: The History of Two Connected Concepts

Possession and property are two different sides of the same coin. The two institutions have the same axis: the benefit, mainly economic, of a good. In countries like Colombia and Peru, important reforms have been introduced whose main effect has been the following one: the approach to these two institutions. In this article we will speak of these two institutions, today more than ever, connected.

Trouble Ahead: The Cocaleros of Peru

Este artículo es una versión reducida del original publicado en la Revista Current History, Vol. 105, No. 688, febrero, 2006, pp. 79-86. La revista Desafíos ha decidido publicar apartes por considerarlo de interés para la discusión sobre los efectos y resultados de la política de erradicación de cultivos ilícitos en Colombia. – This article is an abbreviated reproduction of the article published in the Current History Journal, Vol. 105, Nr. 688, Februrary, 2006, pp. 79-86. Desafíos Journal decided to publish parts of it due to the consideration of its interest for the discussion on consequences and results of the eradication policy of ilegal crops in Colombia.An anti-narcotics policy that ignores the social consequences of drug crops eradication only manages to further radicalize and isolate the population in areas in which lawlessness and potential terrorist activity thrive. It also strengthens the bond between disaffected social groups and guerrilla organizations in these areas. Washington cannot continue to be blind to the fact that the three current US policies on counterterrorism, anti-narcotics, and democratization in Peru and elsewhere in Latin America, are not working in harmony. Paradoxically, the eradication of drug crops —the core of Peru’s US-sponsored anti-narcotics policy— enlarges pockets of poverty and fuels anger against the government. It also perpetuates the proverbial quagmire of alienation in which terrorism breeds. Instead of strengthening the State, drug eradication, particularly in the way it is currently carried out in the Andean countries, increases the risk of State failure.-----El efecto de una política antinarcóticos que ignora las consecuencias de la erradicación de cultivos de coca es radicalizar y aislar aún más la población en aquellas zonas donde prosperan la anarquía y el terrorismo. Además, fortalece los lazos entre los descontentos sociales y los grupos guerrilleros en esas mismas áreas. Washington no puede seguir ciega al hecho de que las tres políticas actuales de Estados Unidos —antiterrorismo, antinarcóticos y democratización en el Perú y otras regiones en América Latina— no están funcionando armónicamente. Resulta paradójico que la erradicación de cultivos de coca -eje de la política antinarcóticos peruana respaldada por Estados Unidos- ensanche las bolsas de miseria y aliente la ira contra el gobierno, además de perpetuar los proverbiales miasmas de marginación en las que se engendra el terrorismo. En vez de fortalecer al Estado, la erradicación de cultivos de coca, tal y como se está llevando a cabo en los países andinos, incrementa las posibilidades de su fracaso.